View source for Basis trading

{{short description|General arbitrage strategy involving price differentials between spot and derivative markets}}
{{About|the general trading strategy involving spot-derivative price differences|other uses|Basis (disambiguation){{!}}Basis}}
{{AI-generated|date=April 2025}}
'''Basis trading''' is a financial strategy involving offsetting positions in a spot (cash) asset and a related derivative—most commonly a [[futures contract]] – aimed to profit from [[price convergence]] over time. The price difference is known as the '''basis'''. Basis trading is used across multiple [[asset classes]], including [[commodities]], [[fixed income]], [[equities]], and [[digital assets]].{{Sfn|Hull,|2006|p=5}}

== Definition of basis ==
In finance, the '''basis''' typically refers to the difference between the [[spot price]] of an asset and the price of a related futures contract:

:Basis = Spot price − [[Futures price]]

The basis reflects various factors including storage costs{{refn|group=lower-alpha|These articles help contextualize the underlying theoretical and market frameworks for how '''storage costs''' affect price behavior in spot and derivative markets:{{bulleted list
    |[[Cost of carry]]: This article explains that the cost of carry includes storage costs, insurance, and financing expenses associated with holding a physical commodity. It's central to understanding how futures prices relate to spot prices.
    |[[Theory of storage]]: This article delves into how storage costs, along with factors like convenience yield, influence commodity price behavior, particularly the relationship between spot and futures prices.
    |[[Contango]]: This article describes a market situation where futures prices are higher than spot prices, often due to storage costs and other carrying charges.
    |[[Futures contract]]: This article includes a section on pricing that incorporates storage costs into the formula for determining futures prices. 
    |[[Carrying cost]]: In the context of inventory management, this article discusses storage costs as part of the total cost of holding inventory, including warehousing, insurance, and depreciation.}}}} [[interest rates]], expected dividends (''see [[Dividend yield]]''), and time to maturity (see ''[[Bond (finance)|Bond]]''). The concept is used in assessing arbitrage opportunities and in designing hedging strategies.

== Types of basis trading ==
Basis trading strategies are employed across multiple markets:

'''[[Treasury basis trade]]''': Refers to a position established through the sale of a Treasury futures contract and the purchase of a Treasury bond that is deliverable under the futures contract.<ref> {{cite web |title=U.S. Treasury Market Structure |url=https://www.mfaalts.org/issue/u-s-treasury-market-structure/|website=[[Managed Funds Association]] |date=7 May 2025}}</ref> It is widely used by hedge funds and often involves leverage through the [[repurchase agreement]] (repo) market.
'''Commodity basis trade''': Involves buying or selling physical commodities (e.g., oil, grain) and taking an opposite position in futures contracts. It is often used by producers or consumers for hedging.
'''Equity and ETF basis trade''': Involves pricing differences between an equity-based instrument (such as an ETF) and its underlying portfolio of assets.
'''Options-based basis trade''': Involves constructing synthetic positions using call and put options to replicate or offset exposures.
'''Crypto basis trade''': Common in digital asset markets, where traders go long spot Bitcoin or Ethereum and short the corresponding futures contract to exploit futures premiums ("contango") or discounts ("backwardation").

== Risks and considerations ==
{{no sources section|date=May 2025}}
Basis trades are generally considered low-risk under normal market conditions, but they can be subject to substantial losses when markets behave unexpectedly. Risks include:

'''Basis risk''': The risk that the spot and derivative prices do not converge as expected.
'''Leverage''': Many basis strategies are leveraged, which magnifies gains and losses.
'''Liquidity risk''': In periods of market stress, positions may need to be unwound at unfavorable prices.
'''Counterparty risk''': Especially in over-the-counter or collateralized transactions.

== See also ==
* [[Arbitrage]]
* [[Futures contract]]
* [[Basis swap]]
* [[Derivative (finance)]]
* [[Repo market]]

==Bibliography==
===Annotations===
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha|30em}}
===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===References===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Hull,|2006|p=5}} |date=2006 |last1=Hull |first1=John C. |author1-link=John C. Hull (economist) |title=Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives |url=https://archive.org/details/optionsfuturesot0000hull_i8a4/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater |edition=6th |type=searchable; but, not borrowable online |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-13-149908-9 }} {{LCCN|2005047692}}; {{ISBN|0-1314-9908-4}}; {{OCLC|1411561951|60321487}}.
{{refend}}

{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite web |ref=|title=U.S. Treasury Market Structure|url=https://www.mfaalts.org/issue/u-s-treasury-market-structure/|publisher= [[Managed Funds Association]] }}
{{refend}}

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== Categories ==
[[Category:Arbitrage]]
[[Category:Derivatives (finance)]]
[[Category:Financial markets]]