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{{Short description|1927 bombing attacks in Bath Township, Michigan}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox terrorist attack
| title            = Bath School disaster
| image            = File:Bath School disaster showing front of school.png
| image_size       = 300px
| caption          = Bath Consolidated School after the bombing
| location         = [[Bath Charter Township, Michigan]], U.S.
| coordinates      = {{Coord|42|49|00|N|84|26|57|W|region:US-MI_type:event|display=title,inline}}
| date             = {{Start date and age|1927|05|18}}
| target           = Bath Consolidated School, house and farm
| type             = {{Hlist|[[School bombing]]| [[mass murder]]| [[suicide attack]]| [[Domestic terrorism in the United States|domestic terrorism]]}}
| weapons          = [[Explosive]]s:
* [[Dynamite]]
* [[Pyrotol]]
* [[Incendiary devices]]{{efn|Incendiary devices are devices set up to cause fires to go off at a certain time and are sometimes colloquially known as "firebombs". Kehoe did not construct what would be defined as a firebomb though, since all of the fires he caused were not dropped or thrown like a [[Bomb|bomb]] but were instead fires started by hooking up explosive and combustible materials like pyrotol to timing systems such as clocks.}}
[[Bolt action|Bolt-action rifle]]:
* [[Winchester Model 54]] ([[.30-06 Springfield|.30-06]])
| fatalities       = 45 (including the perpetrator){{Efn|Thirty-eight people were killed in the school bombing, five in the truck bombing (including Kehoe). He killed his wife at their farm sometime before the mass casualties and a 44th victim initially survived the school bombing but later died in the hospital.}}
| injuries         = 58
| perp             = [[Andrew Kehoe|Andrew Philip Kehoe]]
| motive           = Inconclusive{{Efn|Potential motives include:
* [[Suicidal ideation]]<ref name = "Clinton County Republican-News May 26"/>
* [[Revenge]] for perceived social and political slights<ref name = "ellsworth ch 1"/><ref name = "ellsworth ch 5"/>
* Financial difficulties combined with an injustice collector personality<ref name = "The Dangerous Injustice Collector"/>
* Possible personality disorders such as [[antisocial personality disorder]]<ref name = "bernstein143" /><ref name = "Pseudocommando"/><ref name = "Schechter Page 37"/>}}
}}

The '''Bath School disaster''', also known as the '''Bath School massacre''',{{efn|Using the word "disaster" to describe this event is a historic term. "Bath School disaster" is what the event's survivors called it, as did contemporaneous news accounts, historic documents, plus area memorials and current Michigan State historic markers. Reliable sources include human-made disasters alongside natural disasters in their definitions of the word.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zibulewsky |first = Joseph |title=Defining disaster: the emergency department perspective |journal=Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) |publisher=[[United States National Library of Medicine|National Library of Medicine]] |date = April 14, 2001 |volume =14 |issue = 2 |pages =144–149 |doi =10.1080/08998280.2001.11927751 |pmid =16369605 |pmc =1291330 |quote = when the destructive effects of natural or man-made forces{{nbsp}}... Disasters are divided into 2 basic groups: natural and man-made}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=NEHA Staff |title=Man-Made Hazard Preparedness |url = https://www.neha.org/eh-topics/preparedness-0/man-made-hazard-preparedness |publisher = National Environmental Health Association |access-date = March 26, 2022 |quote = Man-made disasters are extreme hazardous events that are caused by human beings.|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191216225548/https://www.neha.org/eh-topics/preparedness-0/man-made-hazard-preparedness|archive-date=2019-12-16|url-status=live}}</ref>}} was a series of violent attacks perpetrated by [[Andrew Kehoe]] upon the [[Bath Community Schools|Bath Consolidated School]] in [[Bath Charter Township, Michigan|Bath Township, Michigan]], United States, on May 18, 1927. The attacks killed 38{{nbs}}children and 6{{nbs}}adults and injured at least 58{{nbs}}other people. Prior to the explosions at the school, Kehoe had murdered his wife, Nellie Price Kehoe, and [[Arson|set fires]] using [[Incendiary devices|timed devices]] at his farm. Arriving at the site of the school explosion, Kehoe died when he set off explosives concealed in his truck.

Kehoe, the 55-year-old school board treasurer, was angered by increased taxes and his defeat in the April{{nbs}}5, 1926, election for [[Clerk (municipal official)|township clerk]]. It was thought by locals that he planned his "murderous revenge" following this public defeat. Kehoe had a reputation for being difficult on the school board and in personal dealings. In addition, he was notified in June{{nbs}}1926 that his [[mortgage]] was going to be [[foreclosed]]. For much of the next year, Kehoe purchased explosives and secretly hid them on his property and under the school.

On the day of the disaster, Kehoe set off explosions at his farmstead and at the Bath Consolidated School, destroying his farm and ripping through the north wing of the school. As rescue efforts began, Kehoe drove up to the schoolyard in his [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|shrapnel]]-filled truck and triggered a second explosion, killing himself and four others, as well as injuring bystanders. 

During the rescue and recovery efforts, searchers discovered a further 500{{nbs}}pounds (230{{nbs}}kg) of explosives under the south wing of the school that had been set to go off simultaneously with the initial explosion. Kehoe had apparently intended to destroy the entire school, and everyone in it.

==Background==
===Bath Township===
At the time of the bombing, Bath Township was a [[civil township]] located {{convert|10|mi}} northeast of the city of [[Lansing, Michigan|Lansing]] in the U.S. state of [[Michigan]]. The present-day municipality of [[Bath Charter Township, Michigan|Bath Charter Township]] covers {{convert|31|sqmi}}<ref name = "Census Bureau"/> and the small unincorporated village of [[Bath, Michigan|Bath]] is within its borders. The township itself lies within [[Clinton County, Michigan]], an area of about {{convert|566|sqmi|}}.<ref name = "Census Bureau Clinton County"/>  

In the early 1920s, the area was primarily agricultural. After years of debate, Bath Township voters approved the creation of a consolidated school district in 1922, along with an increase in township property taxes to pay for a new school. When the school opened, it had 236 students enrolled from [[First grade|grade 1]] to [[Twelfth grade|grade 12]]. The school's creation was controversial, but Monty Ellsworth wrote in his book about the disaster that consolidated schools had great advantages over the smaller rural schools they replaced.<ref name = "ellsworth ch 1"/> All landowners within the township area had to pay higher ''[[ad valorem]]'' [[property tax]]es. At the time of the bombing, Bath Township had about 300 adult residents.<ref name = "dynamiter"/>

===Andrew Kehoe===
[[File:Bath Consolidated School (cropped).jpg|thumb|Bath Consolidated School before the bombing]]
{{Main|Andrew Kehoe}}
[[File:AndrewKehoe.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=A gray-haired man dressed in a dark suit and white shirt, is looking directly at the photographer. He is sitting in a chair at a table while apparently holding up a cigar.|Andrew Kehoe, {{circa| 1920}}]]

Andrew Philip Kehoe was born in [[Tecumseh, Michigan]], on February 1, 1872, into a family of 13 children and attended the local high school. After graduating he studied [[electrical engineering]] at [[Michigan State College]] in [[East Lansing, Michigan|East Lansing]] and moved to [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], where he worked as an electrician for several years.<ref name = "ellsworth ch 3"/> At some point during this period, Kehoe suffered a head injury in a fall and was semi-conscious or in a [[coma]] for a period of several weeks.<ref name = "Lansing State Journal/Kehoe Knew Few As Friend"/><ref name = "Battle Creek Enquirer/May 19"/> He later returned to Michigan and his father's farm.

After his mother's death, Kehoe's father married a much younger widow, Frances Wilder, and a daughter was born. On September 17, 1911, as his stepmother attempted to light the family's oil stove, it exploded and set her on fire. Kehoe threw a bucket of water on her, but the fire was [[fire class#Flammable liquid and gas|oil-based]] and his action spread the flames more rapidly, which engulfed and immolated her body. The injuries were fatal and she died the next day.<ref name = "bernstein216"/> Some of Kehoe's later neighbors in Bath Township believed that he had caused the stove explosion.<ref name = "ellsworth ch 3"/><ref name = "Frances Kehoe Death Certificate"/>{{efn|Monty Ellsworth's version of these events in ''The Bath School Disaster'' incorrectly differs on one detail – he says that the fire happened when Kehoe was aged 14 but agrees with other sources on points of fact. He does mention the rumors that the stove was tampered with.<ref name = "ellsworth ch 3" />}}

Kehoe married Ellen "Nellie" Price in 1912, at the age of 40. Seven years later they moved to a farm outside Bath Township.<ref name = "mayday p 27"/> Kehoe was said to be dependable, doing favors and volunteer work for his neighbors.<ref name = "mayday p 49"/> He was also described as being notoriously impatient with any disagreement; he had shot and killed a neighbor's dog that had come on his property and annoyed him by [[Bark (sound)|barking]]. He had also beaten one of his horses to death when it did not perform to his expectations.<ref name = "ellsworth ch 1"/>

Kehoe had a reputation for [[frugality]], and was elected in 1924 as a [[trustee]] on the school board for three years and [[treasurer]] for one year. He argued strongly for lower taxes,<ref name = "mayday p 29"/> and later superintendent of the board M. W. Keyes said that he "fought the expenditure of money for the most necessary equipment".<ref name = "dynamiter"/> Kehoe was considered difficult to work with, often voting against the rest of the board, wanting his own way and arguing with the township financial authorities. He protested that he paid too much in taxes<ref name = "ellsworth ch 4"/> and tried to get the valuation of his property reduced<ref name = "ellsworth ch 5"/> so he would pay less. 

In 1922, the Bath Township school tax was $12.26 for every $1000 valuation of a property, with the valuation on Kehoe's farm being $10,000 ({{Inflation|US|10000|1922|fmt=eq}}). In 1923 the school board raised the tax to $18.80 per $1000 valuation and in 1926 the taxes went up to $19.80. This meant that Kehoe's tax liability went from $122.60 in 1922 ({{Inflation|US|122.60|1922|fmt=eq}}) to $198.00 in 1926 ({{Inflation|US|198|1926|fmt=eq}}).<ref name = "ellsworth ch 1"/> In June 1926 Kehoe was notified that the widow of his wife's uncle, who held the [[mortgage]] on his property, had begun [[foreclosure]] proceedings.<ref name = "dynamiter"/><ref name = "Dynamitard"/> Following the disaster, the local sheriff who had served the foreclosure notice reported that Kehoe had muttered, "If it hadn't been for that $300 school tax I might have paid off this mortgage".<ref name = "Dynamitard"/> Mrs. Price, the mortgage holder, also reported that Kehoe had stated, "If I can't live in that house, no one else will", when she had mentioned foreclosure to him.<ref name = "Dynamitard"/>

Kehoe was appointed in 1925 as temporary [[town clerk]], but he was defeated in the April 5, 1926, election for that office. This public rejection by the community angered him. Ellsworth speculated that this defeat triggered Kehoe's desire for "murderous revenge", using the bombings to destroy the Bath Consolidated School and kill the community's children and many of its members.<ref name = "ellsworth ch 1"/><ref name = "ellsworth ch 5"/> In ''Bath Massacre – America's First School Bombing'', [[Arnie Bernstein]] cites [[Robert D. Hare]]'s [[Psychopathy Checklist]] and says that Kehoe "fits the profile all too well".<ref name = "bernstein143" /> [[Carnegie Mellon University]]'s Dr. Mary Ellen O'Toole, head of CMU's Department of Forensic Science, has stated that Kehoe could be described as an "injustice collector", meaning someone who obsessively collects perceived slights along with their personal misfortunes, latching on to these feelings of persecution until they feel forced to lash out.<ref name = "The Dangerous Injustice Collector"/>

Kehoe's neighbor A. McMullen noted that Kehoe had stopped working on his farm altogether for most of the preceding year, and he had speculated that Kehoe was planning [[suicide]]. Kehoe had given him one of his horses about April 1927, but McMullen returned it for this reason.<ref name = "ellsworth ch 5"/> It was discovered later that Kehoe had cut all his wire fences as part of his preparations to destroy his farm, [[girdling]] young shade trees to kill them and cutting off his grapevine plants before putting them back on their stumps to hide the damage. He gathered lumber and other materials and put them in the tool shed which he later destroyed with an incendiary bomb.<ref name = "ellsworth ch 5"/>

By the time of the bombing, Nellie Kehoe had become chronically ill with what resembled [[tuberculosis]], for which there was no effective treatment or cure at the time. Her frequent hospital stays may have contributed to the family's debt. Kehoe had ceased making mortgage and [[Home insurance|homeowner's insurance]] payments months earlier.<ref name = "ellsworth ch 3"/>

===Purchase and planting of school explosives===
[[File:Bath School dynamite2.jpg|thumb|alt=boxes of [[Pyrotol]], sticks of dynamite, sacks of explosives and wiring in a pile|Explosives recovered from under the school]]

There is no clear indication of when Kehoe had the idea of massacring the schoolchildren and townspeople, but Ellsworth, who was a neighbor, thought that he conceived his plan after being defeated in the 1926 clerk election.<ref name = "mayday p 51"/> The consensus of the townspeople was that he had worked on his plan at least since the previous August.<ref name="ellsworth ch 5"/> Bath School Board member M. W. Keyes was quoted by ''[[The New York Times]]'':

{{quote|I have no doubt that he made his plans last Fall {{sic}} [1926] to blow up the school{{nbsp}}... He was an experienced electrician and the board employed him in November to make some repairs on the school lighting system. He had ample opportunity then to plant the explosives and lay the wires for touching it off.<ref name="dynamiter"/>}}

Kehoe had free access to the school building during the summer vacation of 1926.<ref name="ellsworth ch 4"/> From mid-1926, he began buying more than a ton of [[pyrotol]], an incendiary explosive used by farmers during the era for excavation and burning debris. In November 1926 he drove to Lansing and bought two boxes of [[dynamite]] at a sporting goods store.<ref name="Inquest Page 343"/> Dynamite was also commonly used on farms, so his purchase of small amounts of explosives at different stores and on different dates did not raise any suspicions. Neighbors reported hearing explosions on the farm, with one calling him "the dynamite farmer".<ref name="Buhk"/> 

After the disaster it was reported that [[Michigan State Police]] investigators had discovered that a considerable amount of dynamite had been stolen from a bridge construction site and that Kehoe was suspected of the theft.<ref name="Dynamitard"/><ref name="Pickard"/> Investigators also recovered a container of [[gasoline]], rigged with a tube, in the school's basement; investigators speculated that Kehoe had planned that the gasoline fumes would ignite from a spark, scattering burning gasoline throughout the basement.<ref name="dynamiter"/> In the undamaged section of the school it was found that Kehoe had concealed the explosives in six lengths of [[rain gutter|eavestrough pipe]], three [[Bamboo fly rod|bamboo fishing rods]] and what were described as "windmill rods" that were placed in the basement ceiling.<ref name="Buffalo Evening News"/>

Kehoe purchased a [[.30-06|.30-caliber]] [[Winchester Model 54|Winchester bolt-action rifle]] in December 1926, according to the testimony of Lieutenant Lyle Morse, a Michigan State Police investigator with the Department of Public Safety.<ref name="ellsworth ch 3"/><ref name="Inquest Page 343"/>{{efn|Ellsworth said in his account:
::I went down there to use their telephone last winter, about February 1927, and he had just been shooting at the target. When I got through using the telephone, he showed me his new thirty Winchester bolt action rifle that he had bought two or three months before.
This sets the Winchester's date of purchase at two to three months before February 1927, with the bombings (May 18, 1927) five or six months after purchase. Ellsworth's recollection was corroborated by Lt. Morse's testimony before the coroner's inquest.}}

===Further preparations===
[[File:Kahoe House.jpg|thumb|alt=late 19th Century 2-story farmhouse with porches and a barn in the background|Andrew and Nellie Kehoe's house before the disaster]]
Prior to the day of the disaster, Kehoe had loaded the back seat of his truck with metal debris capable of producing [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|shrapnel]] during an explosion.<ref name="ellsworth ch 5"/> He also bought a new set of tires for his truck to avoid breaking down when transporting the explosives. He made many trips to Lansing for more explosives, as well as to the school, the township, and his house. Ida Hall, who lived in a house next to the school, saw activity around the building on different nights during May. Early one morning after midnight she saw a man carrying objects inside. She also saw vehicles around the building several times late at night. Hall mentioned these events to a relative but they were never reported to police.<ref name="mayday p 92-93"/>

Nellie was discharged from Lansing's St. Lawrence Hospital on May 16,<ref name="mayday p 97-98"/> and was murdered by her husband some time between her release and the bombings two days later. Kehoe put her body in a wheelbarrow at the rear of the farm's chicken coop, where it was found in a heavily charred condition after the farm explosions and fire. Piled around the cart were silverware and a metal cash box. The ashes of several [[banknote]]s could be seen through a slit in the cash box.<ref name="dynamiter"/> Kehoe placed and wired homemade pyrotol incendiary devices in the house and throughout the farm buildings.<ref name="ellsworth ch 5"/>

==Day of the disaster==
===Farm bombs===
[[File:Kahoe House remains-east.jpg|thumb|alt=a single chimney is all that is left standing after Kehoe's bombs destroyed his farm|The ruins of the Kehoes' farm after the explosion]]
At approximately 8:45{{nbs}}a.m. on Wednesday, May 18, Kehoe detonated the devices in his house and farm buildings, causing some debris to fly into a neighbor's poultry brooding house.<ref name="Michigan History magazine"/> Neighbors noticed the fire, and volunteers rushed to the scene.<ref name="dynamiter"/><ref name="Biography.Com"/>

O.{{nbs}}H. Bush{{efn|This name is given in ''The New York Times'' as "O.{{nbs}}H. Buck" but in the coroner's inquest as "O.{{nbs}}H. Bush". The inquest is an official government document, so his name is rendered as O.{{nbs}}H. Bush in this article.}} and several other men crawled through a broken window of the farmhouse in search of survivors. When they found no one in the house, they salvaged what furniture they could before the fire spread into the living room. Bush discovered dynamite in the corner; he picked up an armful of explosives and handed it to one of the men.<ref name="dynamiter"/> As Kehoe left the burning property in his [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] truck, he stopped to tell those fighting the fire that they should get to the school and then drove off.<ref name="Michigan History magazine"/>

===North wing explosion===
Classes at Bath Consolidated School began at 8:30{{nbs}}a.m. Kehoe had set an alarm clock in the basement of the school's north wing which detonated the dynamite and pyrotol he had hidden there at about 8:45{{nbs}}a.m.<ref name="Inquest Alarm Clock"/> Rescuers heading to the scene of the Kehoe farm fire heard the explosion at the school building and turned back in that direction. Parents within the rural community rushed to the school.<ref name="ellsworth ch 2"/> The school building resembled a war zone,<ref name="Burcar"/> with 38{{nbs}}people killed in the initial explosion, mostly children.<ref name="38die"/><ref name="Psycho"/>

Eyewitnesses and survivors were interviewed afterwards by newspaper reporters. First-grade teacher Bernice Sterling told an [[Associated Press]] reporter that the explosion was like an earthquake:

<blockquote>...&nbsp;the air seemed to be full of children and flying desks and books. Children were tossed high in the air, some were catapulted out of the building<ref name="Vindicator"/></blockquote>

Eyewitness Robert Gates said the scene was pure chaos at the school:

<blockquote>Mother after mother came running into the school yard, and demanded information about her child and, on seeing the lifeless form lying on the lawn, sobbed and swooned&nbsp;... In no time more than 100{{nbs}}men at work tearing away the debris of the school, and nearly as many women were frantically pawing over the timber and broken bricks for traces of their children. I saw more than one woman lift clusters of bricks held together by mortar heavier than the average man could have handled without a crowbar.<ref name="News-Herald"/><ref name="United Press"/></blockquote> 

Ellsworth recounted:

<blockquote>I saw one mother, Mrs.{{nbs}}Eugene Hart, sitting on the bank a short distance from the school with a little dead girl on each side of her and holding a little boy, Percy, who died a short time after they got him to the hospital. This was about the time Kehoe blew his car up in the street, severely wounding Perry, the oldest child of Mr. and Mrs.{{nbs}}Hart".<ref name="ellsworth ch 2"/></blockquote>

The north wing of the school had collapsed, leaving the edge of the roof on the ground. Ellsworth recalled that "there was a pile of children of about five or six under the roof".<ref name="ellsworth ch 2"/> He volunteered to drive back to his farm and get a rope heavy enough to pull the school roof off the children's bodies. Returning to his farm, he saw Kehoe driving in the opposite direction, heading toward the school. "He grinned and waved his hand," Ellsworth said. "When he grinned, I could see both rows of his teeth".<ref name="ellsworth ch 2"/>

===Truck explosion===
[[File:Kehoe car.jpg|thumb|alt=the almost destroyed chassis of Kehoe's Ford pickup truck, surrounded by onlookers|Remains of Kehoe's Ford truck after the explosion]]

Kehoe drove up to the school about half an hour after the first explosion. He saw Superintendent Emory Huyck and summoned him over to his truck. Charles Rawson testified at the coroner's [[inquest]] that he saw the two men grapple over some type of [[long gun]] before Kehoe detonated the explosives stored in his truck,<ref name="Inquest Page 326"/>{{efn| During the Coroner's Inquest Clinton County Prosecutor Searl, when questioning witnesses mentions a rifle/the rifle at least 17 times. He also established that Kehoe seemed to only own a Winchester and that two weeks before the disaster, Kehoe had at least 1000 cartridges for the Winchester in a box behind the truck's front seat, which could have been the explosives that detonated the truck explosion. The explosion was so powerful that identifying the exact model of gun that set off the truck or even what exactly did set off the truck was impossible but the inference from the testimony is that Kehoe shooting off the Winchester was the detonator.<ref name="Inquest Winchester"/><ref name="Jones PhD Dissertation Page 1"/>}} immediately killing himself, Huyck, retired farmer Nelson McFarren, <ref name="Findings Page 2"/> and Cleo Clayton, an 8-year-old second-grader. Clayton had survived the first blast and then wandered out of the school building; he was killed by shrapnel from the exploding vehicle.

The truck explosion spread debris over a large area and caused extensive damage to cars parked a half-block away, with their roofs catching on fire from the burning gasoline.<ref name="ellsworth ch 2"/> It injured several others and mortally wounded [[postmaster]] Glenn O. Smith, who lost a leg and died before making it to the hospital.<ref name="ellsworth ch 2"/><ref name="Burcar"/> O.{{nbs}}H. Bush recalled that one of his crew bound up "the wounds of Glenn Smith, the postmaster. His leg had been blown off".<ref name="dynamiter"/>

===Recovery and rescue===
[[File:Keyhoe sign.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Sign that Kehoe made and left on a fence at his farm, black lettering on a white painted board – "Criminals are made, not born."|The stenciled message Kehoe constructed and left on a fence at his farm]]

Telephone operators stayed at their stations for hours to summon doctors, undertakers, area hospital workers, and anyone else who might help. The Lansing Fire Department sent several firefighters and its chief.<ref name="Finley2011"/> Local [[physician]] J.{{nbs}}A. Crum and his wife, a nurse, who had both served in [[World War I]], turned their Bath Township drugstore into a [[triage]] center. The dead bodies were taken to the town hall, which was used as a morgue.<ref name="ellsworth ch 2"/>

Hundreds of people worked in the wreckage all day and into the night in an effort to find and rescue any children pinned underneath. Area contractors sent all their men to assist, and many other people came to the scene in response to pleas for help. Eventually, thirty-four firefighters and the chief of the Lansing Fire Department arrived, as did several Michigan State Police officers who managed traffic to and from the scene. [[Governor of Michigan|Michigan governor]] [[Fred W. Green]] arrived during the afternoon of the disaster and assisted in the relief work, carting bricks away from the scene. The Lawrence Baking Company of Lansing sent a truck filled with pies and sandwiches which were served to rescuers in the township's community hall.<ref name="ellsworth ch 2"/>

The injured and dying were transported to [[Sparrow Health System|Sparrow Hospital]] and St. Lawrence Hospital in Lansing. The construction of the St. Lawrence facility had been financed in large part by Lawrence Price, Nellie Kehoe's uncle and formerly an executive in charge of [[Oldsmobile]]'s [[Lansing Car Assembly]].<ref name="mayday p 76"/>

During the search for survivors and victims, rescuers found an additional {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of dynamite which had failed to detonate in the south wing of the school. The search was halted to allow the state police to disarm the devices, and they found an alarm clock timed to go off at 8:45{{nbs}}a.m. Investigators speculated that the initial explosion may have caused a [[short circuit]] in the second set of bombs, preventing them from detonating. They searched the building and then returned to the recovery work.<ref name="dynamiter"/>

Police and fire officials gathered at the Kehoe farm to investigate the fires there. State troopers had searched for Nellie Kehoe throughout Michigan, thinking that she was at a tuberculosis [[sanatorium]], but her charred remains were found the day after the disaster, among the ruins of the farm.<ref name="dynamiter"/> All the Kehoe farm buildings were destroyed. Kehoe's two horses had burned to death, trapped inside the barn. Their carcasses were found with their legs hobbled together with wire, preventing their escape or rescue.<ref name="ellsworth ch 5"/> Investigators found a wooden sign wired to the farm's fence with Kehoe's last message stenciled on it: "Criminals are made, not born".<ref name="dynamiter"/>

==Aftermath==
{| style="float:right; margin:0 0 0.5em .5em; width:auto; border:.5px solid #a0a0a0; padding:.5px; white-space:nowrap; font-size:85%;"
|- style="background:;"
! Killed in the disaster<ref name="ellsworth ch 7 - Biographies"/>
|-
| '''Before the school bombing'''
{{Plainlist|1=
* Ellen "Nellie" Price Kehoe, wife of the perpetrator<ref name = "mayday p 27"/><!--The full/known names of all the dead are sourced from the cited references.-->
}}
|-
|'''Killed in the school bombing'''
{{Plainlist|1=
* Arnold Victor Bauerle, age 8, 3rd grade
* Henry Bergan, age 14, 6th grade
* Herman Bergan, age 11, 4th grade
* Emilie Marian Bromundt, age 11, 5th grade<ref name="victims remembered"/><ref name="bernsteinPrologue"/>
* Robert F. Bromundt, age 12, 5th grade<ref name="victims remembered"/><ref name="bernsteinPrologue"/>
* Floyd Edwin Burnett, age 12, 6th grade
* Russell Chapman, age 8, 4th grade
* Forest Robert "Bobby" Cochran, age 8, 3rd grade<ref name="Jones PhD Dissertation Page 125"/>
* Ralph Albert Cushman, age 7, 3rd grade
* Earl Edwin Ewing, age 11, 6th grade
* Katherine Onalee Foote, age 10, 6th grade
* Marjorie Fritz, age 9, 4th grade<ref name="Photo Gallery Shink"/>
* Carlyle Walter Geisenhaver, age 9, 4th grade
* George Hall, Jr., age 8, 3rd grade
* Willa Marie Hall, age 11, 5th grade
* Iola Irene Hart, age 12, 6th grade
* Percy Eugene Hart, age 11, 3rd grade
* Vivian Oletta Hart, age 8, 3rd grade
* Blanche Elizabeth Harte, age 30, teacher
* Galen Lyle Harte, age 12, 6th grade<ref name="bernsteinPrologue"/>
* LaVere Robert Harte, age 9, 4th grade
* Stanley Horace Harte, age 12, 6th grade
* Francis Otte Hoeppner, age 13, 6th grade<ref name="Scrapbook"/>
* Cecil Lorn Hunter, age 13, 6th grade<ref name="Scrapbook"/>
* Doris Elaine Johns, age 8, 3rd grade
* Thelma Irene McDonald, age 8, 3rd grade
* Clarence Wendell McFarren, age 13, 6th grade
* James Emerson Medcoff, age 8, 4th grade<ref name="bernsteinPrologue"/>
* Emma Amelia Nickols, age 13, 6th grade
* Richard Dibble Richardson, age 12, 6th grade
* Elsie Mildred Robb, age 12, 6th grade
* Pauline Mae Shirts, age 10, 5th grade
* Hazel Iva Weatherby, age 20, teacher
* Elizabeth Jane Witchell, age 10, 5th grade
* Lucile June Witchell, age 9, 5th grade
* Harold LeMoyne Woodman, age 8, 3rd grade
* George Orval Zimmerman, age 10, 3rd grade
* Lloyd Zimmerman, age 12, 5th grade
}}
|-
| '''Killed by the truck bombing'''
{{Plainlist|1=
* G. Cleo Clayton<ref name="bernstein85"/><ref name="bernstein129"/>(also spelled "Claton"),<ref name="ellsworth ch 7 - Biographies"/> age 8, 2nd grade
* Emory E. Huyck, age 33, superintendent
* Andrew Philip Kehoe, age 55, perpetrator
* Nelson McFarren, age 74, retired farmer
* Glenn O. Smith, age 33, postmaster
}}
|-
|'''Died later of injuries'''
{{Plainlist|1=
* Beatrice Gibbs, age 10, 4th grade<!--There is no listed middle initial for Beatrice in any of the reliable sources consulted.-->
}}
|}
The [[American Red Cross]] set up an operations center at the Crum drugstore and took the lead in providing aid and comfort to the victims. The Lansing Red Cross headquarters stayed open until 11:30{{nbs}}that night to answer telephone calls, update the list of dead and injured, and provide information and planning services for the following day.<ref name="Clinton County Republican-News June 2"/> The local community responded generously, as reported at the time by the Associated Press: "a sympathetic public assured the rehabilitation of the stricken community. Aid was tendered freely in the hope that the grief of those who lost loved ones might be even slightly mitigated."<ref name="Baltimore Sun"/> The Red Cross managed donations sent to pay for medical expenses of the survivors and the burial costs of the deceased. In a few weeks, $5,284.15
({{Inflation|US|5284.15|1927|fmt=eq}}) was raised through donations, including $2,500 from the Clinton County [[Board of Supervisors]] and $2,000 from the [[Michigan Legislature]].<ref name="Clinton County Republican-News June 23"/>

The disaster received nationwide coverage in the days following, sharing headlines with [[Charles Lindbergh]]'s [[transatlantic crossing]]<ref name=Slate/><ref name="Michigan Markers"/> (though Lindbergh's crossing received much more attention)<ref name="bernstein150"/> and eliciting a national outpouring of grief. Newspaper headlines from across the U.S. characterized Kehoe as a maniac, a madman, and a fiend.<ref name="38die"/><ref name="Eaton"/><ref name="LATimes"/>

People from across the world expressed sympathy to the families and the community of Bath Township, including letters from some Italian schoolchildren. One 5th{{nbs}}grade class wrote: "Even if we are small, we understand all the sorrow and misfortune that has struck our dear brothers". Another Italian class wrote: "We are praying to God to give to the unfortunate mothers and fathers, the strength to bear the great sorrow that has descent on them, we are near to you in spirit".<ref name="mayday p 170"/>

Kehoe's body was claimed by one of his sisters and was buried in an unmarked grave in the [[Pauper's grave|pauper's section]] of Mount Rest Cemetery in [[St. Johns, Michigan]].<ref name="mayday p 150-151"/> The Price family buried Nellie Price Kehoe in a Lansing cemetery under her maiden name.<ref name="mayday p 228"/><ref name="mayday p 152"/><ref name="Detroit Free Press p 1"/>

Vehicles from outlying areas and surrounding states descended upon Bath Township by the thousands. Over 100,000 vehicles passed through on Saturday alone, an enormous amount of traffic for the area. Some residents regarded this as an unwarranted intrusion into their time of grief, but most accepted it as a show of sympathy and support from surrounding communities.<ref name="Clinton County Republican-News May 26"/> Burials of individual victims started that Friday, two days after the disaster.<ref name="bernstein129"/><ref name="mayday p 152"/> Funerals and burials continued on Saturday and Sunday until all the dead were buried.<ref name="mayday p 159"/> For a time following the tragedy the town and Kehoe's burned-out farm continued to attract curiosity seekers.<ref name="Saline"/>

===Rebuilding===
Governor Green quickly called for donations to aid the townspeople and created the Bath Relief Fund with the money supplied by donors, the state, and local governments.<ref name="dynamiter" /> People from around the country donated to the fund.<ref name="Ashlee96" />

School resumed on September{{nbs}}5, 1927, and, for the 1927–1928 school year, was held in the community hall, township hall, and two retail buildings. Most of the surviving students returned. The board appointed O.{{nbs}}M. Brant of [[Luther, Michigan]], to succeed Huyck as superintendent. Lansing architect Warren Holmes donated construction plans, and the school board approved the contracts for a new building on September 14. On September 15, [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] [[James J. Couzens]] presented his personal check for $75,000 ({{Inflation|US|75,000|1927|fmt=eq}}) to the Bath construction fund to help build the new school.<ref name="ind" /><ref name="ellsworth ch 8" />

The board demolished the damaged portion of the school and constructed a new wing with the donated funds. During the reconstruction dynamite was found in the building on three separate occasions.<ref name="Dynamite Again" /> The James Couzens Agricultural School was dedicated on August{{nbs}}18, 1928.<ref name="Ashlee96" /> The Kehoe farm was completely plowed to ensure that no explosives were hidden in the ground and was sold at auction to pay the mortgage.<ref name="Property of Maniac" />

== Coroner's inquest ==
The coroner arrived at the scene on the day of the disaster and swore in six community leaders that afternoon to serve as a jury investigating the death of Superintendent Huyck.<ref name="mayday p 159" /> Informal testimony had been taken on May 19 and the formal coroner's inquest started on May 23.<ref name="mayday p 160" /><ref name="Inquest" /> The Clinton County [[prosecutor]] conducted the examination, and more than 50 people testified before the jury.<ref name="Inquest Page 2-3" /> During his testimony, David Hart stated that Kehoe had told him that he had "killed a horse"<ref name="Inquest Page 181" /> and ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported people as saying that Kehoe had "an ungovernable temper" and "seemed to have a mania for killing things". Neighbors testified that he had been wiring the buildings at his farm about that time and that he was evasive about his reasons.<ref name="dynamiter" />

Kehoe's neighbor Sidney J. Howell testified that after the fire began at the Kehoe farm, Kehoe warned him and three men to leave there, saying, "Boys, you are my friends, you better get out of here, you better go down to the school."<ref name="Inquest Page 95" /> Three telephone linemen working near Bath Township testified that Kehoe passed them in his truck on the road toward the school, and they saw him arrive there. His truck swerved and stopped in front of the building. In the next instant, according to the linemen, the truck blew up, and one of them was struck by shrapnel.<ref name="Inquest Page 310" /><ref name="Inquest Page 314" /> Other witnesses testified that Kehoe paused after stopping, calling Huyck over to the truck and that the two men struggled before Kehoe's truck was blown up.<ref name="Inquest Page 326" />

Although there was never any doubt that Kehoe was the perpetrator, the jury was asked to determine if the school board or its employees were guilty of [[criminal negligence]].<ref name="mayday p 160" /> After more than a week of testimony, the jury exonerated the school board and its employees. In its verdict, the jury concluded that Kehoe “conducted himself sanely and so concealed his operations that there was no cause to suspect any of his actions; and we further find that the school board, and Frank Smith, janitor of the school building, were not negligent in and about their duties, and were not guilty of any negligence in not discovering Kehoe's plan.”<ref name="mayday p 160" />

The inquest determined that Kehoe murdered Huyck on the morning of May 18. It was also the jury's verdict that the school was blown up as part of a plan and that Kehoe alone, without the aid of [[conspiracy (crime)|conspirators]], murdered 43 people in total, including his wife Nellie. Suicide was determined to be the cause of Kehoe's death, which brought the total number of dead to 44 at the time of the inquest.<ref name="Clinton County Republican-News May 26" />

On August{{nbs}}22, three months after the bombing, fourth-grader Beatrice Gibbs died following hip surgery. Hers was the 45th and final death directly attributable to the Bath School disaster,<ref name="bernstein154" />  which made the event the deadliest attack ever to occur in an American school to date.<ref name="Slate" /> Richard Fritz, whose older sister Marjorie was killed in the explosion, was injured and died almost one year later of [[myocarditis]] at the age of eight. Although Richard is not included on many lists of the victims, his death from myocarditis is thought to have been directly caused by an infection resulting from his injuries.<ref name="White" />

== Legacy ==
Artist [[Carleton W. Angell]] presented the board with a memorial statue in 1928 entitled ''Girl with a Cat'' (also known colloquially as ''Girl with a Kitten'').<ref name = "Michigan History magazine"/><ref name = "Alumnus"/> The Bath School Museum in the school district's middle school contains many items connected with the disaster,<ref name = "WXMI"/> including the statue.<ref name = "90 years later"/>

In 1975, the Couzens building was demolished<ref name="Plaque"/> and the site was redeveloped as the James Couzens Memorial Park, dedicated to the victims. At the center of the park is the Bath Consolidated School's original [[cupola]], which survived the disaster and remained on the school until the Couzens building was torn down.<ref name = "Burcar"/> After some debate, a Michigan State Historical Marker was installed at the park in 1991 by the Michigan Historical Commission.<ref name = "Ashlee1"/> In 2002 a bronze plaque bearing the names of those killed in the disaster was placed on a large stone near the entrance of the park.<ref name = "bernstein171"/>

On November{{nbs}}3, 2008, the town announced that tombstones had been donated for Emilie and Robert Bromundt, the last two bombing victims whose graves were still unmarked. A grant from a foundation paid for the grave markers.<ref name="victims remembered"/> In September 2014, a gravestone was installed at the grave of Richard A. Fritz, whose death in 1928 was attributed to injuries sustained in the explosion. The gravestone was paid for by an author writing about the disaster for a book.<ref name = "White"/><ref name = "Carmody"/>

A documentary on the disaster was released in 2011, including interviews with various survivors which had been taped starting in 2004.<ref name = "Lansing State Journal"/> May{{nbs}}18, 2017, the disaster's 90th{{nbs}}anniversary, was marked with a panel discussion at the Bath Middle School.<ref name="Lansing State Journal"/> On May 1, 2022, weeks short of the disaster's 95th anniversary, [[Irene Dunham]], the last Bath School student from the time of the disaster, died at age 114.<ref name = "Irene Dunham"/>

The disaster is regarded by some as an act of terrorism. Arnie Bernstein, author of ''Bath Massacre: America's First School Bombing'' said that it "resonates powerfully for modern readers and reminds us that domestic terrorism and mass murder are sadly not just a product of our times".<ref name = "bernstein"/> Medical experts writing in ''[[Journal of Surgical Research]]'' characterized the disaster as "the largest pediatric terrorist disaster in U.S. history".<ref name = "Kim"/> Harold Schechter, who wrote ''Psycho USA'' and ''Maniac'', called the disaster "a horrendous act of terrorist mass murder".<ref name = "Psycho5"/>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
MichiganHistoricalSign.jpg|alt=State of Michigan Historical marker with gold text on a green background, standing in a field of snow|Michigan state historic site marker
Bath School Disaster Victims.jpeg|alt=bronze plaque listing the people's names who died during the disaster (with the exception of the Kehoes), fixed to a large boulder|Plaque at the entrance of James Couzens Memorial Park
Photograph of Cupola from Bath, Michigan Consolidated School.jpg|alt=Red-roofed white cupola from the 1927 building, surrounded by a small white picket fence|[[Cupola]] from the school building, displayed at James Couzens Memorial Park
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Michigan|Schools|1920s|Law}}
* [[List of homicides in Michigan]]
* [[List of rampage killers (school massacres)]]
* [[List of school-related attacks]]
* [[List of attacks related to primary schools]]
* [[List of attacks related to secondary schools]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="38die">{{cite news |title=38 Persons, mostly children die, when insane farmer dynamites school |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46915912/the-greenville-news/  |newspaper=[[The Greenville News]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=May 19, 1927 |pages=1, 14}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

<ref name="90 years later">{{cite web |title=90 years later: Remembering the Bath school bombing at May 18 event |url=https://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/insider/events/2017/04/25/90-years-later-remembering-bath-school-disaster/100878056/ |publisher=www.lansingstatejournal.com |newspaper=[[Lansing State Journal]] |access-date=March 14, 2020 |date=April 25, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Alumnus">{{cite journal |title=The Week on the Campus – In Memoriam |journal=The Michigan Alumnus |date=October 8, 1927 |volume=XXXIV |issue=1 |page=442 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015071121043&view=1up&seq=454 |access-date=May 18, 2020 |quote=A life-size bronze statue of a happy little girl holding a kitten in her arms, the work of Carleton W. Angell, artist, and member of the faculty of the Colleges of Engineering and Architecture, will commemorate the Bath School disaster of May 18, 1927. The memorial, which will be completed in four months, is made possible by pennies contributed by pennies contributed by children of 111{{nbs}}public schools of Michigan,{{nbsp}}...}}</ref>

<ref name="Ashlee1">{{cite book |editor-last=Ashlee |editor-first=Laura R. |title=Traveling Through Time: A Guide to Michigan's Historical Markers |year=2005 |publisher=[[The University of Michigan Press]] |page=1 |isbn=0472030663 |url={{GBurl|Xd-mh9r0zEkC|pg=PA1}} |access-date=January 22, 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Ashlee96">{{cite book |editor-last=Ashlee |editor-first=Laura R. |title=Traveling Through Time: A Guide to Michigan's Historical Markers |date=2005 |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |page=96 |isbn=0472030663 |url={{GBurl|Xd-mh9r0zEkC|pg=PA96}} |access-date=January 22, 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Baltimore Sun">{{cite news |title=Friends Offer Aid to Blast Victims |url=https://baltimoresun.newspapers.com/clip/46916132/the-baltimore-sun/ |access-date=January 24, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=May 21, 1927 |page=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109185225/https://baltimoresun.newspapers.com/search/#query=Friends+Offer+Aid+to+Blast+Victims&ymd=1927-05-21 |archive-date=November 9, 2019 |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref>

<ref name="Battle Creek Enquirer/May 19">{{cite news |title=Sister, Living Here, Blames Fall Years Ago for Demented Man's Act |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29463400/battle-creek-enquirer/ |access-date=May 2, 2020 |newspaper=[[Battle Creek Enquirer]] |via=Newspapers.com |date=May 19, 1927 |page=1 |quote=[Mrs. Rose said] "About 1910 he suffered a severe fall while attending an electrical school at St Louis. He was semi-conscious for nearly two months{{nbsp}}.... Added to that, about three or four years ago he received a dangerous scalp wound while cutting down a tree on his farm."}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

<ref name="bernstein">{{cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Arnie |title=Bath Massacre: America's First School Bombing (Thoughts on) |url=https://www.arniebernstein.com/bath-massacre |publisher=Arnie Bernstein.com |access-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119050220/https://www.arniebernstein.com/bath-massacre |archive-date=January 19, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="bernsteinPrologue">{{cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Arnie|title=Bath Massacre, New Edition: America's First School Bombing|year=2022|url={{GBurl|A_5VEAAAQBAJ|pg=PR22}}|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|page=xxii|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|isbn=978-0-472-039036}}</ref>

<ref name="bernstein85">{{cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Arnie|title=Bath Massacre: America's First School Bombing|year=2009|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|page=85|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|isbn=978-0-472-03346-1}}</ref>

<ref name="bernstein129">{{cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Arnie|title=Bath Massacre: America's First School Bombing|year=2009|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|page=129|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|isbn=978-0-472-03346-1}}</ref>

<ref name="bernstein143">{{cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Arnie|title=Bath Massacre: America's First School Bombing|year=2009|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|page=143|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|isbn=978-0-472-03346-1}}</ref>

<ref name="bernstein150">{{cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Arnie|title=Bath Massacre: America's First School Bombing|year=2009|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|page=150|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|isbn=978-0-472-03346-1}}</ref>

<ref name="bernstein154">{{cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Arnie|title=Bath Massacre: America's First School Bombing|year=2009|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|page=154|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|isbn=978-0-472-03346-1}}</ref>

<ref name="bernstein171">{{cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Arnie|title=Bath Massacre: America's First School Bombing|year=2009|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|page=171|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|quote=For the seventy-fifth commemoration in 2002,{{nbsp}}... A boulder, donated by Bath Township, was also installed that day. The giant stone was also outfitted with a plaque listing most of those killed in the bombing.|isbn=978-0-472-03346-1}}</ref>

<ref name="bernstein216">{{cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Arnie|title=Bath Massacre: America's First School Bombing|year=2009|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|page=216|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|isbn=978-0-472-03346-1}}</ref>

<ref name="Biography.Com">{{cite web |title=Andrew Kehoe |url=http://www.biography.com/people/andrew-kehoe-235986?page=1 |work=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]] |access-date=January 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219144237/http://www.biography.com/people/andrew-kehoe-235986?page=1 |archive-date=December 19, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Buffalo Evening News">{{cite news |title=Maniac's Deed Stuns Parents of Child Dead |newspaper=[[Buffalo Evening News]] |pages=1 |publisher=Associated Press |date=May 19, 1927 |url=https://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Buffalo%20NY%20Evening%20News/Buffalo%20NY%20Evening%20News%201927/Buffalo%20NY%20Evening%20News%201927%20b%20-%201167.pdf |access-date=January 19, 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Buhk">{{cite book |last=Buhk |first=Tobin |title=True Crime - Michigan: The State's Most Notorious Criminal Cases |year=2011 |publisher=Stackpole Books |url={{GBurl|NN-tA-cUerIC|pg=PA57}} |access-date=January 15, 2013 |page=57 |isbn=978-0-8117-4510-9}}</ref>

<ref name="Burcar">{{cite book |last=Burcar|first=Colleen|title=It Happened in Michigan: Remarkable Events That Shaped History|year=2011|publisher=Globe Pequot|url={{GBurl|3xcjTa3sRisC|pg=PA87}}|access-date=January 15, 2013|pages=86–87|isbn=978-0-7627-6754-0}}</ref>

<ref name="Carmody">{{cite news |url=http://michiganradio.org/post/last-victim-1927-bath-school-disaster-gets-headstone |title=Last Victim of 1927 Bath School Disaster Gets Headstone |last=Carmody |first=Steve |website=michiganradio.org |publisher=[[Michigan Radio]] |date=September 16, 2014 |access-date=February 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114514/http://michiganradio.org/post/last-victim-1927-bath-school-disaster-gets-headstone |archive-date=April 25, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Census Bureau">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts Bath charter township, Clinton County, Michigan |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/bathchartertownshipclintoncountymichigan |website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |publisher=[[Federal government of the United States]]|access-date=February 3, 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Census Bureau Clinton County">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts Clinton County, Michigan; Bath Charter Township, Clinton County, Michigan |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/clintoncountymichigan |website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |publisher=[[Federal government of the United States]] |access-date=February 3, 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Clinton County Republican-News May 26">{{cite web |title=Board Votes Aid For Bath |url=https://www.clinton-county.org/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/2206 |publisher=www.clinton-county.org (Official Clinton County website) |newspaper=Clinton County Republican-News |access-date=March 4, 2020 |date=May 26, 1927}}</ref>

<ref name="Clinton County Republican-News June 2">{{cite web |title=Report Bath Relief Work |url=https://www.clinton-county.org/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/2207 |website=www.clinton-county.org (Official Clinton County website) |publisher=Clinton County Republican-News |access-date=March 4, 2020 |location=St. Johns, Michigan |pages=1, 3, 7 |date=June 2, 1927}}</ref>

<ref name="Clinton County Republican-News June 23 ">{{cite web |title=Ewing Reports on Bath Fund |url=https://www.clinton-county.org/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/2210 |website=www.clinton-county.org (Official Clinton County website)|publisher=Clinton County Republican-News |access-date=March 4, 2020 |pages=1, 6 |date=June 23, 1927}}</ref>

<ref name="The Dangerous Injustice Collector">{{cite journal |first=Mary Ellen |last=O'Toole |date=September 2014 |title=The Dangerous Injustice Collector: Behaviors of Someone Who Never Forgets, Never Forgives, Never Lets Go, and Strikes Back! |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/vio.2014.1509 |journal=Violence and Gender |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. |location=Rochefort, New York |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=97–99 |doi=10.1089/vio.2014.1509 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609210644/https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/vio.2014.1509 |archive-date=June 9, 2020 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

<ref name="Detroit Free Press p 1">{{cite web |title=Kehoe Alone in Bath Killing, Probers Find (Kehoe Also Buried)
|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46897423/detroit-free-press/ |newspaper=[[Detroit Free Press]] |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=February 28, 2020 |page=1 |date=May 21, 1927}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

<ref name="Dynamite Again">{{cite news |title=Dynamite Again Placed in Bath Mich., School |newspaper=Buffalo Evening News |page=10 |publisher=Associated Press |date=October 4, 1927 |url=https://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Buffalo%20NY%20Evening%20News/Buffalo%20NY%20Evening%20News%201927/Buffalo%20NY%20Evening%20News%201927%20e%20-%202563.pdf |access-date=January 19, 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Dynamitard">{{cite news |last=Foster |first=Eaton |title=Children Hated By Dynamitard Neighbors Say |newspaper=Buffalo Evening News |publisher=United News |date=May 20, 1927 |url=https://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Buffalo%20NY%20Evening%20News/Buffalo%20NY%20Evening%20News%201927/Buffalo%20NY%20Evening%20News%201927%20b%20-%201563.pdf |access-date=January 19, 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="dynamiter">{{cite web |title=School Dynamiter First Slew Wife |url=https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~bauerle/history/nyt520.txt |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416200320/https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~bauerle/history/nyt520.txt |archive-date=April 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Eaton">{{cite news |last=Foster |first=Eaton |title=Maniac's Victims Total 43 Dead |newspaper=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution#The Atlanta Constitution|The Atlanta Constitution]] |date=May 1927 |page=17}}</ref>

<ref name="ellsworth ch 1">{{cite web|url=http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-t.htm#ChapterOne|title=Chapter One{{nbs}}– The Bath Consolidated School|work=The Bath School Disaster|author=Ellsworth, Monty J.|year=1927|publisher=Bath School Museum Committee (1991 ed.)|format=online version|oclc=6743232|access-date=September 21, 2018|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024231535/http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-t.htm#ChapterOne|archive-date=October 24, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="ellsworth ch 2">{{cite web|url=http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-t.htm#ChapterTwo|title=Chapter Two{{nbs}}– Writer's Experience|work=The Bath School Disaster|author=Ellsworth, Monty J.|year=1927|publisher=Bath School Museum Committee (1991 ed.)|format=online version|access-date=September 21, 2018|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024231535/http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-t.htm#ChapterTwo|archive-date=October 24, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="ellsworth ch 3">{{cite web|url=http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-t.htm#ChapterThree|title=Chapter Three{{nbs}}– Life of Andrew Kehoe|work=The Bath School Disaster|author=Ellsworth, Monty J.|year=1927|publisher=Bath School Museum Committee (1991 ed.)|format=online version|access-date=September 21, 2018|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024231535/http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-t.htm#ChapterThree|archive-date=October 24, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="ellsworth ch 4">{{cite web|url=http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-t.htm#ChapterFour|title=Chapter Four{{nbs}}– Kehoe on the School Board|work=The Bath School Disaster|author=Ellsworth, Monty J.|year=1927|publisher=Bath School Museum Committee (1991 ed.)|format=online version|oclc=6743232|access-date=September 21, 2018|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024231535/http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-t.htm#ChapterFour|archive-date=October 24, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="ellsworth ch 5">{{cite web|url=http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-t.htm#ChapterFive|title=Chapter Five{{nbs}}– Made Own Troubles|work=The Bath School Disaster|author=Ellsworth, Monty J.|year=1927|publisher=Bath School Museum Committee (1991 ed.)|format=online version|oclc=6743232|access-date=September 21, 2018|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024231535/http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-t.htm#ChapterFive|archive-date=October 24, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="ellsworth ch 7 - Biographies">{{cite web|url=http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-t.htm#ChapterSeven|title=Chapter Seven{{nbs}}– Biographies|work=The Bath School Disaster|author=Ellsworth, Monty J.|year=1927|publisher=Bath School Museum Committee (1991 ed.)|format=online version|oclc=6743232|access-date=March 19, 2020|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024231535/http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-t.htm#ChapterSeven|archive-date=October 24, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="ellsworth ch 8">{{cite web|url=http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-t.htm#ChapterEight|title=Chapter Eight{{nbs}}– Schoolhouse Plan Donated|work=The Bath School Disaster|author=Ellsworth, Monty J.|year=1927|publisher=Bath School Museum Committee (1991 ed.)|format=online version|oclc=6743232|access-date=September 21, 2018|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024231535/http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-t.htm#ChapterEight|archive-date=October 24, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Finley2011">{{cite book |last=Finley |first=Laura |title=Encyclopedia of School Crime and Violence |url={{GBurl|xRyU1nEAB5YC|pg=PA43}} |access-date=December 22, 2012 |year=2011 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-0-313-36239-2 |page=43}}</ref>

<ref name="Frances Kehoe Death Certificate">{{cite web |title=Frances Kehoe Death Certificate |url=http://seekingmichigan.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p129401coll7/id/378196/rec/88 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170805100641/http://seekingmichigan.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p129401coll7/id/378196/rec/88 |archive-date=5 August 2017 |work=Michigan History Foundation |access-date=May 2, 2020 |date=September 19, 1911}}</ref>

<ref name="ind">{{cite book |last=Barnard |first=Harry |title=Independent Man - The life of Senator James Couzens |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=2002 |page=Introduction |isbn=978-0-8143-3085-2 |url={{GBurl|n9tl1Rcsy3sC|pg=PR20}} |access-date=November 20, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Inquest">{{Citation|title=In the Matter of the Inquest as to the Cause of Death of Emery E. Huyck, Deceased ''(Transcript of the May 23–25, 1927 Clinton County, Michigan Coroner's Inquest)''|page=1|publisher=[[State of Michigan]]|date=May 23–25, 1927}}</ref>

<ref name="Inquest Alarm Clock">{{Citation|title=In the Matter of the Inquest as to the Cause of Death of Emery E. Huyck, Deceased ''(Transcript of the May 23–25, 1927 Clinton County, Michigan Coroner's Inquest)''|pages=1, 2, 13, 27, 167, 289, 337, 349|publisher=State of Michigan|date=May 23–25, 1927}}</ref>

<ref name="Inquest Page 2-3">{{Citation|title=In the Matter of the Inquest as to the Cause of Death of Emery E. Huyck, Deceased ''(Transcript of the May 23–25, 1927 Clinton County, Michigan Coroner's Inquest)''|pages=2–3|publisher=State of Michigan|date=May 23–25, 1927}}</ref>

<ref name="Inquest Page 95">{{Citation|title=In the Matter of the Inquest as to the Cause of Death of Emery E. Huyck, Deceased ''(Transcript of the May 23–25, 1927 Clinton County, Michigan Coroner's Inquest, Sidney J. Howell Testimony)''|page=95|publisher=State of Michigan|date=May 23–25, 1927}}</ref>

<ref name="Inquest Page 181">{{Citation|title=In the Matter of the Inquest as to the Cause of Death of Emery E. Huyck, Deceased ''(Transcript of the May 23–25, 1927 Clinton County, Michigan Coroner's Inquest)''|page=181|publisher=State of Michigan|date=May 23–25, 1927}}</ref>

<ref name="Inquest Page 310">{{Citation|title=In the Matter of the Inquest as to the Cause of Death of Emery E. Huyck, Deceased ''(Transcript of the May 23–25, 1927 Clinton County, Michigan Coroner's Inquest)''|page=310|publisher=State of Michigan|date=May 23–25, 1927}}</ref>

<ref name="Inquest Page 314">{{Citation|title=In the Matter of the Inquest as to the Cause of Death of Emery E. Huyck, Deceased ''(Transcript of the May 23–25, 1927 Clinton County, Michigan Coroner's Inquest)''|page=314|publisher=State of Michigan|date=May 23–25, 1927}}</ref>

<ref name="Inquest Page 326">{{Citation|title=In the Matter of the Inquest as to the Cause of Death of Emery E. Huyck, Deceased ''(Transcript of the May 23–25, 1927 Clinton County, Michigan Coroner's Inquest)''|page=326|publisher=State of Michigan|date=May 23–25, 1927}}</ref>

<ref name="Inquest Page 343">{{Citation|title=In the Matter of the Inquest as to the Cause of Death of Emery E. Huyck, Deceased ''(Transcript of the May 23–25, 1927 Clinton County, Michigan Coroner's Inquest)''|publisher=State of Michigan|date=May 23–25, 1927}}</ref>

<ref name="Findings Page 2">{{Citation|title=In the Matter of the Inquest as to the Cause of Death of Emery E. Huyck, Deceased - Findings''(Transcript of the May 23–25, 1927 Clinton County, Michigan Coroner's Inquest)''|page=2|publisher=State of Michigan|date=May 23–25, 1927}}</ref>

<ref name="Inquest Winchester">{{Citation|title=In the Matter of the Inquest as to the Cause of Death of Emery E. Huyck, Deceased ''(Transcript of the May 23–25, 1927 Clinton County, Michigan Coroner's Inquest)''|pages=107, 135, 326, 328|publisher=State of Michigan|date=May 23–25, 1927}}</ref>

<ref name="Irene Dunham">{{cite web |last=Greco |first=Rachel |title=Irene Dunham, the last surviving student of Bath School bombing, Michigan's oldest resident, has died |url=https://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/news/local/2022/05/02/lansings-irene-dunham-michigans-oldest-resident-dies-age-114/9613036002/ |newspaper=Lansing State Journal |access-date=May 3, 2022 |date=May 2, 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="Jones PhD Dissertation Page 125">{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Amie |title=The Forgotten Children of Bath: Media and Memory of the Bath School Bombing of 1927 (PhD Dissertation) |year=2019 |publisher=[[University of Georgia]] |page=125 |url=https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/jones_amie_m_201908_phd.pdf |access-date=July 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706215616/https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/jones_amie_m_201908_phd.pdf |archive-date=July 6, 2022 |quote=On the fly leaf of one was written: Forest Robert Cochran, "Bobby," 3rd grade. "Bobby's" name already was included in the growing list of those who would not need school books anymore.}}</ref>

<ref name="Jones PhD Dissertation Page 1">{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Amie |title=The Forgotten Children of Bath: Media and Memory of the Bath School Bombing of 1927 (PhD Dissertation) |year=2019 |publisher=[[University of Georgia]] |page=1 |url=https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/jones_amie_m_201908_phd.pdf |access-date=August 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706215616/https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/jones_amie_m_201908_phd.pdf |archive-date=July 6, 2022}} Independently published in 2021: {{ISBN|9798496150736}}.</ref>

<ref name="Kim">{{cite journal |journal=[[Journal of Surgical Research]] |date=October 2010 |volume=163 |number=2 |pages=309–16 |doi=10.1016/j.jss.2010.02.031 |title=A modern analysis of a historical pediatric disaster: the 1927 Bath school bombing. |author1=Kim D |author2=Mosher BD |author3=Morrison CA|author4=Parker-Lee C |author5=Opreanu RC |author6=Stevens P |author7=Moore S |author8=Kepros JP |publisher=[[Elsevier]]|pmid=20471035 |quote=An analysis of the Bath school bombings of 1927, the largest pediatric terrorist disaster in U.S. history, provides an opportunity to gain perspective on pediatric patterns of injury and future disaster preparedness.}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

<ref name="Lansing State Journal">{{cite web |last=Putnam |first=Judy |title=Bath bombing: Why it's been so hard to talk about |url=https://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/opinion/columnists/judy-putnam/2017/05/04/putnam-remembering-deadliest-act-school-violence-us-history/100968500/ |newspaper=Lansing State Journal |access-date=February 28, 2020 |date=May 4, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Lansing State Journal/Kehoe Knew Few As Friend">{{cite news |author=Journal Staff |title=Kehoe Knew Few As Friend |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72301046/lansing-state-journal-may-191927-lansin/ |access-date=May 2, 2020 |newspaper=Lansing State Journal |via=Newspapers.com |date=May 19, 1927 |pages=21 |quote=Mrs. Joseph Rose, one of three sisters of Mrs. Kehoe, said that two severe accidents which befell the farmer, may have been responsible for his mental condition. 'Andrew fell while attending an electrical school at St Louis. He was semi-conscious for two months.'{{nbsp}}... 'While working on some wood land on the farm he was struck by a falling tree receiving a severe scalp wound.'}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

<ref name="mayday p 27">{{cite book|last=Parker|first=Grant|year=1992|title=Mayday, History of a Village Holocaust|page=27|location=Lansing, Michigan|publisher=Liberty Press|isbn=978-0-9604958-0-1}}</ref>

<ref name="mayday p 29">{{cite book|last=Parker|first=Grant|year=1992|title=Mayday, History of a Village Holocaust|pages=29–38|location=Lansing, Michigan|publisher=Liberty Press|isbn=978-0-9604958-0-1}}</ref>

<ref name="mayday p 49">{{cite book|last=Parker|first=Grant|year=1992|title=Mayday, History of a Village Holocaust|page=49|location=Lansing, Michigan|publisher=Liberty Press|isbn=978-0-9604958-0-1}}</ref>

<ref name="mayday p 51">{{cite book|last=Parker|first=Grant|year=1992|title=Mayday, History of a Village Holocaust|page=51|location=Lansing, Michigan|publisher=Liberty Press|isbn=978-0-9604958-0-1}}</ref>

<ref name="mayday p 76">{{cite book|last=Parker|first=Grant|year=1992|title=Mayday, History of a Village Holocaust|page=76|location=Lansing, Michigan|publisher=Liberty Press|isbn=978-0-9604958-0-1}}</ref>

<ref name="mayday p 170">{{cite book|last=Parker|first=Grant|year=1992|title=Mayday, History of a Village Holocaust|pages=170–172|location=Lansing, Michigan|publisher=Liberty Press|isbn=978-0-9604958-0-1}}</ref>

<ref name="mayday p 92-93">{{cite book|last=Parker|first=Grant|year=1992|title=Mayday, History of a Village Holocaust|pages=92–93|location=Lansing, Michigan|publisher=Liberty Press|isbn=978-0-9604958-0-1}}</ref>

<ref name="mayday p 97-98">{{cite book|last=Parker|first=Grant|year=1992|title=Mayday, History of a Village Holocaust|pages=97–98|location=Lansing, Michigan|publisher=Liberty Press|isbn=978-0-9604958-0-1}}</ref>

<ref name="mayday p 150-151">{{cite book|last=Parker|first=Grant|year=1992|title=Mayday, History of a Village Holocaust|pages=150–151, 228|location=Lansing, Michigan|publisher=Liberty Press|isbn=978-0-9604958-0-1}}</ref>

<ref name="mayday p 152">{{cite book|last=Parker|first=Grant|year=1992|title=Mayday, History of a Village Holocaust|page=152|location=Lansing, Michigan|publisher=Liberty Press|isbn=978-0-9604958-0-1}}</ref>

<ref name="mayday p 159">{{cite book|last=Parker|first=Grant|year=1992|title=Mayday, History of a Village Holocaust|page=159|location=Lansing, Michigan|publisher=Liberty Press|isbn=978-0-9604958-0-1}}</ref>

<ref name="mayday p 160">{{cite book|last=Parker|first=Grant|year=1992|title=Mayday, History of a Village Holocaust|page=160|location=Lansing, Michigan|publisher=Liberty Press|isbn=978-0-9604958-0-1}}</ref>

<ref name="mayday p 228">{{cite book|last=Parker|first=Grant|year=1992|title=Mayday, History of a Village Holocaust|page=228|location=Lansing, Michigan|publisher=Liberty Press|isbn=978-0-9604958-0-1}}</ref>

<ref name="Michigan History magazine">{{cite magazine |last=Hixson |first=James W. |title=A May Day to Remember |magazine=[[Michigan History (magazine)|Michigan History Magazine]] |date=May–June 1999 |volume=83 |issue=3 |publisher=[[Historical Society of Michigan]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Michigan Markers">{{cite web |last=Brennan |first=James |title=Bath School Disaster |url=http://www.michmarkers.com/startup.asp?startpage=S0631.htm |work=The Michigan Historical Marker Web Site |access-date=December 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013111559/http://michmarkers.com/startup.asp?startpage=S0631.htm |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

<ref name="LATimes">{{cite news |title=Forty-One Killed When Fiend Blows up School |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46916185/the-los-angeles-times |access-date=February 16, 2020 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |via=Newspapers.com |date=May 19, 1927 |page=1}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

<ref name="News-Herald">{{cite web |title=Heart-rending Scenes Occur at Dynamited School |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46915786/the-news-herald/ |newspaper=The News-Herald (Franklin, Pennsylvania) |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=February 24, 2018 |page=12 |date=May 20, 1927}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

<ref name="Photo Gallery Shink">{{cite web |last=Shink |first=Becky |title=Photo Gallery: From the Archives Bath School Disaster |url=https://www.lansingstatejournal.com/picture-gallery/life/2015/05/16/photo-gallery-from-the-archives-bath-school-disaster/27452797/ |newspaper=Lansing State Journal |access-date=July 8, 2023 |date=May 18, 2016 |orig-date=May 21, 2008 |quote=Folks gather around the headstone of Marjorie Fritz, one of the children that died in the Bath School bombing eighty-one years ago, during a dedication ceremony at Mt. Hope Cemetery, May 21, 2008.}}</ref>

<ref name="Pickard">{{cite news |last=Pickard |first=Edward W. |title=Demented Michigan Farmer Dynamites a School, Killing Forty-Four. |newspaper=Saline Observer |page=8 |date=May 26, 1927 |url=https://digmichnews.cmich.edu/?a=d&d=WashtenawSO19270526.1.8&srpos=1&e=-------en-10--1--txt-txIN-Kehoe |access-date=January 19, 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Plaque">{{cite web |title=Inscription on the James Couzens Agricultural School Memorial plaque |url=http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsdmp-d.htm |website=J. L. Daggy |access-date=January 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231090420/http://daggy.name/tbsd/tbsdmp-d.htm |archive-date=December 31, 2012 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

<ref name="Property of Maniac">{{cite news |title=Property of Maniac Written Off Records |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1112124/sale_of_andrew_kehoe_farm/ |newspaper=[[Ironwood Daily Globe]] |date=March 26, 1930 |page=8 |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=October 5, 2014}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

<ref name="Pseudocommando">{{cite journal |last=Knoll |first=James L. |title=The "Pseudocommando" Mass Murderer: Part I, The Psychology of Revenge and Obliteration |url=http://jaapl.org/content/38/1/87 |journal=The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law |access-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610191449/http://jaapl.org/content/38/1/87 |archive-date=June 10, 2022 |pages=87–94 |date=March 2010 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pmid=20305080 |quote=As an example that such mass murderers [pseudocommandoes] have existed long before Whitman [Texas Tower shooter], consider a notorious case, the Bath School disaster of 1927, now long forgotten by most. Andrew Kehoe ... |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Psycho">{{cite book|last=Schechter|first=Harold|title=Psycho USA - Famous American Killers You Never Heard Of|year=2012|publisher=[[Random House Digital]]|url={{GBurl|v_6ao_OuZbIC|pg=PA278}}|access-date=January 15, 2013|page=278|isbn=978-0-345-52448-5}}</ref>

<ref name="Psycho5">{{cite book|last=Schechter|first=Harold|title=Psycho USA - Famous American Killers You Never Heard Of|year=2012|publisher=[[Random House Digital]]|url={{GBurl|v_6ao_OuZbIC|pg=PA5}}|access-date=June 9, 2023|page=5|isbn=978-0-345-52448-5}}</ref>

<ref name="Saline">{{cite news |title=From Roundabout |newspaper=Saline Observer |pages=3 |publisher=St. Johns Republican News |url=https://digmichnews.cmich.edu/?a=d&d=WashtenawSO19270707.1.3&srpos=1&e=-------en-10--1--txt-txIN-From+Roundabout |date=July 7, 1927 |access-date=January 19, 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Schechter Page 37">{{cite book |last=Schechter |first=Harold |title=Maniac - The Bath School Disaster and the Birth of the Modern Mass Killer |url={{GBurl|i1KTzQEACAAJ}} |year=2021 |publisher=[[Amazon Publishing]] |page=37 |isbn=978-1-542-02532-4 |quote=seems an early sign of his future psychopathology}}</ref>

<ref name="Scrapbook">{{cite web |last1=Wilkins |first1=Gene H. |last2=Ellsworth |first2=M.J.|title=My Scrapbook on the Bath School Bombing of May 18th, 1927 with Many Never Before Published Photographs, Stories & Survivors' Quotes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqnhAAAAMAAJ&q=cecil |publisher=Timber Wolf Ltd. |access-date=July 14, 2023 |page=18 |date=2002}}</ref>

<ref name="Slate">{{cite magazine |last=Peters |first=Justin |title="We Still Look at Ourselves as Survivors": More Than Eighty Years Later, Remembering the Deadliest School Massacre in American History |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/crime/2012/12/18/bath_school_bombing_remembering_the_deadliest_school_massacre_in_american.html |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |publisher=[[The Slate Group]] |access-date=December 22, 2012 |date=December 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222030220/http://www.slate.com/blogs/crime/2012/12/18/bath_school_bombing_remembering_the_deadliest_school_massacre_in_american.html |archive-date=December 22, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="United Press">{{cite news |last=Eaton |first=Foster |title=43 Dead, 43 Hurt in School Blasts Blamed on Maniac |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46916375/times-union/ |agency=[[United Press International|United Press]] |newspaper=[[Brooklyn Times-Union|Brooklyn Daily Times]]/Times Union (Brooklyn, NY) |date=May 19, 1927 |access-date=December 22, 2021 |edition=Noon |page=1 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=Mother after mother came running into the school yard, and demanded information about her child and, on seeing the lifeless form lying on the lawn, broke into sobs and swooned", he [Robert Gates] said. "In no time more than 100{{nbs}}men were at work tearing away the debris of the school, and nearly as many women were frantically pawing over the timber and broken bricks for trace of their children. I saw more than one woman lift clusters of brick held together by mortar heavier than the average man would think of handling without a crowbar.}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

<ref name="victims remembered">{{cite news |url=http://www.wlaj.com/news/school-13526-victims-bath.html |title=Bath School Bombing Victims Remembered |publisher=[[WLAJ]] |location=[[Lansing, Michigan]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=November 3, 2008 |access-date=April 14, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718072741/http://www.wlaj.com/news/school-13526-victims-bath.html |archive-date=July 18, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Vindicator">{{cite web |title=Man Who Killed 43 Slew Wife First, Only Accident Saved 150 From Death |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=pqgf-8x9CmQC&dat=19270519&printsec=frontpage |website=ufdc.ufl.edu ([[University of Florida Digital Collections]]) |via=news.google.com |publisher=[[The Vindicator (Ohio newspaper)|Youngstown Vindicator]], [[Associated Press]] |access-date=March 4, 2020 |pages=1, 10 |date=May 19, 1927}}</ref>

<ref name="White">{{cite news |last=White |first=Mary Jo |title=Last Victim of Bath School Disaster Receives marker |url=http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/news/local/2014/09/16/bath-grave-marker/15727457/ |access-date=June 12, 2016 |newspaper=Lansing State Journal |date=September 16, 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="WXMI">{{cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Darren |title=Bath School Massacre Remembered in Wake of Sandy Hook Tragedy |url=http://fox17online.com/2012/12/21/bath-school-massacre-remembered-in-wake-of-sandy-hook-tragedy/ |publisher=Fox17Online (WXMI) |access-date=December 25, 2012 |date=December 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120051643/http://fox17online.com/2012/12/21/bath-school-massacre-remembered-in-wake-of-sandy-hook-tragedy/ |archive-date=January 20, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
* A single copy of ''My Scrapbook on the Bath School Bombing of May 18th, 1927 with Many Never Before Published Photographs, Stories & Survivors' Quotes'' by Bath historian Gene H. Wilkins and M.J. Ellsworth (Timber Wolf Publishing, Bath MI, 2002) is available for onsite/Library use only at the Michigan State University Library Special Collections - Remote Rare Books through [http://catalog.lib.msu.edu/record=b3920338~S39a%7C this MSU Catalog URL]
* ''[https://archive.org/details/B-001-002-145/mode/2up Mayday, History of a Village Holocaust]'' by Grant Parker (Liberty Press, 1992) – Online copy of Grant Parker's out of print book
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220531222120/https://www.dykema.com/a/web/qEhwh2QNxeJ3SzxCvzj47g/3h9m93/Court%20Legacy%20February%202013.pdf "Revisiting the 1927 Bath School Disaster"] by Betty R. Damren and Samuel C. Damren. The Court Legacy. pp. 1–7. Lansing, Mich.: The Historical Society for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, Volume XX, No. 1, February 2013.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bath School disaster}}
* Ellsworth, Monty J. (1927). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090304223953/http://www.daggy.name/tbsd/tbsd-x.htm''The Bath School Disaster'']. First printing/self-published. Book about the disaster written by an eye-witness, complete online copy
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180302192126/http://daggy.name/tbsd/cinquest.htm Complete Transcript of Coroner's Inquest into the death of Bath School Superintendent Emory Huyck], online copy
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=103186662 Survivors Recall 1927 Michigan School Massacre] Transcript of interviews with Donald Huffman and Willis Cressman (two survivors of the school explosions). StoryCorps Project, [[NPR]], broadcast on April 17, 2009.
* [https://mmm.lib.msu.edu/results.php?search=Bath+consolidated+schools Transcripts of interviews with survivors and photos of items collected], [[Michigan State University]]
* [https://www.lansingstatejournal.com/story/opinion/columnists/judy-putnam/2016/05/18/putnam-evil-remembered-89-years-later/84276384/ "Putnam: Evil of Bath School Disaster remembered 89 years later"] – 2016 interview with 104-year-old George Baird, one of the last survivors of the disaster, in the ''[[Lansing State Journal]]'' by Judy Putnam

{{Terrorist attacks in the United States by deaths}}
{{US history}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1927 disasters in the United States]]
[[Category:1927 fires in the United States]]
[[Category:1927 in Michigan]]
[[Category:1927 murders in the United States]]
[[Category:Mass murder in the United States in the 1920s]]
[[Category:Arson in Michigan]]
[[Category:Arson in the 1920s]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in Michigan]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in the 1920s]]
[[Category:Bath Charter Township, Michigan]]
[[Category:Clinton County, Michigan]]
[[Category:Crimes in Michigan]]
[[Category:Elementary school killings in the United States]]
[[Category:Explosions in 1927]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 1927]]
[[Category:May 1927 in the United States]]
[[Category:Mass murder in Michigan]]
[[Category:Murder–suicides in the United States]]
[[Category:Presidency of Calvin Coolidge]]
[[Category:School arson fires in the United States]]
[[Category:School bombings in the United States]]
[[Category:School massacres in the United States]]
[[Category:Suicide car and truck bombings in the United States]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Michigan]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in the United States in 1927]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents involving incendiary devices]]
[[Category:Uxoricides]]