View source for Bass trombone

{{Short description|Bass instrument in the trombone family}}
{{Infobox instrument
  | name           = Bass trombone
  | image          = WANZ Instrument 2024-09 IMG 7780 edit3.jpg
  | image_capt     = Bass trombone with two valves in F and D
  | background     = brass
  | classification = {{hlist
    | [[Wind instrument|Wind]]
    | [[Brass instrument|Brass]]
    | [[Aerophone]]
  }}
  | hornbostel_sachs = 423.22
  | hornbostel_sachs_desc = Sliding [[aerophone]] sounded by lip vibration
  | developed      = Late 16th century
  | range          = <div style="text-align: center; background-color: white;">
  <score lang="lilypond">
    {
      \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }
      \clef bass \key c \major \cadenzaOn
      \ottava #-1 \tweak font-size #-2 bes,,,1
      \ottava #0 e,,1 \glissando g'1
      \tweak font-size #-2 b'1
    }
  </score></div>
  | articles       =
  | related        = {{hlist
    | [[Trombone]]
    | [[Contrabass trombone]]
    | [[Cimbasso]]
  }}
  | musicians      = {{hlist <!-- sort by surname -->
    | Ben van Dijk
    | [[George Roberts (trombonist)|George Roberts]]
    | [[Douglas Yeo]]
  }}
}}

The '''bass trombone''' is the bass instrument in the [[trombone]] family of [[brass instrument]]s. Modern instruments are pitched in the same B♭ as the tenor trombone but with a larger bore, bell and mouthpiece to facilitate low register playing, and usually two [[brass instrument valve|valves]] to fill in the missing range immediately above the [[pedal tone]]s.

== History ==

{{Broader | Trombone#History}}
[[File:Praetorius Trombones 1614-1620 Syntagma Musicum.png|thumb|Trombones in ''[[Syntagma Musicum]]'' (1614–20), by [[Michael Praetorius]]]]
The earliest bass trombones were pitched a [[minor third]], [[perfect fourth|fourth]], or [[perfect fifth|fifth]] below the tenor, which was then pitched in A.{{sfn|Herbert|Myers|Wallace|2019|p=331–332|loc="Quartposaune" (Weiner, Howard)}}<ref name="pitch">Due to the higher [[concert pitch#History of pitch standards in Western music|church pitch]] used throughout parts of Renaissance Europe, tenor trombones were usually described as pitched in A, even though they are a similar size to modern B♭ tenor trombones. The first position A = 466 Hz in high pitch produces the B♭ in the modern [[A440 (pitch standard)|440 Hz pitch standard]].</ref> They had a smaller bore and less flared bell than modern instruments, and a longer slide with an attached handle to allow slide positions otherwise beyond the reach of a fully outstretched arm. These bass [[sackbut]]s were sometimes called {{lang|de|terz-posaun}}, {{lang|de|quart-posaun}}, and {{lang|de|quint-posaun}} (Old German, {{lit.|third|fourth|fifth trombone}}, referring to intervals below the tenor), though sometimes ''quartposaune'' was used generically to refer to any size of bass trombone.<ref name="grove-quartposaune">{{Cite Grove |last=Baines |first=Anthony C. |last2=Herbert |first2=Trevor |title=Quartposaune |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.22657 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.22657 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The earliest known surviving specimen is an instrument built in France in 1593 pitched in G (modern [[A440 (pitch standard)|A=440 Hz]]).<ref name="BK-AM-61">{{Cite web |author=Pierre Colbert |date=1593 |title=Bastrombone |url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/collectie/BK-AM-61 |access-date=2 February 2022 |publisher=[[Rijksmuseum]] |publication-place=Amsterdam |language=nl |id=Object number BK-AM-61 |hdl=10934/RM0001.COLLECT.329305 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502041843/https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/collectie/BK-AM-61 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other late 16th and early 17th-century specimens of basses survive by Nuremberg makers Anton Schnitzer, Isaac Ehe, and Hans and Sebastian Heinlein.<ref name="museums">{{Unbulleted list citebundle
| {{Cite web |author=Anton Schnitzer |title=Schnitzer-Posaune (Nürnberg, 1598) |language=de |date=1598 |publisher=[[Bayerisches Armeemuseum]] |publication-place=Ingolstadt |id=Accession: A 10699 |url=https://armeemuseum.de/de/519-objekt-schnitzer-posaune.html }}
| {{Cite web |author=Isaac Ehe |title=Bassposaune |language=de |date=1612 |publisher=[[Germanisches Nationalmuseum]] |publication-place=Nuremberg |id=Accession: MI168 |url=https://www.gnm.de/objekte/bassposaune |access-date=2024-06-22 |archive-date=2024-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519060821/https://www.gnm.de/objekte/bassposaune |url-status=live }}
| {{Cite web |author=Hans Heinlein |title=Quint-Bassposaune in Es |language=de |date=1631 |publisher=[[Museum of Musical Instruments of Leipzig University|Musikinstrumentenmuseum der Universität Leipzig]] |id=Accession: 1914 |url=https://mimo-international.com/MIMO/doc/IFD/OAI_ULEI_M0001908 |via=MIMO |access-date=26 June 2024 }}
}}</ref> These instruments match descriptions and illustrations by [[Michael Praetorius|Praetorius]] from his 1614–20 ''[[Syntagma Musicum]]'', by which time he only described basses in E or D (modern F or E{{music|flat}}), a fourth or a fifth below the tenor, and an {{lang|de|octav-posaun}} which referred to a very large, rare, and unwieldy predecessor of the [[contrabass trombone]].{{sfn|Praetorius|1620|p=43–44}}{{sfn|Yeo|2021|pp=18–19|loc="bass trombone"}}
Based on Praetorius' descriptions, Canadian trombonist and early music specialist Maximilien Brisson proposes that a {{lang|de|quint-posaun}} with an extra whole-tone [[Crook (music)|crook]] resulted in an instrument in C, capable of playing down to the lowest G{{sub|1}} open string of the [[Violone|G Violone]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A new type of bass sackbut |first=Maximilien |last=Brisson |work=maximilienbrisson.com |date=11 March 2024 |url=https://maximilienbrisson.com/bass-sackbut/ |access-date=26 June 2024 |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626074428/https://maximilienbrisson.com/bass-sackbut/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By the late 17th century, the bass sackbut was mainly in D; German scholar and composer [[Daniel Speer]] only saw fit to mention the {{lang|de|quint-posaun}} in his 1687 ''Grundrichtiger Unterricht'' treatise.{{sfn|Herbert|Myers|Wallace|2019|p=332|loc="Quartposaune" (Weiner, Howard)}}

[[File:Bastrombone, BK-AM-61 crop2.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2|The earliest known bass trombone, built in G by Pierre Colbert, Reims, 1593. Rijksmuseum, Netherlands<ref name="BK-AM-61" />]]
Bass sackbuts were used in Europe during the [[Renaissance music|Renaissance]] and early [[Baroque music|Baroque]] periods. By the 18th century, the F and E♭ bass trombones were used in Germany, Austria and Sweden, and the E♭ bass trombone in France.

=== The "tenor-bass" trombone ===

German instrument maker [[Christian Friedrich Sattler]] in 1821 created an instrument he called the {{lang|de|Tenorbaßposaune}} ({{lit.|tenor-bass trombone}}), a tenor in B♭ built with the larger bore and mouthpiece from the F bass trombone. It facilitated playing bass trombone parts in the low register, but was missing notes below E{{sub|2}}. Treatise author Georges Kastner and other contemporary writers described a dissatisfaction with bass instruments in F or E♭, due to their slow and unwieldy slides. The invention of valves was quickly applied to create [[valve trombone]]s in the 1830s which replaced the slide altogether; these became popular in [[military band]]s and [[Italian opera]].{{sfn|Guion|2010|pp=49–53}}

In 1839 Sattler invented the {{lang|de|Quartventil}} ({{lit|fourth valve}}), a [[F attachment|valve attachment]] for a B♭ tenor trombone to lower the instrument a fourth into F.{{sfn|Herbert|2006|p=196}} Intended to bridge the range gap of the tenor trombone between E{{sub|2}} and B♭{{sub|1}}, it was quickly adopted for bass trombone parts, particularly in Germany. These instruments in B♭/F gradually replaced the larger bass trombones in F and E♭ over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries.{{sfn|Guion|2010}} Late [[Romanticism|Romantic]] German composers specifying ''Tenorbaßposaune'' in scores intended a B♭/F trombone capable of playing below E{{sub|2}}; [[Arnold Schoenberg]] called for four in ''[[Gurre-Lieder]]'' (1911).

=== The bass trombone in Britain ===

[[File:MIMEd 1866. Bass trombone, Nominal pitch G+(D,C).png|thumb|right|upright=2|Bass trombone in G, "Betty" model with D valve. [[St Cecilia's Hall]], Musical Instrument Museums Edinburgh]]
From about the mid-nineteenth century, the bass trombone in G enjoyed a period of extended popularity in Britain and throughout most of the [[British Empire]], and also a limited uptake in France.{{sfn|Herbert|2006|p=252}}<ref name="myers-G">{{cite journal |title=The British Bass Trombone in G |first=Arnold |last=Myers |journal=Historic Brass Society Journal |volume=35 |date=2023 |pages=16–36 |doi=10.2153/0120230011002 }}</ref> In British military and brass bands, the G bass trombone became standard, built largely by makers [[Besson (music company)|Besson]], Boosey & Co., and Hawkes & Son (and later, [[Boosey & Hawkes]]) with no valves and a slide handle for reaching the longer sixth and seventh positions. The sight of the G bass trombone in the front rank of marching bands, with the player extending the long-handled slide, led to its "kidshifter" nickname, as if clearing a path for the band through the crowds.<ref name="kidshifter">{{cite journal |title=Farewell to the Kidshifter: The Decline of the G Bass Trombone in the UK 1950–1980 |first=Gavin |last=Dixon |journal=Historic Brass Society Journal |volume=22 |date=2010 |pages=75–89 |doi=10.2153/0120100011004 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |url=https://www.historicbrass.org/edocman/hbj-2010/HBSJ_2010_JL01_004_Dixon.pdf |access-date=7 October 2022 |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129220916/https://www.historicbrass.org/edocman/hbj-2010/HBSJ_2010_JL01_004_Dixon.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Instruments were made as early as 1869 in France with a ''Quartventil'' valve attachment in D, which extends the low register below D♭{{sub|2}}, the lowest (non-pedal) note in seventh position.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bass trombone. Nominal pitch: G + (D - D♭) |author=Antoine Courtois |publisher=[[St Cecilia's Hall]], [[University of Edinburgh]] |date=1869 |url= https://collections.ed.ac.uk/mimed/record/18010?highlight=courtois+bass+trombone |access-date=23 June 2024 |id=Accession: 0581 }}</ref> British orchestras began to employ them from the early twentieth century. In 1932, Boosey & Hawkes introduced a "Betty" model, named after [[Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra]] bass trombonist William Betty, with a D valve and a second longer tuning slide for C (to obtain the low A♭{{sub|1}} above the first pedal G{{sub|1}}). While British composers, writing for a G bass trombone without a valve, avoided writing below D♭{{sub|2}} between 1850 and 1950, the D (or C) valve allowed British orchestral players to play European repertoire written with bass trombones in F or E♭ in mind.<ref name="myers-G"/>

The G bass trombone remained in use in orchestras until the 1950s, when London orchestral players began importing larger bore American instruments in B♭ particularly by [[C.G. Conn|Conn]].{{sfn|Yeo|2021|p=61|loc="G bass trombone"}} The G trombone lingered on in some parts of Britain and former British colonies well into the 1980s, particularly in [[British brass band|brass bands]] and period instrument orchestras.<ref name="kidshifter"/>

British organologist Arnold Myers suggests that the G trombone's small bore of around {{convert|12.35|mm}}, or {{convert|13.35|mm}} for the "Betty" D valve models, lends a distinctive and uniquely British character to its sound, and [[historically informed performance]]s of British works from this period should recreate this sound by employing small-bore tenor trombones and a G bass trombone.<ref name="myers-G"/>

=== Recent developments ===

The modern bass trombone evolved largely in the United States, from the German large-bore B♭/F tenor-bass trombones in use by the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, manufacturers attempted to solve the problem of the missing low B{{sub|1}} on such instruments by adding a second valve. In the 1920s, manufacturers [[C.G. Conn|Conn]] and [[Holton (Leblanc)|Holton]] made B♭/F bass trombones with a {{lang|de|Stellventil}} ({{lit.|static valve}}) that could lower the F tubing to E when manually set. The first true double-valve trombone, where the second valve can be operated while playing, was made by Los Angeles manufacturer [[F. E. Olds]] in 1937, using a second ''dependent'' valve to lower the F attachment a semitone to E.<ref name="yeo-itaj-2v">{{cite journal |last=Yeo |first=Douglas |title=Evolution: The Double-Valve Bass Trombone |journal=ITA Journal |publisher=International Trombone Association |date=July 2015 |volume=43 |number=3 |pages=34–43 |url=http://www.yeodoug.com/articles/Yeo_ITAJ_July_2015_Double_Valve_Bass_Trombone.pdf |access-date=5 October 2022 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126120315/http://www.yeodoug.com/articles/Yeo_ITAJ_July_2015_Double_Valve_Bass_Trombone.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 1950s, some American orchestral players had double-valve instruments custom-built, and these designs were eventually adopted by manufacturers. In 1961, American maker [[Vincent Bach Corporation|Vincent Bach]] released their double-valve "50B2" model with a second dependent E valve (later E♭ and D), based on an instrument modified in 1956 for the bass trombonist with [[Minneapolis Symphony]].<ref name="yeo-itaj-2v"/> In the late 1960s custom instruments appeared using a second ''independent'' valve that lowered the instrument to G, and to E♭ when engaged together with the first valve.{{sfn|Yeo|2021|p=73|loc="independent valves"}} The first commercially available trombone using this configuration was the Olds "S-24G" model in 1973. Although new to the bass trombone, this idea was anticipated in Germany in the 1920s by Ernst Dehmel's design for a contrabass trombone in F with two independent valves.<ref name="yeo-itaj-2v"/>

{{Multiple image
| total_width = 400px
| align = right
| image1 = Rotary valves (dependent) on bass trombone.jpg
| image2 = Thayer valves (independent) on bass trombone.jpg
| image3 = Hagmann valves (independent) on bass trombone.jpg
| alt1 = Bass trombone with two dependent rotary valves
| alt2 = Bass trombone with two independent axial flow valves
| alt3 = Bass trombone with two independent Hagmann valves
| footer = Bass trombones with two valves. Dependent standard rotary valves, ''left''; independent Thayer axial flow valves, ''center''; independent Hagmann valves, ''right''.
| footer_align = center
}}
The early 1980s saw the emergence of the [[axial flow valve]], known as the "Thayer" valve after its American inventor, Orla Thayer. Trombonists frequently cite its more free-blowing, open-feeling playing characteristics and sound.{{sfn|Yeo|2021|p=13|loc="axial flow valve"}} It was gradually adopted on high-end trombone models from US manufacturers by the 1990s, particularly from Edwards, S. E. Shires and Vincent Bach. This sparked further innovation in free-blowing valves; Conn patented its own CL2000 valve developed with Swedish trombonist [[Christian Lindberg]], and the Swiss [[Hagmann valve]] was adopted by European manufacturers.{{sfn|Yeo|2021|p=13|loc="axial flow valve"}}

== Construction ==

{{Main|Trombone#Construction}}
The modern bass trombone uses the same {{convert|9|ft|m|adj=on}} length of tubing as the tenor trombone, but with a wider bore, a larger bell, and a larger mouthpiece which facilitate playing in the low register.{{sfn|Herbert|2006|p=196}} Typical specifications are a bore size of {{convert|0.562|in|mm}} in the slide with a bell from {{convert|9|to|10+1/2|in|cm}} in diameter.{{sfn|Guion|2010|p=64}}

=== Dependent and independent valves ===

[[File:Bass trombone valve comparison.jpg|thumb|Dependent (left) and independent valves (right) on the modern bass trombone]]
The bass trombone has typically two valves that lower the pitch of the instrument when engaged, to facilitate the register between the B♭<sub>1</sub> pedal in first position and the E<sub>2</sub> second partial in seventh.{{sfn|Herbert|2006|p=29}} The first valve lowers the key of the instrument a fourth to F. The second (when engaged with the first) will lower the instrument to D (or less commonly, E♭).{{sfn|Herbert|2006|p=182}}

The second valve can be configured in one of two ways, either dependent on, or independent of, the first. In a ''dependent'' system, also known as ''stacked'' or ''off-line'', the second valve is fitted to the tubing of the first valve, and can only be engaged in combination with the first.{{sfn|Yeo|2021|pp=43–44|loc="dependent valves"}} In an ''independent'' system, also known as ''in-line'', the second valve is fitted to the main tubing next to the first valve, and can be used independently. The second independent valve typically lowers the instrument to G♭ on its own, and to D when engaged with the first valve. Less commonly the second valve is tuned to G (combining to give E♭), or has a tuning slide that can tune the valve to either G or G♭ as desired.{{sfn|Yeo|2021|p=73|loc="independent valves"}}

=== Single-valve instruments ===
[[File:Bass Trombone Bb-F.jpg|thumb|A single-valve bass trombone in B♭/F]]
Before the appearance of double valve models in the mid-20th century, bass trombones in B♭ had one valve in F. On such an instrument with a standard slide, the low B<sub>1</sub> note immediately above the pedal range is unobtainable.{{sfn|Herbert|2006|p=197}} To solve this, bass trombones from the 19th and early 20th century were sometimes made with a valve attachment in E rather than F, or with an alternative tuning slide to lower the pitch to E♭. Today, single-valve bass trombones have a tuning slide on the valve section that is long enough to enable access to the low B<sub>1</sub> by lowering the pitch from F to E.{{sfn|Guion|2010|p=61}}

== Range ==
{{Image frame | caption = Range of the modern bass trombone.
  | innerstyle = background:white;text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0 | width = 230
  | content = <score lang="lilypond">
    {
      \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }
      \clef bass \key c \major \cadenzaOn
      \ottava #-1 \tweak font-size #-2 bes,,,1
      \ottava #0 e,,1 \glissando g'1
      \tweak font-size #-2 b'1
    }
  </score>
}}
The range of the modern bass trombone with two valves is fully chromatic from the lowest [[pedal tone|pedal]] B♭{{sub|0}} with both valves engaged (or even A{{sub|0}} with valve slides extended), up to at least B♭{{sub|4}}. Although much of the established orchestral repertoire infrequently strays below B♭{{sub|1}} or above G{{sub|4}}, and is typically written in the lower registers, there are some exceptions. French composers in the 19th century and early 20th century wrote third trombone parts for tenor trombone, writing as high as A{{sub|4}} ([[Georges Bizet|Bizet]] ''[[L'Arlésienne (Bizet)|L'Arlésienne]]'', [[César Franck|Franck]] ''[[Symphony in D minor (Franck)|Symphony in D minor]]''), and omitting notes below E{{sub|2}} except for occasional pedal notes ([[Hector Berlioz|Berlioz]] in the 1830s used pedal B♭{{sub|1}} and A{{sub|1}} in ''[[Symphonie fantastique]]'', and G♯{{sub|1}} in his ''[[Requiem (Berlioz)|Grande Messe des morts]]'' ).{{sfn|Yeo|2017}} English composers in the same period were writing for a bass trombone in G, and avoided writing below D♭{{sub|2}}, even though instruments were made with a valve attachment in D by around 1900.<ref name="kidshifter"/>

The 20th century saw further extensions of the bass trombone range, such as the fortissimo pedal D{{sub|1}} in [[Alban Berg|Berg's]] ''[[Drei Orchesterstücke]]'' (1915), and the high B{{sub|4}} in [[Zoltán Kodály|Kodály]]'s 1927 ''[[Háry János]]'' suite.{{sfn|Yeo|2017}} Contemporary orchestral and solo classical pieces, as well as modern jazz arrangements, often further exploit the wide tonal range of the bass trombone.

== Repertoire ==

Since the [[Romantic music|Romantic period]], the trombone section of an [[orchestra]], [[Concert band|wind ensemble]], or [[British brass band|British-style brass band]] usually consists of two tenor trombones and at least one bass trombone.{{sfn|Herbert|2000|p=174}} In a modern jazz [[big band]] section of typically four trombones, the lowest part is usually intended for bass trombone, often serving as the anchor of the trombone section or doubling the [[double bass]] and [[baritone saxophone]].<ref name="Tomaro-2009">{{Cite book |last1=Tomaro |first1=Mike |title=Instrumental Jazz Arranging: A Comprehensive and Practical Guide |last2=Wilson |first2=John |publisher=[[Hal Leonard]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4234-5274-4 |location=Milwaukee, WI |pages=200 |oclc=177016012}}</ref>

[[George Roberts (trombonist)|George Roberts]] (affectionately known as "Mr. Bass Trombone") was one of the first players to champion the solo possibilities of the instrument.<ref name="Yeager-DMA">{{Cite thesis |last=Yeager |first=Johnathan K. |date=2006 |title=Interpretive performance techniques and lyrical innovations on the bass trombone: a study of recorded performances by George Roberts, 'Mr. Bass Trombone' |degree=DMA |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5485/ |access-date=31 July 2022 |publisher=[[University of North Texas]] |page=1 |oclc=1269365680 |archive-date=31 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731194643/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5485/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the first major classical solo works for the instrument was the Concerto for Bass Trombone by Thom Ritter George.<ref name="Moore-DMA">{{Cite thesis |last=Moore |first=Donald Scott |date=2009 |title=The "Concerto for Bass Trombone" by Thom Ritter George and the beginning of modern bass trombone solo performance |url=http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1258476563 |access-date=31 July 2022 |degree=DMA |publisher=[[University of Cincinnati]] |page=51 |oclc=501334342 }}</ref><ref name="Rose-MMus">{{Cite thesis |last=Rose |first=Keith Robert |date=2010 |title=A Performance Preparation Guide to Concerto for Bass Trombone and Orchestra (1964, Revised 2001) Composed by Thom Ritter George (born 1942) |website=Open Access Theses & Dissertations |degree=M.Mus |publisher=[[University of Texas at El Paso]] |url=https://scholarworks.utep.edu/open_etd/2578/ |access-date=31 July 2022 |oclc=670436765 |archive-date=31 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731194643/https://scholarworks.utep.edu/open_etd/2578/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Images ==

<gallery>
File:F bass.jpg|Bass trombone in F
File:BassTrombone.jpg|Bass trombone in E♭
</gallery>

== References ==

{{reflist|25em}}

== Bibliography ==

{{refbegin}}
{{ubli
| {{Cite Q|Q126794034|last=Praetorius |first=Michael |publication-place=unset |date=1620}} <!-- Crookes English translation (OUP 1986) -->
| {{cite Q|Q111039945|last=Guion |first=David M. |date=2010}}
| {{Cite Q|Q116480763|editor1-last=Herbert |editor1-first=Trevor |publication-place=unset |date=2000}}
| {{cite Q|Q111039091|last=Herbert |first=Trevor |date=2006}}
| {{Cite Q|Q136027509|editor1-last=Herbert |editor1-first=Trevor |editor2-last=Myers
  | editor2-first=Arnold |editor3-last=Wallace |editor3-first=John |publication-place=unset |date=2019}}
| {{cite Q|Q111957781|last=Yeo |first=Douglas |author-link=Douglas Yeo |date=2017}}
| {{Cite Q|Q111040546|last=Yeo |first=Douglas |author-link=Douglas Yeo |date=2021}}
}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==

* {{Commons-inline}}
* {{URL|https://www.yeodoug.com}} - [[Douglas Yeo]]'s Trombone Web Site (registered 1996) is a comprehensive resource for trombone, and bass trombone in particular

{{Brass instruments}}
{{Bass (sound)}}

[[Category:Bass (sound)]]
[[Category:Orchestral instruments]]
[[Category:Trombones]]
[[Category:Concert band instruments]]