View source for Balls 8

{{short description|Retired Boeing NB-52B mothership}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox aircraft
  |name                 = ''Balls 8''
  |image                = TF-104G with NASA NB-52B in flight 1979.jpg
  |caption              = A NASA [[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter|TF-104G]] (below) flies chase on the NB-52B ''Balls 8'' (above) on 14 September 1979.
  |sole example of type?= N
  |type                 =  [[Boeing NB-52B Stratofortress]]
  |other_names          = <!--Other names (nicknames, nose art names) this aircraft is known by-->
  |manufacturer         = [[Boeing Aircraft Company]]
  |construction_number  = <!-- manufacturer's construction number -->
  |construction_date    = <!-- either roll-out date or span of time for lengthy projects, whichever seems more appropriate -->
  |civil_registration   = <!-- any civil registrations carried by this aircraft -->
  |military_serial      = 52-008
  |radio_code           = 
  |first_flight         = 11 June 1955
  |status               = Retired
  |entered service      = 8 June 1959
  |owners               = [[United States Air Force]] <br> [[NASA]]
  |in_service           = <!-- time in military or revenue service, as a range of dates -->
  |flights              = <!-- number of flights made by this aircraft, usually only relevant for an aircraft no longer flying -->
  |total_hours          = <!-- total number of hours flown by this aircraft, usually only relevant for an aircraft no longer flying -->
  |total_distance       = <!-- total distance flown by this aircraft, usually only relevant for an aircraft no longer flying -->
  |fate                 = <!-- fate/disposition of this aircraft -->
  |preservation         = [[Edwards Air Force Base]], [[California]] 
}}

[[File:B-52 008 nose.jpg|thumb|Nose section]]
[[File:B-52 008 tail.jpg|thumb|Tail section]]
[[File:B-52 008 Panoramic.jpg|thumb|Panoramic showing the various test flights it participated in.]]

'''''Balls 8''''' is a [[NASA]] [[Boeing B-52 Stratofortress|Boeing NB-52B]] [[mothership]] which was retired in 2004 after almost 50 years of flying service with NASA.<ref>{{cite web |last=Creech |first=Gray |date=December 15, 2004 |title=End of an Era: NASA's Famous B-52B Retires |url=http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/improvingflight/B-52B_retires.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041228235011/https://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/improvingflight/B-52B_retires.html |archive-date=2004-12-28 |website=[[Armstrong Flight Research Center|NASA Dryden Flight Research Center]]}}</ref><ref name="factsheet">{{cite web |date=February 28, 2014 |editor-last=Gibbs |editor-first=Yvonne |title=NASA Armstrong Fact Sheet: B-52B "Mothership" Launch Aircraft |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS-005-DFRC.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318233448/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/news/FactSheets/FS-005-DFRC.html |archive-date=2022-03-18 |accessdate= |work=[[NASA]]}}</ref> The aircraft is famous for dropping the [[X-15]] aerospace research vehicle on 106 of the 199  X-15 program flights.<ref>{{cite web |last=Engel |first=Hans-Peter |date=February 24, 2000 |title=X-15 - Hypersonic Research at the Edge of Space |url=https://history.nasa.gov/x15/cover.html |accessdate= |website=NASA History}}</ref>

== Introduction ==
{{Tone|Introduction|date=December 2024}}
According to certain assertions, the Boeing NB-52B Stratofortress, Air Force 52-0008, is the aircraft that has witnessed and taken part in the most historical aeronautical research events. It has been a mainstay at Edwards Air Force Base for 45 years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Balls_Eight_History_of_the_Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_Mothership_eBook |url=https://www.air-and-space.com/nb52/Balls%20Eight%20History%20of%20the%20Boeing%20NB-52B%20Stratofortress%20Mothership%20eBook.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.air-and-space.com}}</ref> The goal of launching the North American [[North American X-15|X-15]] hypersonic research aircraft project in 1958 took the NB-52B and its sister ship, the NB-52A, 52-0003.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Balls_Eight_History_of_the_Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_Mothership_eBook |url=https://www.air-and-space.com/nb52/Balls%20Eight%20History%20of%20the%20Boeing%20NB-52B%20Stratofortress%20Mothership%20eBook.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.air-and-space.com}}</ref> The NB-52B served as a launch platform for numerous programs until its final mission on November 16, 2004, whereas the NB-52A was retired in October 1969.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Balls_Eight_History_of_the_Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_Mothership_eBook |url=https://www.air-and-space.com/nb52/Balls%20Eight%20History%20of%20the%20Boeing%20NB-52B%20Stratofortress%20Mothership%20eBook.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.air-and-space.com}}</ref>

Throughout its very difficult mission, the NB-52B was a flying launch pad. While flying nine miles above the ground, it had to provide the rocket planes it carried with the propellants, gasses, and power typically associated with a launch pad at the Kennedy Space Center. Because of this capability, the airplane became a vital tool for aeronautical studies.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Richmond |first=Jeff |date=2016-08-23 |title=Balls Eight - The B-52 That Was The Mother of Mother Ships |url=https://avgeekery.com/balls-eight-b-52-mother-mother-ships/ |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Avgeekery.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

The right wing of the Stratofortress was reinforced and fitted with a pylon that could carry the heaviest payloads ever launched from an airplane’s wing. In fact, some of the payloads it dropped weighed more than 50,000 pounds (about 1/5 of the aircraft’s own weight).<ref>{{cite web |last=Creech |first=Gray |date=December 15, 2004 |title=End of an Era: NASA's Famous B-52B Retires |url=http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/improvingflight/B-52B_retires.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041228235011/https://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/improvingflight/B-52B_retires.html |archive-date=2004-12-28 |website=[[Armstrong Flight Research Center|NASA Dryden Flight Research Center]]}}</ref>

The Stratofortress’ X-15 rocket aircraft flew pilots to unprecedented altitudes and speeds. The first winged vehicles reached speeds of Mach-1, Mach-2, Mach-3, and Mach-4, respectively. They also flew for the first time over 130,000 feet, and eventually reached more than 364,000 feet (about 100,000 meters) above the surface of the Earth.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Balls_Eight_History_of_the_Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_Mothership_eBook |url=https://www.air-and-space.com/nb52/Balls%20Eight%20History%20of%20the%20Boeing%20NB-52B%20Stratofortress%20Mothership%20eBook.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.air-and-space.com}}</ref> Five pilots earned astronaut wings by flying more than fifty miles in an X-15. Unfortunately, one of those pilots was killed on a qualifying flight when the third X-15 blew up on re-entry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Balls_Eight_History_of_the_Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_Mothership_eBook |url=https://www.air-and-space.com/nb52/Balls%20Eight%20History%20of%20the%20Boeing%20NB-52B%20Stratofortress%20Mothership%20eBook.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.air-and-space.com}}</ref>

The Space Shuttle program owes a debt of gratitude to the original NB-52B. The re-engineered Stratofortress had launched a number of wingless lifting body aircraft that showed the feasibility of the Space Shuttle’s steep gliding approach to landings. The new NB-52B showed that an airplane weighing three and a half million pounds could also do such landings. The parachutes that dropped the Shuttle's solid fuel boosters to the ocean were also tested in drops from a pylon on the aircraft’s wing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Balls_Eight_History_of_the_Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_Mothership_eBook |url=https://www.air-and-space.com/nb52/Balls%20Eight%20History%20of%20the%20Boeing%20NB-52B%20Stratofortress%20Mothership%20eBook.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.air-and-space.com}}</ref> The drag chute that slowed the Space Shuttle down after landing was also tested on this aircraft.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Balls_Eight_History_of_the_Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_Mothership_eBook |url=https://www.air-and-space.com/nb52/Balls%20Eight%20History%20of%20the%20Boeing%20NB-52B%20Stratofortress%20Mothership%20eBook.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.air-and-space.com}}</ref>

Despite repeated arguments that the old bomber was getting harder and more expensive to maintain, new programs kept popping up that demanded the unique abilities of the old NB-52B, so it kept hauling unique devices up. NB-52B launched a number of scale RPAVs and drones in the ‘70s and ‘80s, including the 3/8 scale F-15 RPAV (Remotely Piloted Research Vehicle), the [[Ryan Firebee II]] (Ryan Firebee) drone (Ryan Firebee based Drone for Aeroelastic Structure Testing (DAST)), and the highly maneuverable aircraft technology (HiMAT).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Balls_Eight_History_of_the_Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_Mothership_eBook |url=https://www.air-and-space.com/nb52/Balls%20Eight%20History%20of%20the%20Boeing%20NB-52B%20Stratofortress%20Mothership%20eBook.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.air-and-space.com}}</ref>

It was the last B-52 with a bomb bay configured to carry the MAU-12 bomb rack originally used to drop large thermonuclear warheads.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Balls_Eight_History_of_the_Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_Mothership_eBook |url=https://www.air-and-space.com/nb52/Balls%20Eight%20History%20of%20the%20Boeing%20NB-52B%20Stratofortress%20Mothership%20eBook.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.air-and-space.com}}</ref>

For research purposes, the NB-52B itself was utilized. By flying past a tower equipped with smoke generators, it helped researchers visualize the wake turbulence of a large aircraft. It served as an air-to-air gunnery target. In the mid 1990s, when the NB-52B was testing pollution reducing fuel additives with a pair of jet engines mounted under the bomb bay, it flew as a ten engine jet for some time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Balls_Eight_History_of_the_Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_Mothership_eBook |url=https://www.air-and-space.com/nb52/Balls%20Eight%20History%20of%20the%20Boeing%20NB-52B%20Stratofortress%20Mothership%20eBook.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.air-and-space.com}}</ref>

During the [[X-38]] program, the biggest parafoil in history has been dropped from NB-52B.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Balls_Eight_History_of_the_Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_Mothership_eBook |url=https://www.air-and-space.com/nb52/Balls%20Eight%20History%20of%20the%20Boeing%20NB-52B%20Stratofortress%20Mothership%20eBook.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.air-and-space.com}}</ref> The parafoil had an area of 7,500 square feet, greater than 1-1/2 times the area of the wing on a [[Boeing 747]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Balls_Eight_History_of_the_Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_Mothership_eBook |url=https://www.air-and-space.com/nb52/Balls%20Eight%20History%20of%20the%20Boeing%20NB-52B%20Stratofortress%20Mothership%20eBook.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.air-and-space.com}}</ref>

The NB-52B's career has come to an end with the launch of the world's most powerful airbreathing jet engine. On its final mission it launched the third [[NASA X-43|X-43A Hyper-X]] supersonic combustion ramjet on a modified Pegasus booster that ,propelled it to a speed of Mach-9.6 (7,365mph or 11,854 kph) at an altitude of 110,000 feet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Balls_Eight_History_of_the_Boeing_NB-52B_Stratofortress_Mothership_eBook |url=https://www.air-and-space.com/nb52/Balls%20Eight%20History%20of%20the%20Boeing%20NB-52B%20Stratofortress%20Mothership%20eBook.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=www.air-and-space.com}}</ref> Future aerospace vehicles with a speed of more than 7,000 kilometers an hour are presaged by the successful operation of supersonic combustion ramjet engine.

On December 17, 2004 the NB-52B was honored at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center in Edwards Air Force Base with a retirement ceremony for its unique contribution to aviation history.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Richmond |first=Jeff |date=2016-08-23 |title=Balls Eight - The B-52 That Was The Mother of Mother Ships |url=https://avgeekery.com/balls-eight-b-52-mother-mother-ships/ |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Avgeekery.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
''Balls 8'' was originally an RB-52B<ref name="factsheet"/> that was first flown on June 11, 1955, and entered service with NASA on June 8, 1959. It was modified at [[North American Aviation]]'s Palmdale facility to enable it to carry the X-15. As on its NB-52A predecessor, a pylon was installed beneath the right wing between the fuselage and the inboard engines with a {{Convert|6|x|8|ft|adj=on|sp=us}} section removed from the wing flap to accommodate the X-15's tail.

The modified bomber flew 159 captive-carry and launch missions for the X-15 program from June 1959 until October 1968. It was first used to launch the X-15 on its fifth flight, January 23, 1960. It also flew missions for the [[Martin-Marietta X-24|X-24]], [[HiMAT]], [[lifting body]] vehicles, [[NASA X-43|X-43]], early launches of the OSC [[Pegasus (rocket)|Pegasus rocket]], and numerous other programs.

At its retirement on 17 December 2004, ''Balls 8'' was the oldest active B-52 in service, and the only active B-52 that was not an H model. It also had the lowest total airframe time of any operational B-52. It is on permanent public display near the north gate of [[Edwards Air Force Base]] in California.<ref name="factsheet"/>

It derives its nickname from its NASA [[tail code|tail number]] 52-008: leading zeroes plus the number 8. Among USAF personnel, it is common practice to refer to aircraft whose tail number contains two or more zeros as "Balls" and the last digit (or two digits) of its tail number.

==See also==
* ''The High and Mighty One'', NB-52A serial number 52-003, is the other launch aircraft used for X-15 flights. It is on display at the [[Pima Air & Space Museum]] next to [[Davis-Monthan AFB]] in [[Tucson]], Arizona ({{Coord|32|8|28.00|N|110|52|11.62|W|display=inline|type:landmark_dim:400}}).
* B-52B, serial number 52-005, can be seen at the [[Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum#B-52B Stratofortress s/n 52-0005 (previously RB-52B)|Wings Over the Rockies Museum's B-52B "005"]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Boeing B-52B Stratofortress |url=https://wingsmuseum.org/exhibits/boeing-b-52b-stratofortress/ |accessdate=1 January 2015 |work=Wings Over the Rockies Air & Space Museum}}</ref> [[Denver, Colorado]].
* [[List of NASA aircraft]]
* ''[[Cosmic Girl (airplane)|Cosmic Girl]]'', a [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-41R]] in use by [[Virgin Orbit]] as a mothership for the Mark II [[LauncherOne]] rocket
* ''[[Stargazer (aircraft)|Stargazer]]'', a modified [[Lockheed L-1011 TriStar]] used as a mothership for [[Northrop Grumman Pegasus]] and Pegasus XL rockets

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons}}
*{{Cite book |last=Lockett |first=Brian |title=Balls Eight: History of the Boeing NB-52B Stratofortress Mothership |publisher=LockettBooks |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-329-09564-9 |oclc=1256691010 |url=https://www.air-and-space.com/nb52/Balls%20Eight%20History%20of%20the%20Boeing%20NB-52B%20Stratofortress%20Mothership%20eBook.html}}

{{coord|34.9929|-117.8834|type:landmark_source:enwiki-googlemaplink|display=title}}

{{North American X-15}}

[[Category:NASA aircraft]]
[[Category:United States special-purpose aircraft]]
[[Category:Individual aircraft]]
[[Category:Boeing B-52 Stratofortress]]
[[Category:Aircraft related to spaceflight]]