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{{short description|Americans of Basque birth or descent}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group            = Basque Americans
| native_name      = {{native name|eu|Euskal estatubatuarrak}}<small><br />{{native name|es|Vasco estadounidenses}}<br>{{native name|fr|Basco-américains}}</small>
| flag             = {{flagicon|Basque Country}} {{flagicon|USA}}
| image            = Basque Americans Euskal estatubatuarrak.png
| population       = '''56,297'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=PEOPLE%20REPORTING%20ANCESTRY&t=Ancestry&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B04006&hidePreview=false|title=PEOPLE REPORTING ANCESTRY. 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|access-date=February 26, 2021 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref>
| popplace         = [[California]], [[Idaho]], [[Nevada]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], [[Utah]]
| langs            = [[American English]], [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]]
| rels             = [[Roman Catholicism]]
| related          = [[Basque people]] and other groups of the Basque diaspora
}}

'''Basque Americans''' ({{langx|eu|Euskal estatubatuarrak}}, {{langx|es|Vascos estadounidenses}}) are [[Americans]] of [[Basque people|Basque descent]]. According to the [[2000 United States Census|2000 US census]], there are 57,793 Americans of full or partial Basque descent.

==Ties to early American history==
[[File:Basque-american.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Basque-American [[lauburu]]]]
Referring to the historical ties that existed between the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] and the United States, some authors stress the admiration felt by [[John Adams]], second president of the U.S., for the Basques' [[fueros|historical form of government]]. Adams, who on his tour of Europe visited [[Biscay]], was impressed. He cited the Basques as an example in ''A defense of the Constitution of the United States'', as he wrote in 1786:

"In a research like this, after those people in Europe who have had the skill, courage, and fortune, to preserve a voice in the government, Biscay, in [[Spain]], ought by no means to be omitted. While their neighbours have long since resigned all their pretensions into the hands of kings and priests, this extraordinary people have preserved their ancient language, genius, laws, government, and manners, without innovation, longer than any other nation of Europe. Of [[Celt]]ic extraction, they once inhabited some of the finest parts of the ancient Boetica; but their love of liberty, and unconquerable aversion to a foreign servitude, made them retire, when invaded and overpowered in their ancient feats, into these mountainous countries, called by the ancients ''[[Cantabria]]''..."

"...It is a republic; and one of the privileges they have most insisted on, is not to have a king: another was, that every new lord, at his accession, should come into the country in person, with one of his legs bare, and take an oath to preserve the privileges of the lordship".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.org/jadams/ja1_04.htm |title=John Adams: Defence of the Constitutions: Vol. I, Letter IV |publisher=Constitution.org |access-date=2015-09-19}}</ref>

Authors such as Navascues, and the Basque-American [[Pete T. Cenarrusa]], former Secretary of the State of [[Idaho]], agree in stressing the influence of the [[Fuero#Basque and Pyrenean fueros|Foruak or Charters]] of Biscay [Code of Laws in Biscay] on some parts of the [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]]. John Adams traveled in 1779 to Europe to study and compare the various forms of government then found on the Old Continent. The American Constitution was approved by the first thirteen states on 17 September 1787.

==Migration and sheepherding==
[[File:States1.gif|right|thumb|300px|Population of Basques by state]]

Basque immigration peaked after the Spanish [[History of the Basque people#1st Carlist War and the end of the fueros|Carlist Wars in the 1830s]]—Ebro customs relocated to the Pyrenees—and in the 1860s following the discovery of gold in the foothills of the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] mountain range of California. The current day descendants of Basque immigrants remain most notably in this area and across the Sierras into the neighboring area of northern Nevada, then northward, into Idaho. When the present-day states of [[California]], [[Arizona]] and [[New Mexico]] were annexed by the [[United States]] after the [[Mexican–American War]] (1848), there were reportedly thousands of Basques of Spanish or mixed Mexican origin living in the Pacific Northwest.

By the 1850s, there were some Basque sheepherders working in Cahuenga Valley (today [[Los Angeles, California]]). In the 1870s, the Los Angeles and [[Inland Empire, California|Inland Empire]] land rush reportedly attracted thousands of Basques from Spain, Mexico and [[Latin America]], but such reports do not bear out in a current census of Basque persons in the Southern United States, where Basque persons are exceptionally rare in U.S. census reporting. By the 1880s, Basque immigration had spread up into Oregon, Utah, Montana and Wyoming, with significantly lesser numbers reaching the states of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas in the southernmost region. By 1895, there were reportedly about ten thousand self-reporting Basque-Americans in the United States.

Basques who migrated to the United States versus South America faced a language barrier that took years and in some cases generations to overcome, which disadvantaged them, while Basques migrating to South America ended up having better outcomes more immediately.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Douglass |first1=William A |last2=Bilbao |first2=Jon |title=Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World |date=2005 |publisher=University of Nevada Press |isbn=978-0-87417-675-9 }}{{pn|date=May 2021}}</ref>

The current census figures demonstrated in the U.S. map on this page are remarkably low in comparison to these reports and the overall increase in the U.S. population since the 19th century. There has been a radical decrease in Basque immigration since that era, which has resulted in a significant decline in persons of Basque national or Spanish origin throughout the United States. Most of the self-reporting Basque persons remaining in the U.S. today are descendants of the original peak of Basque immigrants, who arrived between 200 and 100 years ago, typically reporting as multi-generational or great-great-grandchildren (1860 immigrants) as opposed to native-born persons of Basque ethnic identification and their subsequent immediate family, children, or grandchildren.

The degree to which one self-reports being "Basque" is a personal choice, often tied to an interest in one's heritage, whether one is the grandchild of a native-born Basque or of significantly mixed Native American (Mexican, South American, etc.), white European, or other racial admixture. There are significant numbers of Mexicans with Basque names, as many as one million self-reporting Mexicans of Basque racial or surname heritage today.

Thousands of Basques were recruited from Spain due to severe labor shortages during World War II. They came under contract with the Western Range Association between the 1940s until around 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lasrocosa.com/aussiehistory3.html |title=Las Rocosa Australian Shepherds |publisher=Lasrocosa.com |access-date=2015-09-19}}</ref> The Spanish Right of Return extends Spanish citizenship only to the grandchildren of Basque immigrants who were born in Spain and forced to flee during the Francoist uprising in the mid-1930s.

==Basque clubs==
There are nearly fifty such clubs in the United States,
the oldest of which is the ''Central Vascoamericano'' (founded 1913), today [[New York City|New York]]'s ''Euzko Etxea'' situated in [[Brooklyn]]. In the West, efforts were made in 1907 to set up a club in [[Stockton, California]]. In 1914, the Basque Club of [[Utah]] was founded in [[Ogden, Utah|Ogden]], while the first Zazpiak Bat Club was started in [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] in 1960. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.basqueclub.com/history.htm |title=Basque Club History |publisher=Basqueclub.com |access-date=2015-09-19}}</ref> In 1938, the Basques in the [[Bakersfield, California|Bakersfield]] area founded the Kern County Basque Club. Even though, according to the most recent census, there are Basques in each of the fifty states, Basque clubs are only found in [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Florida]], [[California]], [[Nevada]], [[Idaho]], [[Oregon]], [[Utah]], [[New Mexico]], [[Colorado]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], [[Connecticut]], [[Washington, D.C.|The District of Columbia]] and [[Wyoming]]. However, there is a significant Basque population in [[Arizona]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Montana]], [[New Jersey]], and [[Texas]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nabasque.eus/us_basque_population.html | title=U.S. Basque Population }}</ref>  Basque-American clubs have connections with other Basques around the world (across [[Europe]], [[Canada]], [[Mexico]], [[Bolivia]], [[Peru]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Chile]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]] and the [[Philippines]]) to unite and consolidate a sense of identity in the global Basque diaspora.

==Idahoan-Basques==
[[File:Basque center in Boise, Idaho.JPG|thumb|right|''Euskal Etxea'' (Basque center) in [[Boise]], [[Idaho]]]]
[[Boise, Idaho|Boise]] is host to a community of about 3,573 Basque-Americans.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_SPT_B01003&prodType=table|title=Urban Areas with Basque Communities|publisher=factfinder.census.gov|access-date=2018-04-05|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214060820/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_SPT_B01003&prodType=table|archive-date=2020-02-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prominent Basque-American elected officials in Idaho include longtime Secretary of State [[Pete T. Cenarrusa]], his successor [[Ben Ysursa]], both [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]], former Boise mayor [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[David H. Bieter]], as well as [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], J. David Navarro, the current Clerk, Auditor and Recorder of Ada County, the most populated county in Idaho. [[Mary Azcuenaga]], an attorney who was appointed by [[Ronald Reagan]] to serve on the [[Federal Trade Commission]], is a Basque-American born in [[Council, Idaho]].

Basques were initially drawn to Idaho by the discovery of [[silver]], in settlements such as [[Silver City, Idaho|Silver City]]. Those that did not directly become involved in mining engaged in ranching, selling beef and lamb products to the miners. While some such immigrants returned to Basque Country, many remained, later to be joined by their families following them in immigration.<ref>{{cite book |last=Totoricagüena |first=Gloria |year=2004 |title=Boise Basques: Dreamers and Doers |location=Reno, NV |publisher=Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada, Reno |pages=32–33 |isbn=1877802379 |oclc=54536757}}</ref> Exact counts of Basque immigrants to Idaho are not practical to determine, as the [[United States Census]] did not distinguish between Basques from other Spanish immigrants, though a majority of Spanish immigrants to Idaho likely self-identified as Basque.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Mercier |editor1-first=Laurie |editor2-last=Simon-Smolinski |editor2-first=Carole |year=1990 |title=Idaho's Ethnic Heritage: Historical Overviews |location=Idaho |publisher=Idaho Ethnic Heritage Project |page=17 |oclc=23178138}}</ref>

Idaho achieved statehood in 1890 along with the first Basques arriving there around the same time. By 1912, some of the pioneers, such as Jose Navarro, John Achabal, [[Jose Bengoechea]], Benito Arregui, John Echebarria, and Juan Yribar, were already settled and had property in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vancouver.wsu.edu/crbeha/ba/ba.htm|title=Basque Americans in the Columbia River Basin|publisher=Washington State University, Vancouver|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212044850/http://www.vancouver.wsu.edu/crbeha/ba/ba.htm|archive-date=February 12, 2007}}</ref> Since 1990, Boise and [[Gernika-Lumo|Gernika]] have been sister cities.

==North American Basque organizations==
[[File:Winnemucca Basque Festival.jpg|thumb|right|Basque parade in [[Winnemucca, Nevada]]]]
In March 1973, a group of Basque-Americans met in [[Reno, Nevada]] with a questionable proposal, especially considering [[History of the Basque people|Basque history]]. The group hoped to forge a federation and create a network within the larger Basque community of the United States. The Basques had never been united in either the Old Country nor in the New World. The Basque Country, or ''Euskal Herria'', had never been "Zazpiak Bat" (Seven Territories Make One) representing a unified, self-conscious political community, it rather showed a political structure of a confederate nature—separate autonomous districts with a similar national, institutional and legal make-up. ''Euskal Herria'' often referred to just the local region.

This detachment of the Basques was reflected in the Basque communities of the United States. Basques of Biscayne descent in parts of Idaho and Nevada interacted little with the Basques of California, who were largely northern or "French Basques." When delegates from the Basque clubs of [[Los Banos, California|Los Banos]], [[San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino]]; and [[San Francisco, California]]; [[Boise, Idaho|Boise]] and [[Emmett, Idaho]]; [[Elko, Nevada|Elko]], [[Ely, Nevada|Ely]] and [[Reno, Nevada]]; [[Salt Lake City, Utah]]; and [[Ontario, Oregon]] gathered together, they were well aware that there was little if any communication between the various Basque clubs of the American West. They were attempting to cross the divide—real and imagined—between Basque-Americans. Seventeen years later "French" Basques and "Spanish" Basques joined a federation to work together. Individual clubs set aside competition in an effort to preserve and promote their shared heritage.

The North American Basque Organizations, Inc., commonly referred to by its acronym N.A.B.O., is a service organization to member clubs that does not infringe on the autonomy of each. Its prime purpose is the preservation, protection, and promotion of the historical, cultural, and social interests of Basques in the United States. NABO's function is to sponsor activities and events beyond the scope of the individual clubs, and to promote exchanges between Basque-Americans and the Basque country.

==Population==
The states with the largest Basque communities are:
#[[California]]: 17,598
#[[Idaho]]: 8,196
#[[Nevada]]: 5,056
#[[Oregon]]: 3,162
#[[Washington (state)|Washington]]: 2,579
#[[Texas]]: 2,389
#[[Colorado]]: 2,216
#[[Florida]]: 1,653
#[[Utah]]: 1,579
#[[New York (state)|New York]]: 1,544
#[[Wyoming]]: 1,039

The [[list of United States urban areas|urban areas]] with the largest Basque communities<ref name="auto"/>
#[[Boise, ID|Boise]], [[Idaho|ID]]: 3,573
#[[Los Angeles]]-[[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]]-[[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]], [[California|CA]]: 3,432
#[[Reno, NV|Reno]], [[Nevada|NV]]-[[California|CA]]: 2,216
#[[San Francisco]]-[[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[California|CA]]: 1,930
#[[New York City|New York]]-[[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[New York (state)|NY]]-[[New Jersey|NJ]]-[[Connecticut|CT]]: 1,604
#[[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Oregon|OR]]-[[Washington (state)|WA]]: 1,520
#[[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]], [[California|CA]]: 1,155
#[[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|WA]]: 1,082
#[[Bakersfield, California|Bakersfield]], [[California|CA]]: 1,078
#[[Nampa, Idaho]], [[Idaho|ID]]: 1,008
#[[Salt Lake City]]-[[West Valley City, Utah|West Valley City]], [[Utah|UT]]: 978
#[[Denver]]-[[Aurora, Colorado|Aurora]]-[[Lakewood, Colorado|Lakewood]], [[Colorado|CO]]: 957
#[[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]-[[Mesa, Arizona|Mesa]], [[Arizona|AZ]]: 904
#[[San Diego, California|San Diego]], [[California|CA]]: 872
#[[Miami, Florida|Miami]], [[Florida|FL]]: 841
#[[Las Vegas]]-[[Henderson, Nevada|Nevada]], [[Nevada|NV]]: 763
#[[Fresno, California|Fresno]], [[California|CA]]: 650
#[[San Jose, California|San Jose]], [[California|CA]]: 544

The  top 25 U.S. communities with population claiming Basque ancestry<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Basque.html |title=Ancestry Map of Basque Communities |publisher=Epodunk.com |access-date=2018-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317184705/http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Basque.html |archive-date=2015-03-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
#[[Winnemucca, NV]] 4.2%
#[[Gooding, ID]] 4.1%
#[[Battle Mountain, NV]] 4.1%
#[[Elko, NV]] 3.7%
#[[Shoshone, ID]] 3.4%
#[[Cascade, ID]] 3.2%
#[[Buffalo, WY]] 2.6%
#[[Minden, NV]] 2.2%
#[[Susanville, CA]] 2.1%
#[[Hines, OR]] 1.8%
#[[Gardnerville, NV]] 1.7%
#[[Burns, OR]] 1.7%
#[[Rupert, ID]] 1.6%
#[[New Plymouth, ID]] 1.5%
#[[Vale, OR]] 1.4%
#[[Ontario, OR]] 1.4%
#[[Fallon, NV]] 1.3%
#[[Bellerose, NY]] 1.3%
#[[Caldwell, ID]] 1.3%
#[[Eagle, ID]] 1.2%
#[[Homedale, ID]] 1.2%
#[[Meridian, ID]] 1.2%
#[[Oak Park, CA]] 1.2%
#[[Palouse, WA]] 1.1%
#[[Moss Beach, CA]] 1.1%

==Notable people==
{{Americans}}
The following is a list of notable Basque-Americans of either full or partial Basque descent:

*[[Dominique Amestoy]], banker, founder of [[Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles|Farmers and Merchants Bank]]
*[[Jeffrey Amestoy]], longtime [[Vermont Attorney General|Attorney General]] of the State of [[Vermont]] and Chief Justice of the [[Vermont Supreme Court]]
*[[Rafael Anchia]], member of the [[Texas House of Representatives]]
*[[Joe Ansolabehere]], animation screenwriter and producer
*[[Germán Arciniegas]], Writer, ambassador, college professor at [[Columbia University]], and journalist  
*[[David Archuleta]], singer and ''[[American Idol]]'' contestant 
*[[John Arrillaga]],<ref name="Basque Studies Debut">[http://alumni.stanford.edu/get/page/magazine/article/?article_id=32602 "Basque Studies Debut"] (March/April 2007) Stanford Magazine. Retrieved 05 June 2010.</ref> real estate businessman, [[Silicon Valley]]
*[[John Ascuaga]], businessman, owner of [[John Ascuaga's Nugget Casino Resort]]
*[[Mary Azcuenaga]], former member of the [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC)
*[[Earl W. Bascom]], painter and sculptor, father of modern rodeo
*[[Florence Bascom]], first woman hired by [[USGS|United States Geological Survey]]
*[[Jose Antonio Bengoechea]], [[Ea, Spain|Bedarona]]-born Idaho businessman who owned the [[Bengoechea Hotel]]
*[[Frank Bergon]], author of four novels featuring Basque Americans<ref>Monica Madinabeitia, "Getting to Know Frank Bergon: The Legacy of the Basque Indarra," Journal of the Society of Basque Studies in America, 28 (2008)</ref>
*[[Monica Bertagnolli]], oncologic surgeon and Director of the [[National Institutes of Health]]
*[[Dave Bieter]], former [[Mayor of Boise|Mayor of Boise, Idaho]]; fluent in the [[Basque language]]<ref>{{cite web|date=May 28, 2014|title=Basque to the Future|url=https://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/basque-to-the-future/Content?oid=3121084|publisher=Boise Weekly}}</ref>
*[[Eugene W. Biscailuz]], Sheriff of Los Angeles County; founder of the [[California Highway Patrol]]
*[[Frenchy Bordagaray]], [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] player
*[[Pete T. Cenarrusa]], former [[Secretary of State of Idaho|Secretary of State]] of [[Idaho]]
*[[Héctor Elizondo]], film actor
*[[Andy Etchebarren]], [[Major League Baseball|MLB]] catcher with the [[Baltimore Orioles]], [[Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim|California Angels]] and [[Milwaukee Brewers]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/andy-etchebarren/|title=Andy Etchebarren – Society for American Baseball Research}}</ref>
*[[John Etchemendy]],<ref name="Basque Studies Debut"/> former Provost of [[Stanford University]]
*[[John Garamendi]], [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Congressman]] and former [[Lieutenant Governor of California]]
*[[Galen Gering]], film actor
*[[Pete Goicoechea]], Nevada State Senator and former Nevada Assemblyman
*[[Paul Gosar]], [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Congressman]] from Arizona and former dentist
*[[Shayne Gostisbehere]], [[National Hockey League|NHL]] defenseman for the [[Philadelphia Flyers]]
*[[Jimmie Heuga]], former [[Alpine skiing|ski racer]], [[Alpine skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics|1964 Olympic medalist]]
*[[Jose Iturbi]], composer, conductor, and pianist
*[[Jim Larranaga]], basketball coach
*[[Adam Laxalt]], [[Nevada Attorney General|Attorney General of Nevada]]
*[[Paul Laxalt]], former [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] and former [[governor]] of [[Nevada]]
*[[Robert Laxalt]], writer
*[[Ryan Lochte]], former Olympic swimmer
*Michel Moore, Chief of Police of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD)
* [[Ramón Músquiz]] (1797–1867), [[Governor of Texas]] from 1830 to 1831
*[[Gregorio Esparza]], Tejano soldier that fought in the [[Battle of the Alamo]] and died in the Alamo with other fellow Tejanos fighting for Texas Independence.
*[[Joseph A. Unanue]], businessman, [[Goya Foods]]
*[[Benny Urquidez]], known as Benny the Jet, [[martial artist]] appearing in [[Jackie Chan]] films
*[[Ted Williams]], [[Boston Red Sox]] baseball player and member of the [[Baseball Hall of Fame]]

==In popular culture==
In the 1975 ''[[Gunsmoke]]'' episode "Manolo", [[Robert Urich]] plays Manolo Etchahoun, a young man who is a member of a group of Basque immigrants who has to prove his manhood by fighting his father.

The Wyoming Basque community, including a depiction of a religious festival, is the focus of the third episode of season two of ''[[Longmire (TV series)|Longmire]]'', "Death Came Like Thunder."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2848250/|title=Longmire: Season 2, Episode 3 : Death Came in Like Thunder (10 June 2013)|publisher=IMDb.com|access-date=2015-09-20}}</ref>

[[Craig Johnson (author)|Craig Johnson]] has a Basque deputy in his [[Walt Longmire]] series of books. There are frequent references to Basque culture throughout the series.

==See also==
*[[Basques in Nevada]]
*[[Basques in Oregon]]
*[[Basques in California]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Douglass, William A., and Jon Bilbao, eds. '' Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World'' (U of Nevada Press, 1975).
* Douglass, William A., C. Urza, L. White and J. Zulaika, eds. ''The Basque Diaspora (Basque Studies Program, University of Nevada, Reno).
* Etulain, Richard W., and Jeronima Echeverria, eds.'' Portraits of Basques in the New World'' (U of Nevada Press, 1999).
* Lasagabaster, David. "Basque diaspora in the USA and language maintenance." ''Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development'' 29.1 (2008): 66–90. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Lasagabaster/publication/233264999_Basque_Diaspora_in_the_USA_and_Language_Maintenance/links/565eeaca08aefe619b2748d0.pdf online]
* Río, David. ''Robert Laxalt: The Voice of the Basques in American Literature'' (Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada, Reno, 2007).
* Saitua, Iker. ''Basque Immigrants and Nevada's Sheep Industry: Geopolitics and the Making of an Agricultural Workforce, 1880–1954'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Basque-Immigrants-Nevadas-Sheep-Industry/dp/1948908018 excerpt]
* Shostak, Elizabeth. "Basque Americans." in ''Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America,'' edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp. 251–264. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300030/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=1a3e20f9 online]
* White, Linda, and Cameron Watson, eds. ''Amatxi, Amuma, Amona: Writings in Honor of Basque Women'' (Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada, 2003).
* Zubiri, Nancy. ''A Travel Guide to Basque America: Families, Feasts, and Festivals'' (2nd ed. U of Nevada Press, 2006).

==External links==
{{Commons category|Basque American}}
* [http://basque.unr.edu/ Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada, Reno]
* [http://www.basqueheritage.com/ (Amerketako euskaldunei buruzko webgunea)]
* [http://buber.net/Basque/ Buber's Basque Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150317184705/http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Basque.html Epodunk], Basque Ancestry Map of the United States
* [http://www.euskonews.com/0243zbk/kosmo24302.html ''Kaletarrak eta Baserritarrak: East Coast and West Coast Basques in the United States''] by Gloria P. Totoricagüena.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060902133817/http://www2.library.unr.edu/journals/Nvhsq/interstitial.pdf ''Interstitial Culture, Virtual Ethnicity, and Hyphenated Basque Identity in the New Millennium''] by William A. Douglass.
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080214043948/http://www.euroamericans.net/basque.htm Euroamericans.net: The Basque in America]}}
*[https://archive.today/20200210221135/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U U.S. Census]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160702174418/http://knowledgecenter.unr.edu/basquelibrary/ Basque Library], University of Nevada, Reno
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170914024150/http://contentdm.library.unr.edu/explore/BasqCollExplore/basqcoll-about.html Basque Digital Collection] University of Nevada, Reno Libraries
*[http://www.basque.unr.edu/oralhistory/index.htm Voices from Basque America] University of Nevada, Reno Libraries
{{Basque diaspora}}
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{{Spanish Americans by location}}
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[[Category:Basque diaspora in the United States| ]]
[[Category:Basque-American history| ]]
[[Category:American people of Basque descent| ]]
[[Category:Spanish diaspora in the United States]]
[[Category:Basque diaspora in North America|American]]