View source for Barrel organ

{{original research|date=December 2025}}
{{Short description|Mechanical musical instrument}}
[[Image:Austrian BarrelOrgan.jpg|thumb|A barrel organ player in [[Vienna]], Austria]]
[[Image:Drehorgel Leierkasten Charly.jpg|thumb|A barrel organ player in [[Warnemünde]], Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany]]

A '''barrel organ''' (also called '''roller organ''' or '''crank organ''') is a [[France|French]]{{Sfn|Ord-Hume|1978|p=52}} mechanical musical instrument consisting of [[bellows]] and one or more ranks of [[organ pipe|pipes]] housed in a case, usually of wood, and often highly decorated. The basic principle is the same as a traditional [[Organ (music)|pipe organ]], but rather than being played by an organist, the barrel organ is activated either by a person turning a crank, or by clockwork driven by weights or springs. The pieces of music are encoded onto wooden barrels (or cylinders), which are [[analogy|analogous]] to the [[Musical keyboard|keyboard]] of the traditional pipe organ.  A person (or in some cases, a trained animal) who plays a barrel organ is known as an '''[[Street organ|organ grinder]]'''.

==Terminology==
There are many names for the barrel organ, such as '''hand organ''', '''cylinder organ''', '''box organ''' (though that can also mean a [[positive organ]]), [[street organ]], '''grinder organ''', and '''Low Countries organ'''. 

In French names include ''orgue à manivelle'' ("crank organ") and ''orgue de Barbarie'' ("Barbary organ"); German names include ''Drehorgel'' ("crank organ"), ''Leierkasten'' ("brace box"), and ''Walzenorgel'' ("cylinder organ"); Hungarian names include ''verkli'' (from Austrian-German ''Werkl''), ''sípláda'' ("whistle chest") and ''kintorna'' (from Bayern-Austrian "Kinterne"); Italian names include ''organetto a manovella'' ("crank organ") and ''organo tedesco'' ("German organ"); the Polish name is ''katarynka''.<ref>{{Cite Grove |last=Langwill |first=Lyndesay G. |last2=Ord-Hume |first2=Arthur W.J.G. |title=Barrel organ|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> 

However, several of these names include types of [[mechanical organ]]s for which the music is encoded as [[book music]] or by holes on a [[punched paper tape]] instead of by pins on a barrel. While many of these terms refer to the physical operation of the crank, some refer to an exotic origin. The French name ''orgue de Barbarie'', suggesting [[barbarian]]s, has been explained as a corruption of, variously, the terms ''bara'' ("bread") and ''gwen'' ("wine") in the [[Breton language]], the surname of an early barrel-organ manufacturer from [[Modena]], Giovanni Barberi,<ref>Jean-Christian Michel. "[http://www.jean-christian-michel.com/orgue-barbarie.html#histoire Histoire des orgues de Barbarie]." Official website.</ref> or that of the English inventor John Burberry.<ref>Gianni Gili, "[http://www.musicameccanica.it/antologia_barberia%20fr.htm Mais, où se trouve la Barbarie ?]." at musicameccanica.it</ref>

The term [[hurdy-gurdy]] is sometimes mistakenly applied to a small, portable barrel organ that was frequently played by organ grinders and [[busking|buskers]] (street musicians), but the two terms should not be confused. Although the hurdy-gurdy is also powered by a crank and often used by street performers, it produces sound with a [[rosin]]-covered wheel rotated against tuned strings. Another key difference is that the hurdy-gurdy player is free to play any tune he or she desires, while the barrel organist is generally confined to pre-programmed tunes.

Some also confuse the barrel organ with the [[Calliope (music)|steam organ]] or calliope.  In the [[United Kingdom]] [[barrel piano]]s, particularly those played in the streets, are frequently called barrel organs.

==Barrel==
[[File:Silesian_BarrelOrgan.JPG|thumb|right|A barrel organ player in [[Katowice]], Poland]]
The pieces of music (or tunes) are encoded onto the barrel using metal pins and staples.  Pins are used for short notes, and staples of varying lengths for longer notes.  Each barrel usually carried several different tunes. Pinning such barrels was something of an art form, and the quality of the music produced by a barrel organ is largely a function of the quality of its pinning.

The organ barrels must be sturdy to maintain precise alignment over time, since they play the same programming role as [[music roll]]s and have to endure significant mechanical strain.  Damage to the barrel, such as warpage, would have a direct (and usually detrimental) effect on the music produced.

The size of the barrel will depend on the number of notes in the organ and the length of the tune to be played.  The more notes, the longer the barrel.  The longer the tune, the greater the diameter.

Since the music is hard-coded onto the barrel, the only way for a barrel organ to play a different set of tunes is to replace the barrel with another one.  While not a difficult operation, barrels are unwieldy and expensive, so many organ grinders have only one barrel for their instrument.

==Operation==
[[File:Detail of barrel organ (1).JPG|thumb|left|Detail of inner part of barrel organ]]
A set of levers called keys is positioned just above the surface of the barrel. Each key corresponds to one pitch. A rod is connected to the rear of each key. The other end of the rod is a metal pin which operates a valve within the wind chest. When the instrument is played (by turning the crank), offsets on the crank shaft cause bellows to open and close to produce pressurized air.  A reservoir/regulator maintains a constant pressure.  A [[worm gear]] on the crank shaft causes the barrel to rotate slowly and its pins and staples lift the fronts of the keys.  This causes the other end of the key to press down on the end of the rod which, in turn, activates the valve and allows air from the bellows to pass into the corresponding pipe. 
[[Image:BarrelOrganPhil.jpg|thumb|A barrel organ player, with pet monkey, in [[Liverpool]], England]]
[[Image:HurdygurdymanMexicoCity.JPG|thumb|A barrel organ player in [[Mexico City]] just off the [[Zócalo]] or main plaza]]
To allow different tunes to be played from one barrel, the barrel can be moved laterally to bring a different set of pins and staples under the keys.  Street barrel organs usually play 7 to 9 tunes, although small organs (usually the older ones) can play up to 15 tunes.  Less commonly (and usually for large [[orchestrion]]s) the pinning will form one continuous spiral and the barrel will be gradually moved as it rotates so that the pins remain lined up with the keys.  In this case, each barrel plays only one long tune.

==Usage==

The barrel organ was the traditional instrument of [[Street organ#Organ grinders|organ grinder]]s. With a few exceptions, organ grinders used one of the smaller, more portable versions of the barrel organ, containing perhaps one (or just a few) rank(s) of pipes and only 7 to 9 tunes.  Use of these organs was limited by their weight.  Most weighed 25 to 50 pounds but some were as heavy as 100 pounds.

[[Image:Poutní obraz svaté Flašinetálie.jpg|thumb|[[:cs:Flašinet#Česká republika|Saint Flashinetalia]] (Czech: ''Flašinetálie'', from ''flašinet'', "barrel organ"), fictitious patroness of Organ Grinders, [[Prague]], Czech Republic]]
There were many larger versions located in churches, [[fairground organ|fairgrounds]], [[music hall]]s, and other large establishments such as sports arenas and theaters. The large barrel organs were often powered by very heavy weights and springs, like a more powerful version of a [[longcase clock]]. They could also be hydraulically powered, with a turbine or waterwheel arrangement giving the mechanical force to turn the barrel and pump the bellows.  The last barrel organs were electrically powered, or converted to electrical power.  Eventually, many large barrel organs had their barrel actions removed and were converted to play a different format of music, such as [[Book music|cardboard books]] or [[Music roll|paper rolls]].

==Combined barrel and manually played instruments==

Especially in churches, some large barrel organs were built as "barrel and finger" organs. Such instruments are furnished with a normal organ keyboard, in addition to the automatic mechanism, making it possible to play them by hand when a human organist is available. The barrels were often out of sight.

At the beginning of the 20th century, large barrel organs intended for use as [[fairground organ]]s or [[street organ]]s were often converted, or newly built, to play [[music roll]]s or [[book music]] rather than barrels. This allows a much greater variety of melodies to be played.

<gallery>
Image:Gomnæs Barrel Organ.JPG|Barrel organ made by [[Anders Gulbrandsen Gomnæs]], Hønefoss, Norway, in 1854. 
Image:Gomnæslirekasse fra 1877.JPG|Barrel organ made by [[Anders Gulbrandsen Gomnæs]], Hønefoss, Norway, in 1877.
Image:Barrel organ of new type.JPG|Organ grinder playing a new barrel organ.
Image:Mobiliário_(12.0),_Acervo_do_Museu_do_Colono_(Santa_Leopoldina).jpg
Image:Ariston.jpg|Free-reeded barrel organ made by Paul Ehrlich in Germany, 1892 or 1894.
</gallery>
==Barrel organs in the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]]==
{{Main|Basque Country (greater region)}}
In the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]], it's very common to see organ grinders all over [[Bilbao]]'s Old Town and Guggenheim Museum, in [[Vitoria-Gasteiz|Vitoria]]'s ''Virgen Blanca'' plaza and in [[San Sebastián]]'s ''La Concha'' beach and Old Town. In stadiums like [[Estadio de San Mamés|San Mamés]] and [[Estadio de Anoeta|Anoeta]], [[organ grinder]]s decore their instruments with their team (like [[Athletic Bilbao]] or [[Real Sociedad]]) with scarves, the team's mascot plush toys, stickers and garlands to show their pride.
[[File:AF Street organ.ogg|Sound sample of the instrument (8 seconds)]]
[[Image:DrehorgelBauchorgel.jpg|200px]]

==See also==
*[[Barrel Organ Museum Haarlem]] (Netherlands)
*[[Calliope (music)]]
*[[Player piano]]
*[[Dance organ]]
*[[Fairground organ]]
*[[Musical clock]]
*[[Music box]]
*[[Organ grinder]]
*[[Pipe organ]]
*[[Serinette]]
*[[Street organ]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Diagram Group. ''Musical Instruments of the World''. New York: Facts on File, 1976.
*{{Cite book | last=Ord-Hume | first=Arthur W. J. G. |title=Barrel Organ: The Story of the Mechanical Organ and Its Repair | publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1978 | location=London | isbn=978-0-04-789005-5}}
*Reblitz, Arthur A., Q. David Bowers. ''Treasures of Mechanical Music.'' New York: The Vestal Press, 1981.
*Smithsonian Institution. ''History of Music Machines.'' New York: Drake Publishers, 1975.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Barrel organs}}
{{EB1911 poster|Barrel-organ}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060218074417/http://www.organito.com.ar/index_en.htm Argentinian Barrel Organ Museum] - Official website
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060410100222/http://www.museumspeelklok.nl/speelklok/uk/ Museum of Musical Instruments] in Netherlands: "From musical clock to street organ"
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070707134252/http://www.firedragon.com/~kap/Langshaw/ A 1790 John Langshaw Chamber Barrel Organ]
*[http://pfreydiere.free.fr/aprint/en/aprint.html An Open Source Virtual Barrel Organ Player Software]
*[http://patrikparizek.com/?p=664 Project about mechanical music machines in Czech Republic]
*[http://flasinet.cz Association of Barrel organ players in Czech Republic]

;Recordings of historical barrel organs
*''The Magic of the Barrel Organ'' {{ASIN|B000005EB5}}
*[http://www.saydisc.com/ SAYDISC] with categories about "Mechanical" Music and "Musical Boxes"
*[http://www.pha.oeaw.ac.at/home_d.htm?/phawww/edition_e.htm&Bodyframe Mechanical Music] from Phonogrammarchiv of the Austrian Academy of Sciences

{{Mechanical instruments}}
{{Pipe organs}}
{{Traditional French musical instruments}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pipe organ]]
[[Category:Street performance]]
[[Category:Mechanical musical instruments]]
[[Category:French inventions]]
[[Category:French musical instruments]]
[[Category:Culture of Strasbourg]]