View source for Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme

{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = O'Higgins Station
| official_name           = Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme 
| native_name             =
| native_name_lang        = 
| settlement_type         = [[Research stations in Antarctica|Antarctic base]]
| image_skyline           = Bernardo O'Higgins Station 100 9866.jpg
| imagesize               = 300
| image_caption           = The Chilean base Bernardo O'Higgins Station   
| image_flag              =
| flag_size               = 110px
| flag_border             = no
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               =
| mapsize                 = 350px
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             =
| pushpin_map             = Antarctica
| pushpin_map_alt         = Location of O'Higgins Station in Antarctica
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location of O'Higgins Station in [[Antarctica]]
| pushpin_mapsize         = 300
| pushpin_relief          = yes
| pushpin_label_position  =
| coordinates             = {{coord|63.320951|S|57.899781|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flagcountry|Chile}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Antarctica|Location in Antarctica]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Cape Legoupil]]<br />[[Trinity Peninsula]]
| subdivision_type2       =
| subdivision_name2       = 
| subdivision_type3       = Administered by
| subdivision_name3       =[[File:Flag_of_the_Chilean_Army.svg|23px]] [[Chilean Army]]

| established_title       = Established
| established_date        = {{start date|1948|2|18|df=y}}
| extinct_title           = 
| extinct_date            = 
| named_for   		= [[Bernardo O'Higgins]]

| etymology               =   
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = 
| government_footnotes    = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| unit_pref               = 
<!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->
<!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = <!-- <ref> </ref> -->
| area_rural_footnotes    = <!-- <ref> </ref> -->
| area_metro_footnotes    = <!-- <ref> </ref> -->
| area_magnitude          = <!-- <ref> </ref> -->
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
<!-- square kilometers -->
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
<!-- hectares -->
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = <ref name="comnap-catalogue"/>
| elevation_m             = 12
| population_as_of        = 2017
| population_footnotes    = <ref name="comnap-catalogue">{{cite report |type=catalogue |url=https://www.comnap.aq/s/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf |title=Antarctic Station Catalogue |date=August 2017 |publisher=[[Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs]] |isbn=978-0-473-40409-3 |page=49 |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022102847/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61073506e9b0073c7eaaf464/t/611497cc1ece1b43f0eeca8a/1628739608968/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_total        =
| population_blank1_title = Summer
| population_blank1       = 52
| population_blank2_title = Winter
| population_blank2       = 24
| population_density_km2  = 
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = 
| utc_offset1             =
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         =

| blank_name_sec1         = Type
| blank_info_sec1         = All-year round
| blank1_name_sec1        = Period
| blank1_info_sec1        = Annual
| blank2_name_sec1        = Status
| blank2_info_sec1        = Operational
| blank_name_sec2         = Activities
| blank_info_sec2         = {{Collapsible list |bullets=on |Geology |Glaciology |Marine biology}}

| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 
| iso_code                = 
| code1_name              = [[UN/LOCODE]]
| code1_info              = AQ OHG
| website                 = 
| footnotes               = 
}}

[[Image:Wfm antarctic peninsula islands.png|thumb|300px|Map with station at location marked "C"]]

'''Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme''', also Base Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme, or shortly Bernardo O'Higgins, named after [[Bernardo O'Higgins]], is a permanently staffed [[Chile]]an [[research station]] in [[Antarctica]] and the capital of [[Antártica (commune)|Antártica]] Commune. It lies at an [[elevation]] of 13 m, about 30&nbsp;km south-west of [[Prime Head]], the northernmost point of the [[Antarctic Peninsula]], at [[Cape Legoupil]].

==History==
The base was established on 18 February 1948 by the [[Chilean Antarctic Expedition]], and is one of the Antarctic bases with the longest times of continuous operation. The winter population is 24, and the peak population in the Antarctic summer is usually 52, although up to 60 persons can be accommodated.<ref name="comnap-catalogue"/> The base is operated by the Chilean Army. It is also known as ''Puerto Covadonga'' after the [[port]] on which it is located.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ioc.unesco.org/iocweb/iocpub/iocpdf/w069.pdf |title=Base General Bernardo O'Higgins |access-date=2008-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715082654/http://ioc.unesco.org/iocweb/IOCpub/iocpdf/w069.pdf |archive-date=2007-07-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[German Antarctic Receiving Station]] (GARS) was established at O'Higgins in 1991 by the [[German Aerospace Center|DLR]].  It is a [[satellite]] ground station sited in Antarctica to enable reception of data from satellite-based sensors within the south polar region that might otherwise be lost.  High [[Bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]] sensors such as [[Synthetic aperture radar|SAR]] generate too much data to be stored on board the satellite for transmission to ground stations elsewhere.  GARS was sited at O'Higgins because of the [[geology]], [[infrastructure]] and [[accessibility]] of the base.

Three dozen [[COVID-19 pandemic in Chile|COVID-19]] cases were reported on the research base on December 22, 2020. These are the first reported cases on the continent.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lardieri |first1=Alexa |title=Coronavirus Cases on Chilean Research Base Are First Reported in Antarctica |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/coronavirus-cases-on-chilean-research-base-are-first-reported-in-antarctica/ar-BB1c9si7 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |work=msn.com |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |date=December 22, 2020}}</ref>

===Historic site===
The O’Higgins Historic Site on Cape Legoupil comprises structures of historical significance:
* The original base was established on 18 February 1948 by the President of the Republic of Chile, [[Gabriel González Videla]], the first head of state in the world to visit Antarctica.
* The Capitán General Bernardo O ́Higgins Riquelme [[Bust (sculpture)|Bust]] was erected in 1948 opposite the base.
* A [[commemorative plaque|plaque]] was erected on 12 August 1957 in memory of Lieutenants Oscar Inostroza Contreras and Sergio Ponce Torrealba.
* The Virgen del Carmen Grotto, near the base, was built in the early 1970s to serve as a place of spiritual withdrawal for the staff of various Antarctic stations and expeditions.

It was designated a [[Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica|Historic Site or Monument]] (HSM 37), following a proposal by Chile to the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting]].<ref name=atcm>{{cite web |url= http://www.ats.aq/documents/ATCM35/WW/atcm35_ww003_e.pdf|title= List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)|access-date=2013-12-31 |publisher=Antarctic Treaty Secretariat |year=2012}}</ref>

==Climate==
Bernardo O'Higgins Base experiences a borderline [[Polar climate|polar]] [[tundra climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''ET'') that is extremely close to a polar [[ice cap climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''EF''). Average annual precipitation amounts to {{convert|771|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}, and is distributed fairly evenly throughout the year, typically peaking marginally during the austral spring. Temperatures are frigid all year round; the warmest month is January with an average monthly temperature of {{convert|1|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, while the coldest month is July with an average monthly temperature of {{convert|-9|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.
{{Weather box
|location = Bernardo O'Higgins Base, elevation: {{convert|10|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1953–present)
|single line = y
|metric first = y
|width=75%
| Jan record high C = 10.9
| Feb record high C = 8.5
| Mar record high C = 8.3
| Apr record high C = 6.2
| May record high C = 7.2
| Jun record high C = 5.9
| Jul record high C = 3.8
| Aug record high C = 3.5
| Sep record high C = 4.4
| Oct record high C = 6.6
| Nov record high C = 9.2
| Dec record high C = 9.0
|year record high C = 10.9
|Jan high C = 2.3
|Feb high C = 1.7
|Mar high C = 0.5
|Apr high C = -1.5
|May high C = -2.7
|Jun high C = -4.8
|Jul high C = -5.3
|Aug high C = -4.9
|Sep high C = -3.4
|Oct high C = -1.9
|Nov high C = -0.2
|Dec high C = 1.3
|year high C = -1.6
|Jan mean C = 0.9
|Feb mean C = 0.5
|Mar mean C = -1.2
|Apr mean C = -3.3
|May mean C = -4.8
|Jun mean C = -7.1
|Jul mean C = -7.9
|Aug mean C = -7.4
|Sep mean C = -5.7
|Oct mean C = -3.7
|Nov mean C = -1.7
|Dec mean C = 0.0
|year mean C = -3.5
|Jan low C = -0.6
|Feb low C = -1.0
|Mar low C = -2.9
|Apr low C = -5.1
|May low C = -6.9
|Jun low C = -9.4
|Jul low C = -10.3
|Aug low C = -10.0
|Sep low C = -7.9
|Oct low C = -5.5
|Nov low C = -3.1
|Dec low C = -1.4
|year low C = -5.4
| Jan record low C = -10.1
| Feb record low C = -14.0
| Mar record low C = -20.0
| Apr record low C = -25.0
| May record low C = -30.0
| Jun record low C = -34.2
| Jul record low C = -34.4
| Aug record low C = -33.2
| Sep record low C = -29.2
| Oct record low C = -26.0
| Nov record low C = -15.0
| Dec record low C = -10.6
|year record low C = -34.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 41.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 51.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 62.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 52.0
|May precipitation mm = 43.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 40.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 42.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 42.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 47.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 54.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 44.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 37.0
|year precipitation mm = 558.3
|Jan humidity = 83.3
|Feb humidity = 85.8
|Mar humidity = 86.2
|Apr humidity = 84.6
|May humidity = 86.2
|Jun humidity = 85.8
|Jul humidity = 86.3
|Aug humidity = 85.6
|Sep humidity = 86.2
|Oct humidity = 84.8
|Nov humidity = 83.5
|Dec humidity = 83.2
|year humidity = 85.1
|Jan sun = 84.0
|Feb sun = 72.5
|Mar sun = 58.3
|Apr sun = 36.1
|May sun = 16.0
|Jun sun = 5.7
|Jul sun = 10.2
|Aug sun = 35.9
|Sep sun = 46.8
|Oct sun = 82.6
|Nov sun = 101.1
|Dec sun = 105.4
|year sun = 601.1
|source 1 = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile<ref name=antarticaclimate>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230530203201/https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/publicaciones/documentoPdf/climatologias/climatologias20210101.pdf
| archive-date = 30 May 2023
| url = https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/publicaciones/documentoPdf/climatologias/climatologias20210101.pdf
| title = Climatología de Estaciones Chilenas de la Península Antártica 
| publisher = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile
| language = es
| access-date = 30 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=promediotemp>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230530215017/https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/historico/promedioTemperatura30/950003/2020
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 30 May 2023
| url = https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/historico/promedioTemperatura30/950003/2020
| title = Temperaturas Medias y Extremas en 30 Años-Entre los años: 1991 al 2020-Nombre estación: Bernardo O'Higgins, Base Antártica
| publisher = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile
| language = es
| access-date = 30 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=records>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230530214139/https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/historico/temperaturaHistoricaAnual/950003
| archive-date = 30 May 2023
| url = https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/historico/temperaturaHistoricaAnual/950003
| title = Temperatura Histórica de la Estación Bernardo O'Higgins, Base Antártica (950003)
| publisher = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile
| language = es
| access-date = 30 May 2023
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|date = February 2014}}

==See also==
{{Infobox airport
| name                      = O'Higgins Skiway
| ensign                    = 
| ensign_size               = 
| ensign_alt                = 
| nativename                = 
| nativename-a              = 
| nativename-r              = 
| image                     = 
| image-width               = <!-- if less than 200 -->
| image_alt                 = 
| caption                   = 
| image2                    = 
| image2-width              = <!-- if less than 200 -->
| image2_alt                = 
| caption2                  = 
| IATA                      = 
| ICAO                      = 
| FAA                       = 
| TC                        = 
| LID                       = 
| GPS                       = 
| WMO                       = 
| type                      = Private
| owner-oper                = 
| owner                     = 
| operator                  = 
| city-served               = 
| location                  = General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme Station
| opened                    = <!-- {{start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| closed                    = <!-- {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| passenger_services_ceased = <!-- {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| hub                       = 
| focus_city                = 
| built                     = <!-- military airports -->
| used                      = <!-- military airports -->
| commander                 = <!-- military airports -->
| occupants                 = <!-- military airports -->
| timezone                  = 
| utc                       = 
| summer                    = 
| utcs                      = 
| elevation-f               = 648
| elevation-m               = 198
| metric-elev               = 
| coordinates               = {{coord|63.342759|S|57.823152|W|format=dms|display=inline}}
| website                   = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
| image_map                 = 
| image_mapsize             = 
| image_map_alt             = 
| image_map_caption         = 
| pushpin_map               = Antarctica
| pushpin_mapsize           = 270
| pushpin_map_alt           = 
| pushpin_map_caption       = Location of airfield in Antarctica 
| pushpin_relief            = 
| pushpin_image             = 
| pushpin_label             = 
| pushpin_label_position    = 
| pushpin_mark              = 
| pushpin_marksize          = 
| r1-number                 = 
| r1-length-f               = 2,625
| r1-length-m               = 800
| r1-surface                = Ice
| r2-number                 = 
| r2-length-f               = 
| r2-length-m               = 
| r2-surface                = 
| metric-rwy                = 
| h1-number                 = 
| h1-length-f               = 
| h1-length-m               = 
| h1-surface                = <!-- up to h12 -->
| h2-number    = 
| h2-length-f  = 
| h2-length-m  = 
| h2-surface   = 
| stat1-header              = 
| stat1-data                = <!-- up to stat8 -->
| stat-year                 = 
| footnotes                 = 
}}

* [[Research stations in Antarctica#List of research stations|List of Antarctic research stations]]
* [[Antarctic field camps|List of Antarctic field camps]]
* [[Airports in Antarctica]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{in lang|es}} {{official|https://www.ejercito.cl/presencia-antartica}}
*{{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060719182409/http://www.inach.cl/antartica/territorio/bases_chi/o%27higgins.htm Base General Bernardo O'Higgins]
*{{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110220185605/http://www.inach.cl/InachWebNeo/index.aspx?channel=6139 Official website Instituto Antartico Chileno]
*[http://www.martingrund.de/pinguine/pinguincam1.htm#1 The O'Higgins Penguin Webcam (gentoo penguins; seasonal)]
*{{in lang|de}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060426235114/http://www.antarktis-station.de/ Antarktis Station], a personal website about life at GARS O'Higgins.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080424075823/http://www.comnap.aq/facilities COMNAP Antarctic Facilities]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110220115654/https://www.comnap.aq/publications/maps/comnap_map_edition5_a0_2009-07-24.pdf/view COMNAP Antarctic Facilities Map]

[[File:Gabriel Gonzalez Videla-Antartica.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Base General Bernardo O'Higgins inauguration by the President of the Republic of Chile, [[Gabriel González Videla]], the first head of state in the world to visit Antarctica (1948).]]
[[File:Satellite ground station GARS OHiggins.jpg|thumb|300px|GARS]]

{{commons category|Bernardo O'Higgins Station}}

{{Portal bar|Earth sciences|Geography|Chile}}
{{Chilean Antarctica}}
{{Antarctic research stations}}
{{Airports in Antarctica}}
{{Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica|state=collapsed}}
{{Antarctica}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Base General Bernardo O'higgins Riquelme}}
[[Category:Outposts of Antarctica]]
[[Category:Chilean Antarctic Territory]]
[[Category:Earth stations in Antarctica]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in Antarctica]]
[[Category:Historic Sites and Monuments of Antarctica]]