View source for Banat of Temeswar

{{Short description|1718–1778 Habsburg province in east-central Europe}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name            = {{native name|de|Temeschwarer Banat}}<br />{{native name|ro|Banatul Timişoarei}}<br />{{native name|sr|Темишварски Банат}}<br />{{native name|sr|Temišvarski banat}}<br />{{native name|hu|Temesvári Bánság}}<br />{{native name|la|Banatus Temesvariensis}}
|conventional_long_name = Banat of Temeswar<br />{{small|Banat of Temes}}
|common_name            = Banat
|subdivision            = Province
|nation                 = the [[Habsburg monarchy]]
|p1                     = Temeşvar Eyalet
|flag_p1                = Ottoman Flag.svg
|s1                     = Military Frontier
|flag_s1                = Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg
|s2                     = Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867){{!}}Kingdom of Hungary
|flag_s2                = Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg
|s3                     = 
|flag_s3                = 
|year_start             = 1718
|date_start             = 12 July
|event_end              = 
|year_end               = 1778
|date_end               = 6 June
|image_flag             = Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg
|flag                   = Flag of the Habsburg monarchy
|flag_type              = Flag
|image_coat             = Banatul Timișoarei .png
|coa_size               = 125px
|image_map              = Map of Central Europe in 1791 by Reilly 006.jpg
|capital                = Temeswar ([[Timișoara]])
|stat_area1             = 
|stat_pop1              = 
|stat_year1             = 
|category               =
|today                  = {{plainlist}}
* [[Romania]]
* [[Serbia]]
* [[Hungary]]
{{endplainlist}}
|footnotes              = 
}}
[[File:Tamis banat1718 1739.png|thumb|250px|Banat of Temeswar, province of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] in 1718-1739]]
[[File:Banat03.png|thumb|250px|Banat of Temeswar, province of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] in 1739-1751]]
[[File:Tamis banat1751 1778.png|thumb|250px|Banat of Temeswar in 1751–1778]]
The '''Banat of Temeswar''' or '''Banat of Temes''' was a [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] province that existed between 1718 and 1778. It was located in the present day region of [[Banat]], which was named after this province. The province was abolished in 1778 and the following year it was incorporated into the Habsburg [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Kingdom of Hungary]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eceurope/banat17181778.html|title = WHKMLA : History of the Banat, 1718-1778}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=January 2013}}

== Duality of name ==
In the official documents of the time and also in all of native languages of the region, the name of the province appears in two basic forms, first derived from the name of Temeswar ([[Timișoara]]), second derived from the name of [[Temes County|Temes]] region: in [[German language|German]] - {{lang|de|Temeschwarer Banat (Temescher Banat)}}, [[Romanian language|Romanian]] - {{lang|ro|Banatul Timişoarei (Banatul timişan)}}, [[Serbian language|Serbian]] - {{lang|sr|Темишварски Банат (Тамишки Банат)}}, {{lang|sr|Temišvarski banat (Tamiški Banat)}}, [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] - {{lang|hu|Temesvári Bánság (Temesi Bánság)}} and [[Latin language|Latin]] - {{lang|la|Banatus Temesvariensis (Banatus Temesiensis)}}.<ref>[http://www.banat.ro/academica/conferinta.htm Sorin Forţiu: Denumirea Banatului în epoca modernă (sec. XVIII - XX): Banatus Timisvariensis vel Banatus Temesiensis?]</ref>

== History ==
{{further|Banat}}
Before the Habsburg province was established, several other entities had existed in the Banat region, including: the [[Glad (duke)|Voivodeship of Glad]] (9th century),<ref>[http://keptar.niif.hu/000500/000586/magyaro-honf-terkep_nagykep.jpg Map] keptar.niif.hu</ref> the [[Ahtum|Voivodeship of Ahtum]] (11th century),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/1000/index.html|title=Euratlas Periodis Web - Map of Europe in Year 1000}}</ref> the medieval [[Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages|Kingdom of Hungary]] (11th - 16th century) and one of its frontier provinces
the [[Banate of Severin]] (from 1233 to the 16th century),<ref>Dov Ronen, Anton Pelinka: The challenge of ethnic conflict, democracy and self-determination in Central Europe, Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., Great Britain, 1998, page 18 [https://books.google.com/books?id=XIN6QmozBE0C&q=%22in+1233+it+was+established+as+a+Hungarian+frontier+province%22]</ref> the Ottoman province named [[Temeşvar Province, Ottoman Empire|Eyalet of Temeşvar]] (1552–1716), and the [[Banate of Lugos and Karansebes]] province within the [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]] (16th–17th century), which was under the suzerainty of the [[Ottoman Empire]] as a whole.

Although after the Austro-Ottoman war (1683–1697) and before the treaty of Karlowitz (1699) most parts of Banat were temporarily controlled by the forces of [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]]; in consequence of the treaty, the Ottoman sovereignty was recognized over the region with the fort of Temeşvar. However, as a result of the [[Spanish Succession War]] and the [[Rákóczi's War for Independence]], the Habsburgs were inclined to direct their attention elsewhere within their country, and there was no attempt on their part to gain any territories from the Ottomans until 1710.

In the [[Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18]], [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]] conquered the Banat region from the [[Ottoman Empire]], which was recognized by the [[Treaty of Passarowitz]] (1718). The [[Habsburg monarchy]] then established a new military administrative region there under the name of Banat of Temeswar. The capital of the province became [[Timișoara|Temeswar]]. The province remained under military administration until 1751 when civil administration was introduced in northern parts of the region by Empress [[Maria Theresa of Austria]].

From 1718 to 1739, Banat of Temeswar included not only the Banat region, but also parts of present-day eastern Serbia along the southern bank of the Danube river. Following the Treaty of Belgrade (1739), areas along the southern bank of Danube returned under Ottoman control. In 1751, the southern parts of Banat were excluded from the province and the [[Banat Krajina|Banatian Military Frontier]] was established in that area.

The Banat of Temeswar was abolished on 6 June 1778, and on 23 April 1779, it was incorporated into the Habsburg [[Kingdom of Hungary (1538–1867)|Kingdom of Hungary]], while its former territory was divided into three counties: [[Torontál County|Torontál]], [[Temes County|Temes]] and [[Krassó-Szörény County|Krassó]]. The southern part of the Banat region, which was part of the Banat of Temeswar until 1751, remained part of the [[Military Frontier]] ([[Banat Krajina]]) until 1873.

In 1849 following the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire|Revolutions of 1848/1849]] the Banat of Temeswar was resurrected as part of the new [[Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar|Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeswar]] crown land, which combined the former lands of the Banat of Temeswar with most of those from the self-proclaimed [[Serbian Vojvodina]] (excluding those parts of both within the military frontier). The former Banat counties of Torontál, Temes and Krassó were transformed into the {{lang|de|[[Circle (administrative division)|Kreise]]}} of [[Zrenjanin|Groß Bečkerek]], Temesvár and [[Lugoj|Lugos]] respectively. It was once again abolished in 1860; the counties were restored and re-merged into Hungary.

== Population ==

The province was bound to repopulate after the Habsburg conquest because it had a low population density on the grounds that the territory sustained a lot of adversity from the previous wars. The population density was among the lowest in Europe; some researchers suggest that it was around 1 person / square kilometres. {{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} According to the first census conducted by the Habsburg military authorities, the population of Banat numbered about 20,000 inhabitants, mostly Serbs. The former Muslim population of Banat had left the area immediately before and during the Habsburg conquest. The low population density resulted in the territory being repopulated by German families coming from Austrian and southern German lands, Romanians coming from Wallachia and Transylvania, by Slovaks from the north,<ref name='Kocsis'/> and by Serb refugees coming from the Ottoman Empire, while some Serbs arrived in the area from other parts of the [[Habsburg monarchy]]. Colonization of various ethnic groups in the area lasted until the early 19th century. The government organized regimental districts which mostly had Serb population with special privileges in exchange for defending the borders. The area also lost its [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] population in the 16th century,<ref>Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi: ''Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minority on the Carpathian Basin'', Simon Publications LLC, 1998, page 140 [https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&dq=%22in+1527%2C+the+majority+of+southern+Hungarian+territories+lost+their+Hungarian+populations+for+more+than+two+centuries%22&pg=PA140]</ref> but Hungarians were not allowed to return<ref name='Kocsis'>Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi,  [https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&dq=Ethnic+Geography+of+the+Hungarian+Minority+on+the+Carpathian+Basin&pg=PA13 Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minority on the Carpathian Basin], Simon Publications LLC, 1998, pp 140 -141</ref> until the 1740s, because the Habsburgs regarded them as "politically unreliable".<ref name='Kocsis'/> Thus, Hungarians were almost totally absent from Banat in the first half of the 18th century. After the permission was given, Hungarian settlers arrived from different parts of the kingdom (mainly from [[Transdanubia]], [[Csongrád County (former)|Csongrád county]] and the Jász and Kun districts).

According to data from 1774, the population of the Banat of Temeswar was composed of:<ref>Miodrag Milin, Vekovima zajedno (Iz istorije srpsko-rumunskih odnosa), Temišvar, 1995.</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2013}} 
* [[Romanians]] = 220,000
* [[Serbs]] and [[Greeks]]{{clarify|date=January 2013}} = 100,000
* [[Germans]] = 53,000
* [[Hungarians]] and [[Banat Bulgarians|Bulgarians]]{{clarify|date=January 2013}} = 2,400
* [[Jews]] = 340

The first official census took part during the rule of [[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]], from the late 18th century. {{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} This shows Romanian majority in the east, Serbian in the west, and numerous German population in the whole area.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

== Governors  ==
Governors of Banat of Temeswar did not have the title of "ban". They were military governors and chefs of provincial administration (in German: Militärpräsidenten der Landesadministration des Temescher Banats).<ref name="jhs">Johann Heinrich Schwicker: Geschichte des Temeser Banats, LaVergne TN USA 2010</ref>
* [[Claudius Mercy|Claudius Florimund Mercy]] (1716–1734)
* [[Johann Andreas von Hamilton]] (1734–1738)
* [[Wilhelm Reinhard von Neipperg]] (1738–1739)
* [[August Jakob Heinrich von Suckow]] (1739–1740)
* [[Franz Anton Leopold Ponz von Engelshofen]] (1740–1757)
* [[Ferdinand Philipp von Harsch]] (1757–1758)
* [[Anton von Puebla]] (1758–1759)
* [[Siegmund Friedrich Samuel von Lietzen]] (1759–1769)
* [[Maximilian Joseph von Mitrowsky]] (1769–1775)
* [[Johann Franz Anton von Zedtwitz]] (1775–1779)

== See also ==
* [[Banat]]
* [[Banat Krajina]]
* [[Timişoara Province, Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Province of Temeşvar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Bocşan|first=Nicolae|author-link=Nicolae Bocșan|title=Illyrian privileges and the Romanians from the Banat|journal=Banatica|year=2015|volume=25|pages=243–258|url=http://banatica.ro/media/b25/243-258.pdf}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ćirković|first=Sima|author-link=Sima Ćirković|year=2004|title=The Serbs|location=Malden|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=9781405142915|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dabić|first=Vojin S.|chapter=The Habsburg-Ottoman War of 1716-1718 and Demographic Changes in the War-Afflicted Territories|title=The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718|year=2011|location=West Lafayette|publisher=Purdue University Press|pages=191–208|isbn=9781557535948 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3Sg_1wR4poC&pg=PA191}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ilić-Mandić|first=Jelena|chapter=The Local Elite in Central Government Service: Banat Military Frontier Officers in the 18th Century|title=The Habsburg State-wide and the regions in the Southern Danube basin (16th-20th centuries)|year=2020|location=Wien|publisher=New academic press|pages=99–121|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/51080504}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Ilić-Mandić|first=Jelena|title=Forging the Wallachian Military Border, 1769-1772|journal=Banatica|year=2021|volume=31|number=2|pages=251–273|url=http://rih.iib.ac.rs/1118/1/Forging%20the%20Wallachian%20Military%20Border%201769-1772%2C%20Banatica%2031-2%2C%202021%2C%20251-273.pdf}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ilić-Mandić|first=Jelena|chapter=Making the Border and Frontiersmen: Militarisation in Temeswarer Banat, 1764-1775|title=From medieval frontiers to early modern borders in Central and South-Eastern Europe|year=2022a|location=Berlin|publisher=Peter Lang Publishing|pages=207–228|isbn=9783631880111 |chapter-url=http://rih.iib.ac.rs/1119}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ilić-Mandić|first=Jelena|chapter=The Military Frontier and Emigration Challenges in the 18th Century|title=Migrations in the Slavic Cultural Space From the Middle Ages to the Present Day|year=2022b|location=Lódź|publisher=Wydawnictwo Universytetu Lódzkiego|pages=45–62|chapter-url=http://rih.iib.ac.rs/1121/1/Military%20Frontier%20and%20Emigration%20Challenges%20in%2018th%20c.%2C%202022.pdf}}
* {{Cite book|year=2011|editor-last1=Ingrao|editor-first1=Charles|editor-last2=Samardžić|editor-first2=Nikola|editor-last3=Pešalj|editor-first3=Jovan|title=The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718|location=West Lafayette|publisher=Purdue University Press|isbn=9781557535948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3Sg_1wR4poC}}
* Marin, Irina. ''Contested Frontiers in the Balkans: Ottoman, Habsburg, and Communist Rivalries in Eastern Europe'' (I.B. Tauris, distributed by Palgrave Macmillan; 2013) 228 pages; focuses on the Banat of Temesvar
* Miodrag Milin, ''Vekovima zajedno (Iz istorije srpsko-rumunskih odnosa)'', Temišvar, 1995.
* Forţiu, Sorin. ''Denumirea Banatului în epoca modernă (sec. XVIII - XX): Banatus Timisvariensis vel Banatus Temesiensis?'', in: Descoperiţi Banatul - Timişoara, Biblioteca Banaterra - Cartea 1, Editura Waldpress, Timişoara, 2009, 192 pg., ISBN 978-973 -7878-44-1; p.&nbsp;104-144.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Banat of Temeswar}}
{{EB1911 poster|Banat}}
* [http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/eceurope/hun16991739.gif Map]
* [http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Ungarn/OESTEREICH%20ENTWICKLUNG.jpg Map]
* [http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eceurope/banat17181778.html The Banat, 1718–1778]
* [http://www.genealogy.ro/cont/1.htm Some basic info on Banat]
* [http://www.banat.ro/academica/conferinta.htm Sorin Forţiu: Denumirea Banatului în epoca modernă (sec. XVIII - XX): Banatus Timisvariensis vel Banatus Temesiensis?]

{{coord missing|Europe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banat Of Temeswar}}
[[Category:Banat of Temeswar| ]]
[[Category:1718 establishments in the Habsburg monarchy]]
[[Category:1778 disestablishments in the Habsburg monarchy]]