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{{short description|Closed ecosystem at the Institute of Biophysics in Krasnoyarsk, Russia}}
{{More footnotes|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox building 
| name = BIOS-3
| image = 
| image_size = 250px
| caption = 
| coordinates = 
| address = 
|building_type       = Research facility 
|location            = Institute of Biophysics in [[Krasnoyarsk]], [[Russia]]
| altitude            = 
| completion_date = 1972
| start_date          = 
| owner               =  Institute of Biophysics, [[Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
| website             = {{URL|http://www.ibp.ru/science/bios3.php}}
| map_type            =
| map_alt             = 
| map_caption         = 
| floor_area          = 14x9 m
| grounds_area        = 
}}

'''BIOS-3''' is an experimental [[Closed ecological system|closed ecosystem]] at the Institute of Biophysics in [[Krasnoyarsk]], [[Russia]].

Its construction began in 1965, and was completed in 1972. BIOS-3 consists of a {{convert|315|m3|cuft}} underground steel structure<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Alling|first1=Abigail|last2=Leigh|first2=Linda S.|last3=MacCallum|first3=Taber|last4=Alvarez-Romo|first4=Norberto|title=Biosphere 2 test module experimentation program|journal=Biological Life Support Technologies: Commercial Opportunities|date=1990|page=23|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910004532|accessdate=18 May 2016}}</ref> suitable for up to three persons, and was initially used for developing closed ecological human life-support ecosystems. It was divided into 4 compartments, one of which is a crew area.<ref>{{cite web
 | last = Prado
 | first = Mark
 | year = 2002
 | url = http://www.permanent.com/s-bios3.htm
 | title = Russian CELSS Studies
 | work = PERMANENT Project
 | accessdate = April 20, 2006
 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060505161459/http://www.permanent.com/s-bios3.htm| archivedate= 5 May 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref> The crew area consists of 3 single-cabins, a galley, lavatory and control room.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gitelson|first1=I.I.|last2=Terskov|first2=I.A.|last3=Kovrov|first3=B.G.|last4=Lisovskii|first4=G.M.|last5=Okladnikov|first5=Yu.N.|last6=Sid'ko|first6=F.Ya.|last7=Trubachev|first7=I.N.|last8=Shilenko|first8=M.P.|last9=Alekseev|first9=S.S.|last10=Pan'kova|first10=I.M.|last11=Tirranen|first11=L.S.|title=Long-term experiments on man's stay in biological life-support system|journal=Advances in Space Research|date=January 1989|volume=9|issue=8|pages=65–71|doi=10.1016/0273-1177(89)90030-6|pmid=11537393|bibcode=1989AdSpR...9h..65G|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19910015430.pdf#page=69|accessdate=18 May 2016}}</ref> Initially one other compartment was an [[Algaculture|algal cultivator]], and the other two [[Phytotron|phytotrons]] for growing wheat or vegetables. The plants growing in the two phytotrons contributed approximately 25% of the air filtering in the compound.<ref name="Salisbury" /> Later, the algal cultivator was converted into a third phytotron. A level of light comparable to sunlight was supplied in each of the 4 compartments by 20 kW [[Xenon arc lamp|xenon lamps]], cooled by water jackets. The facility used 400 kW of electricity, supplied by a nearby hydroelectric power station.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

[[Chlorella]] algae were used to recycle air breathed by humans, absorbing [[carbon dioxide]] and replenishing it with [[oxygen]] through [[photosynthesis]]. The algae were cultivated in stacked tanks under artificial light. To achieve a balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide, one human needed {{convert|8|m2|sqft}} of exposed Chlorella. Air was purified of more complex organic compounds by heating to {{convert|600|C}} in the presence of a catalyst. Water and nutrients were stored in advance and were also recycled. By 1968, system efficiency had reached 85% by recycling water.<ref name="Salisbury">{{cite journal|last1=Salisbury|first1=Frank B.|last2=Gitelson|first2=Josef I.|last3=Lisovsky|first3=Genry M.|title=Bios-3: Siberian Experiments in Bioregenerative Life Support|journal=BioScience|date=Oct 1997|volume=47|issue=9|pages=575–585|pmid=11540303|doi=10.2307/1313164|jstor=1313164|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dried meat was imported into the facility, and urine and feces were generally dried and stored, rather than being recycled.

BIOS-3 facilities were used to conduct 10 crewed closure experiments with a one to three person crew. The longest experiment with a three-person crew lasted 180 days (in 1972-1973). The facilities were used for the tests at least until 1984.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dreaming of Mars, part 1|url=http://scienceillustrated.com.au/blog/in-the-mag/dreaming-of-mars-part-1/|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> 

In 1986, Dr. [[Josef Gitelson]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gitelson|first=Josef I.|date=|title=Curriculum Vitae and Expertise|url=http://www.sfu-kras.ru/files/iperson/resume/Gitelson_CV.pdf|access-date=16 August 2020|website=Siberian Federal University}}</ref> head of the Institute of Biophysics (IBP) at Krasnoyarsk and developer of [[biospherics]] as well the BIOS project, met with Oleg Gazenko, Mark Nelson, John Allen and others involved with [[Biosphere 2]], which led to further cooperation. In 1989, a group from Biosphere 2 visited the BIOS-3 facilities. Mark Nelson and John Allen have acknowledged the importance of BIOS-3 and Russian insights to Biosphere 2.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nelson|first=Mark|title=Pushing Our Limits: Insights from Biosphere 2|publisher=The University of Arizona Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-8165-3732-7|location=United States of America|pages=5–8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Allen|first=John|date=|title=RUSSIAN BIOS PROJECT|url=http://www.biospherics.org/russia.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060404010413/http://www.biospherics.org/russia.html|archive-date=2006-04-04|access-date=16 August 2020|website=Internet Archive}}</ref>

In 1991, BIOS-3 became a part of the [[International Center for Closed Ecosystems]], which was formed as a subdivision of Institute of Biophysics, [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], Siberian Branch. Closed ecosystems research focusing on growing plants and recycling waste was resumed in 2005 in cooperation with [[European Space Agency]].{{cn|date=May 2023}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Environment|Ecology|Earth sciences}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Biosphere reserve]]
* [[Simple Biosphere model]]
* [[Revised Simple Biosphere Model (SIB-2)]]
* [[Habitable zone]]
* [[Life support system]]
* [[Wardian case]]
* [[Winogradsky column]]
* [[Homeostasis]]
* [[Montreal Biosphère]]
* [[MELiSSA]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web
 |last=Allen 
 |first=John 
 |url=http://www.biospherics.org/russia.html 
 |title=Russian BIOS Project 
 |work=Biospherics 
 |accessdate=April 20, 2006 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060404010413/http://www.biospherics.org/russia.html 
 |archivedate=4 April 2006 
 |url-status=dead 
}}
* {{ cite web
 | url = http://www.ibp.ru/labs/mc.php
 | title = International Center for Closed Ecosystems (in Russian)
 }}
* Gitelson, Iosef I., and Genry M. Lisovsky. [http://krsk.elib.sfu-kras.ru/bitstream/2311/630/1/3_Gitelson.pdf "Creation of closed ecological life support systems: Results, critical problems and potentials."] (2008).
* [http://www.biosmhars.eu/expe/bios-3 BIOS-3 facility as a part of the BIOSMHARS (BIOcontamination Specific Modelling in HAbitats Related to Space) project]

[[Category:Controlled ecological life support systems]]
[[Category:Ecological experiments]]
[[Category:Science and technology in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Human analog missions]]