View source for Azerbaijani Legion

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{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name                     = Azerbaijani Legion<br/>(''Aserbaidschanische Legion'')
| image                         = Azerbaijani Legion emblem.svg
| caption                       = Late 1943 pattern of the patch worn by the Azerbaijani Legion
| dates                         = 2 August 1942 – 8 May 1945
| country                       = 
| allegiance                    = {{flag|Nazi Germany}}
| branch                        = [[Wehrmacht]]
| type                          = 
| role                          = 
| size                          = up to 40,000 troops<ref name="Восточные легионы">{{Cite web |url=http://www.erlib.com/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8C%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5/1/ |title=Сергей Дробязко, Андрей Каращук "Восточные легионы и казачьи части в вермахте" |accessdate=2009-10-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023164610/http://www.erlib.com/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8C%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5/1/ |archivedate=2009-10-23}}</ref>
| command_structure             = 
| garrison                      = <!-- Commanders -->
| past_commanders               = 
| ceremonial_chief              = 
| notable_commanders            = [[Abdurrahman Fatalibeyli]]
<!-- Insignia -->| identification_symbol         = 
| identification_symbol_2       = <!-- Culture and history -->
| nickname                      = 
| patron                        = 
| march                         = 
| battles                       = [[World War II]]
| anniversaries                 = 
| decorations                   = 
| battle_honors                 = 
}}
The '''Azerbaijani Legion''' ({{langx|de|Aserbaidschanische Legion}}, {{Langx|az|Azərbaycan legionu}}) was one of the foreign units of the [[Wehrmacht]]. It was formed in December 1941 on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] as the ''Kaukasische-Mohammedanische Legion'' (Muslim Caucasus Legion) and was re-designated 1942 into two separate legions, the North Caucasian legion and the Azerbaijani legion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ailsby |first=Christopher |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56341238 |title=Hitler's renegades : foreign nationals in the service of the Third Reich |date=2004 |publisher=Spellmount |isbn=1-86227-247-6 |location=Staplehurst |pages=123 |oclc=56341238}}</ref> It was made up mainly of former Azerbaijani [[POW]] volunteers but also volunteers from other peoples in the area. It was part of the [[Ostlegionen]]. It was used to form the [[162nd Turkoman Division|162nd (Turkistan) Infanterie-Division]] of the Wehrmacht in 1943.<ref>[http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=5792 On Azerbaijani Legion]</ref> Similar to other [[Ostlegionen]], it was organised to replenish the dwindling German manpower on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] and to "save the German blood at the front."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dallin |first=Alexander |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/394293 |title=German rule in Russia, 1941-1945; a study of occupation policies. |date=1957 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-86531-102-1 |location=London |pages=534–538 |oclc=394293}}</ref>

The Azerbaijani Legion participated in the systematic killing of between 40,000 and 50,000 [[Polish people|Polish]] civilians in [[Warsaw]] during the [[Wola massacre]].<ref name="Hale">{{cite book |last=Hale |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Hale |date=2011 |title=Hitler's Foreign Executioners: Europe's Dirty Secret |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRw7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA334 |location=Stroud, England |publisher=The History Press |pages=328, 334 |isbn=978-0-7524-6393-3}}</ref><ref name="Williamson">{{cite book |last=Williamson |first=David G. |author-link=David G. Williamson |date=2012 |title=The Polish Underground, 1939–1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvfNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT168 |location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire |publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]] |page=168 |isbn=978-1-84884-281-6}}</ref><ref name="Kay">{{cite book |last=Kay |first=Alex J. |author-link=Alex J. Kay |date=2021 |title=Empire of Destruction: A History of Nazi Mass Killing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyJCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA285 |location=New Haven, Connecticut |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |page=285 |isbn=978-0-300-23405-3}}</ref>

==Origins==
The sweeping initial victories of [[Operation Barbarossa]] produced hundreds of thousands of [[German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war|Soviet prisoners of war]], many of whom were not [[Russians|Russian]]. All of them were hungry; many were starving. In a mere eight months of 1941-42, the invading German armies killed an estimated 2.8 million Soviet POWs through starvation, exposure, and [[summary execution]]. Conditions in the prison camps were atrocious.<blockquote>There were no barracks or permanent housing. The camps were simply open areas fenced off with barbed wire. The prisoners had to lie in the sun, then in mud, and in the fall—with temperatures as low as minus 30 degrees Celsius—faced the possibility of freezing to death.{{Sfn|Hamburg Institute for Social Research|1999|p=142}}</blockquote>The foreign Waffen beginnings were shrouded in great secrecy for fear of [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]'s disapproval, who was categorically opposed to any form of participation of [[Soviet people|Soviet citizens]] in the war against Russia. But the [[German Army (1935–1945)|German army]]'s needs on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] induced German commanders to accept the services of volunteers to fight the [[Soviet regime]] even against the clear orders of the [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|German High Command]].<ref>Russian Volunteers in the German Wehrmacht in World War II by Lt. Gen Wladyslaw Anders and Antonio Munoz”</ref>
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 147-0483, Berlin, Besuch Amin el Husseini.jpg|thumb|Mufti of Jerusalem, Muhammad Amin Al-Husseini, on the day of his meeting with Azerbaijani legionnaires]]
Tens of thousands of them were [[Muslims]], where most of them came from the Soviet Union. In December 1941 a top-secret memorandum ordered that the OKW was to create two Muslim units: the [[Turkestan Legion]], consisting of [[Central Asia]]n Muslim volunteers; such as [[Turkmens|Turkomans]], [[Uzbeks]], [[Kazakhs]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], [[Karakalpaks]], and [[Tajiks]], and the [[Kaukasisch-Mohammedanische Legion]] from [[Caucasus|Caucasian]] Muslims volunteers; such as [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Dagestan]]is, [[Ingush people|Ingush]], and [[Lezgins]].<ref>The Soviet war against ‘Fifth Columnists’ Jeffrey Burds Vol 42(2), 267–314. {{ISSN|0022-0094}}. ”</ref>

The German courting of the Muslims was part of Hitler's schemes for bringing [[Turkey]] onto his side and to advance control of the [[oil fields]] in the [[Middle East]] and [[Baku]]. The most numerous ethnicity among the Muslims that served the Germans were the Turkestanis. The first Turkestani volunteers were integrated as a single [[battalion]] of the [[444th Security Division (Wehrmacht)|444th Security Division]] in November 1941 and became an auxiliary force to help the Germans fight the [[Soviet partisans]]. Major Andreas Meyer-Mader was appointed as commander of the 444th Battalion. Meyer-Mader, an Austrian, had served on the staff of [[Chiang Kai-shek]]’s [[National Revolutionary Army]] before [[World War II]].<ref>The Devil's Shadow. Stuart Pearson”</ref>

According to [[Argumenty i Fakty]] newspaper, 40,000 Azerbaijanis fought for [[Nazi Germany]], while 700,000 Azerbaijanis were conscripted into [[Soviet Armies|Soviet armies]].<ref>[http://milaz.info/news.php?id=11416 Hitler ordusunda 40 min azərbaycanlı olub] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306134624/http://milaz.info/news.php?id=11416|date=2012-03-06}} {{in lang|az}}</ref>

==450th Turkistanisches Battalion==
The 450th Battalion was raised at [[Legionowo]], then in [[General Government]], and spent most of the summer [[patrolling]] the [[Communication network|communications]] and [[Rail transport|rail networks]] between [[Kharkiv]] and [[Stalingrad]]. However, discipline became so bad that Meyer-Mader was removed from command of the 450th Battalion in 1943.

In November 1943, Meyer-Mader met [[Himmler]] to offer his services to help raise and command a Turkic SS unit. Himmler approved the broad plan and then transferred him into the ranks of the [[Waffen SS]] and promoted him to the rank of [[Obersturmbannfuhrer|SS-Obersturmbannührer]] (Lieutenant Colonel). On 14 December, a meeting was held in Berlin in the presence of the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, [[Mohammad Amin al-Husayni]]. The Grand [[Mufti]] approved the plan to raise a Turkic-Muslim SS division and to give his "spiritual leadership" to influence the Muslim volunteers.<ref>Dr.K.G.Klietmann, Die Waffen-SS – eine Dokumentation Verlag Der Freiwillige GmbH Osnabrück, 1965, S. 381-382, dort als Turk-Btl.480 bezeichnet, s.a. Neulen, S. 332</ref>

==Ostmuselmanisches SS-Regiment==

Between November 1943 and January 1944, there was a series of meetings between Meyer-Mader and Muslim volunteers. As a result of these meetings, on 4 January 1944, it was decided to form the Ostmuselmanisches SS-Regiment. At the same meeting, it was decided to disband the following [[Wehrmacht]] battalions who would serve as a basis for a new platform: 450th, 480th, 782nd, 786th, 790th, 791st and I/94th Turkistanische battalions, Aserbaidschanische 818th and [[Volga Tatar]] 831st. Many of the volunteers deserted at this time, and the 818th defected to [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish]] and [[Ukrainian resistance during World War II|Ukrainian resistance movements]] in 1943.<ref>Ismayil Akber: Die Azerbaydzhanische Legionare Im kampf Oleg Romanko: Muslim legions of the Second World War</ref>

==Wola massacre==
[[File:Victims of Wola Massacre.jpg|thumb|right|Polish civilians murdered during the Wola massacre in Warsaw, August 1944]]Azerbaijani soldiers from the legion (111th regiment) under the ''[[Dirlewanger Brigade|SS-Sonderregiment Dirlewanger]]'', an infamous ''[[Waffen SS]]'' [[Strafbattalion|penal unit]] led by ''[[SS-Oberführer]]'' [[Oskar Dirlewanger]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Lukas |first=Richard C. |title=The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939-1944 |publisher=Hippocrene Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-7818-1302-0 |page=197}}</ref><ref>Rolf Michaelis Die SS-Sturmbrigade „Dirlewanger“. Vom Warschauer Aufstand bis zum Kessel von Halbe. Band II. 1. Auflage. Verlag Rolf Michaelis, 2003, {{ISBN|3-930849-32-1}}</ref> participated in the systematic killing of between 40,000 and 50,000 [[Polish people|Polish]] civilians in [[Warsaw]] during the [[Wola massacre]].<ref>Rolf Michaelis Die SS-Sturmbrigade „Dirlewanger“. Vom Warschauer Aufstand bis zum Kessel von Halbe. Band II. 1. Auflage. Verlag Rolf Michaelis, 2003, {{ISBN|3-930849-32-1}}</ref><ref name="Hale" /><ref name="Williamson" /><ref name="Kay" /> Two hours before midnight on 5 August, the Azerbaijani soldiers and the [[Bergmann Battalion]] attacked St Lazarus hospital, executed hundreds of patients, doctors, and nurses, before burning it down.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Richie |first1=Alexandra |title=Warsaw 1944: Hitler, Himmler, and the Warsaw Uprising |date=10 December 2013 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-374-28655-2 |pages=292–293 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RoKAgAAQBAJ&q=Azeri+Wola&pg=PP2 |language=en}}</ref>

British historian [[Martin Windrow]] described Dirlewanger's unit, which included the Azerbaijani  legion, as a "terrifying rabble" of "cut-throats, [foreign] renegades, sadistic morons, and cashiered rejects from other units".<ref>{{cite book |author=Windrow, Martin & Francis K. Mason |title=The World's Greatest Military Leaders |publisher=Gramercy |year=2000 |isbn=0517161613 |page=117}}</ref>

== Operation Zeppelin ==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2023}}
[[Operation Zeppelin (espionage plan)|Operation Zeppelin]] was initiated in 1942 by SS-Brigadeführer [[Walter Schellenberg]], who became in the middle of May 1943 the Chief of Section E of Amt IV of the [[RSHA]], the foreign intelligence service of the SS. The SS-Obersturmbannführer (Lieutenant Colonel) Georg Greife was responsible for this operation.

As soon as the German troops had entered the territory of the [[North Caucasus]], members of the different Caucasus National Committees, started to set up the core of a State administration and other organizations for the eventuality that [[Wehrmacht]] would force the passage in Transcaucasia.
[[File:II Dünya müharibəsi illərində Azərbaycan Legionunun afişalarından biri.jpg|thumb|One of the posters of the Azerbaijan Legion during World War II]]
In the summer of 1942, the Reich ministries for Finances, Interior, Foreign Affairs, as well as the RSHA, created a special group, “Sonderstab Kaukasus”. The “Sonderstab” (special staff) was under the aegis of “Unternehmen Zeppelin”. The members of the “Sonderstab” were to organize units of police forces to maintain order in the territory of the North Caucasus and would constitute the organization apparatus of the State.

Operation Zeppelin had many purposes: creating intelligence groups for the collection and transmission of information from the USSR; advocacy groups for the distribution of social, national, and religious propaganda; rebel groups to organize and conduct a rebellion; and sabotage groups for political sabotage and terror.

From wireless reports of these commandos behind the Russian lines, it is possible to determine what actions were taken. It was envisaged to recruit the future civil servants among the prisoners of war of Caucasian nationality, who were in large numbers in the German camps of the North Caucasus. Abbas Bey Atamalibekov directed the Azerbaijani group. (There is not much information about Atamalibekov. In 1919 he was a member of the Azerbaijani Delegation led by [[Alimardan Topchubashev]], which participated at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] in [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]]. He actively participated in forming national legions from the Soviet prisoners of war in 1942, together with [[Abdurahman Fatalibeyli|Abdurahman Fatalibeyli-Dudanginsky]] and Fuad Amirjan in Berlin. He represented Azerbaijani SS in the Azerbaijan National Committee from 1943 to 1945 and then fled to Chile)

Operation Zeppelin was “partially successful”. Most of the Sonderstab members were captured and executed by KGB agents. In his personal archives, a member of the [[Ostministerium]], Gerhard Von Mende, gives the number of 348 people of Azerbaijani origin who participated in those operations. It is not known if any one of them were SS.<ref>“Sonderstab Kaukasus”. p. 2. Personal records of P. von zur Mühlen Sergei Chuyev. Damned soldiers. Moscow, "YAUZA, EKSMO, 2004 {{cite web|title=Предприятие "Цеппелин"|url=http://warmech.narod.ru/smersh/zeppelin2.html|url-status=dead|accessdate=2014-02-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204200852/http://warmech.narod.ru/smersh/zeppelin2.html|archivedate=2009-02-04}} Sotskov Lev Filippovich Neizvestny Separatizm: At the Service of SD and Abwehr. Excerpts from Testimony of Walter Schellenberg, taken at Nuremberg, Germany, 13 November 1945, Page 1623. Unternehmen Zeppelin: The Deployment of SS Saboteurs and Spies in the Soviet Union, 1942-1945 Perry Biddiscombe Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 52, No. 6 (Sep. 2000), pp. 1115-1142. Le Caucase dans les Plans Stratégiques de L’Allegmagne 1941-1945 Georges Mamoulia. Alimardanbek Topchubashev: Letters from Paris: Vilayat Kuliev. Baku</ref>

==See also==
* [[Azeri SS Volunteer Formations|Azerbaijani SS Volunteer Formations]]
* [[National Committee of Azerbaijan]]
* [[Free Arabian Legion]]
* [[Armenian Legion]]
* [[Ostlegionen]]
* [[Reichskommissariat Kaukasien]]
* [[Abdurrahman Fatalibeyli]]
* [[Israfil Israfilov]] 
* [[Wola massacre]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book|last=Hamburg Institute for Social Research|title=The German Army and Genocide|year=1999}}

{{Soviet prisoners of war}}

[[Category:Azerbaijani collaborators with Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:Azerbaijani war crimes]]
[[Category:Legions of the Waffen-SS]]
[[Category:Foreign volunteer units of the Wehrmacht]]