View source for Avro Shackleton

{{Short description|British long-range maritime patrol aircraft}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox aircraft
|name= Shackleton
|image= File:Avro Shackleton MR3 in flight c1955.jpg
|image_border= yes
|caption= Avro Shackleton MR3, in 1955
|type= [[Maritime patrol aircraft]]
|national_origin= United Kingdom
|manufacturer= [[Avro]]
|designer=
|first_flight= 9 March 1949
|introduction= April 1951
|retired= 1991
|status=
|primary_user= [[Royal Air Force]]
|more_users= [[South African Air Force]]
|produced= 1951–1958
|number_built= 185
|unit cost=
|variants=
|developed_from= [[Avro Lincoln]]
}}

The '''Avro Shackleton''' was a British long-range [[maritime patrol aircraft]] (MPA) which was used by the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) and the [[South African Air Force]] (SAAF). It was developed by [[Avro]] from their [[Avro Lincoln|Lincoln]] [[bomber]], which itself had been a development of the famous wartime [[Avro Lancaster|Lancaster]] bomber.

The Shackleton was developed during the late 1940s as part of Britain's military response to the rapid expansion of the [[Soviet Navy]], in particular its submarine force. Produced as the primary type equipping [[RAF Coastal Command]], the ''Type 696'' as it was initially designated, incorporated major elements of the Lincoln, as well as the [[Avro Tudor]] airliner, and was furnished with an extensive electronics suite in order to perform the [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) mission, along with much-improved crew facilities due to the long mission times involved in patrol work. The type was named ''Shackleton'', after the polar explorer Sir [[Ernest Shackleton]].{{#tag:ref|The name of the aircraft came about due to the influence of [[Roy Chadwick]], Chief Designer at Avro, who had initially worked alongside, and later became a close friend, of Ernest Shackleton.<ref name = "Jones 6-7">Jones 2002, pp. 6–7.</ref> The name was also in line with an Air Ministry policy of naming new general reconnaissance aircraft after explorers.<ref name = "flight 612">''Flight'' 18 May 1950, p. 612.</ref>|group=N}}

The Shackleton entered operational service with the RAF in April 1951 and was used primarily in the ASW and MPA roles, but it was also frequently deployed as an aerial [[search and rescue]] (SAR) platform and for performing several other secondary roles such as mail delivery and as an ad-hoc cargo and troop-transport aircraft. In addition to its service with the RAF, [[South Africa]] also procured the Shackleton to equip the SAAF. In South African service, the type was operated in the maritime patrol capacity between 1957 and 1984. During March 1971, a number of SAAF Shackletons were used during the [[SS Wafra oil spill|SS ''Wafra'' oil spill]], intentionally sinking the stricken oil tanker using [[depth charge]]s to prevent further ecological contamination.

During the 1970s, the Shackleton was replaced in the maritime patrol role by the [[jet propulsion|jet-powered]] [[Hawker Siddeley Nimrod]], however a small number of the RAF's existing Shackletons received extensive modifications in order to adapt them to perform the [[Airborne early warning and control|airborne early warning]] (AEW) role. The type continued to be used in this role until 1991, when it was replaced by the [[Boeing E-3 Sentry]] AEW aircraft. These were the last examples of the type remaining in active service.

==Development==
===Origins===
The [[Battle of the Atlantic]] was a crucial element of the [[Second World War]], in which Britain sought to protect its shipping from the German [[U-boat]] threat. The development of increasingly capable [[diesel-electric submarine]]s had been rapid, and in particular the [[Submarine snorkel|snorkel]] virtually eliminated the need for submarines to surface while on patrol. Aircraft that had once been highly effective submarine-killers had very quickly become incapable in the face of these advances.<ref name="jeff 67-68">Jefford et al. 2005, pp. 67–68.</ref> In addition, [[lend-lease]]d aircraft such as the [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator]] had been returned following the end of hostilities. Several [[Avro Lancaster]]s had undergone rapid conversion (designated Maritime Reconnaissance Mk 3 (MR3)) as a stopgap measure for maritime search and rescue and general reconnaissance duties;<ref>Jones 2002, pp. 22, 27.</ref> however, [[RAF Coastal Command]] had diminished to only a third of its size immediately after the Second World War.<ref name="jeff 68-69">Jefford et al. 2005, pp. 68–69.</ref>

In the emerging climate of the [[Cold War]], and the requirement to guard the North Atlantic from an anticipated rapid expansion of the [[Soviet Navy]]'s submarine force, a new aerial platform to perform the anti-submarine mission was required.<ref name="jeff 68-69"/><ref name = "Jones 43">Jones 2002, p. 43.</ref> Work had begun on the requirement for a new maritime patrol aircraft in 1944, at which point there had been an emphasis on long-range platforms for [[Far East]] operations. However, with the early end of the war in the Pacific, the requirement was refined considerably. In late 1945, the Air Staff had expressed interest in a conversion of the [[Avro Lincoln]] as a general reconnaissance and air/sea rescue aircraft, formalising their requirements for such an aircraft under [[list of Air Ministry specifications|Air Ministry specification]] R.5/46. Avro's Chief Designer [[Roy Chadwick]] initially led the effort to build an aircraft to this requirement, designated as the Avro ''Type 696''.<ref name = "flight 612"/><ref>Billings, Bill. [http://www.thegrowler.org.uk/shackleton_history.htm "The Shackleton Story."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705111648/http://www.thegrowler.org.uk/shackleton_history.htm |date=5 July 2008 }} ''The Shackleton Association''. Retrieved: 10 July 2008.</ref>

[[File:Shackleton-WR982-303.jpg|thumb|Interior of a Shackleton MR.3]]

The Type 696 was a significant development of the Lincoln. Elements of the [[Avro Tudor]] airliner were also reused in the design, both the Lincoln and the Tudor being derivatives of the successful wartime [[Avro Lancaster|Lancaster]] bomber.<ref>Buttler 2004,  p. 144.</ref><ref name = "Jones 30">Jones 2002, p. 30.</ref> Crucially, the new aircraft was to be capable of a {{convert|3000|nmi|mi km|adj=on||}} range while carrying up to {{convert|6000|lb||||}} of weapons and equipment. In addition to featuring a large amount of electronic equipment, the Type 696 provided a much-improved crew environment compared to other aircraft types, to allow the crew to be more effective during the anticipated lengthy mission times.<ref name="jeff 70-71">Jefford et al. 2005, pp. 70–71.</ref><ref name = "flight 611">''Flight'' 18 May 1950, p. 611.</ref> During development the Type 696 was provisionally referred to as the ''Lincoln ASR.3'' before the official name 'Shackleton' was selected.

The first test flight of the prototype Shackleton GR.1, [[United Kingdom military aircraft serials|serial]] ''VW135'', was made on 9 March 1949 from the manufacturer's airfield at [[Woodford, Cheshire]] in the hands of Avro's Chief Test Pilot J.H. "Jimmy" Orrell.<ref>Harlin and Jenks 1973, p. 164.</ref> The GR.1 was later redesignated "Maritime Reconnaissance Mark I" (MR 1). The prototype differed from subsequent production Shackletons in a number of areas, featuring several [[Gun_turret#Aircraft|gun turrets]] and was equipped for air-to-air refuelling using the [[Aerial refueling#Grappled-line looped-hose|looped-line method]]. These did not feature on production aircraft due to performance difficulties or being judged ineffective.<ref>Jones 2002, pp. 34, 36–37, 39.</ref> However, the performance of the prototype had been such that in addition to the go-ahead for the MR1's production, a specification for an improved variant was issued in December 1949, before the first production Shackleton had even flown.<ref name="jeff 71-74">Jefford et al. 2005, pp. 71–74.</ref> By 1951, the MR1 had become officially considered as an interim type due to several shortcomings.<ref name = "Jones 67">Jones 2002, p. 67.</ref>

===Further development===
[[File:Avro 696 Shackleton MR.1 VP256 B-A 269 Sqn RWY 24.07.53 edited-2.jpg|thumb|left|Shackleton MR.1 of [[No. 269 Squadron RAF|269 Squadron]] with dorsal turret in 1953]]

The ''MR 2'' was an improved version of the Shackleton, featuring numerous refinements that had been proposed for the MR1. The radar was upgraded to [[air-to-surface-vessel radar|ASV Mk 13]], and the [[radome]] relocated from the aircraft's nose to a [[ventral]] position aft of the bomb bay, the radome was retractable and could be fully extended only with the bomb bay doors open. It had improved all round radar coverage and minimised the risk of bird strikes.<ref name="World Aircraft Information Files">''World Aircraft Information Files'' 1997.</ref> Both the nose and tail section were lengthened, the [[tailplane]] was redesigned, the undercarriage was strengthened and twin-retractable tailwheels were fitted. The [[Bristol Aeroplane Company|Bristol]] dorsal turret was initially retained, but was later removed from all aircraft after delivery.<ref name="jeff 74-75">Jefford et al. 2005, pp. 74–75.</ref> The prototype, VW126, was modified as an aerodynamic prototype at the end of 1950 and first flew with the MR 2 modification on 19 July 1951.

[[File:Avro Shackleton MR.2 WG557 T-L 220 Sqn BLA 06.09.55.jpg|thumb|left|Shackleton MR.2 of [[No. 220 Squadron RAF]] in September 1955]]

VW126 was tested at Boscombe Down in August 1951, particular attention being paid to changes made to improve its ground handling, such as the addition of toebrakes and a lockable rudder system. One production Mk 1 aircraft was modified on the line at Woodford with the Mk 2 changes and first flew on 17 June 1952. After the trials were successful, it was decided to complete the last ten aircraft being built under the Mk 1 contract to MR 2 standard and further orders were placed for new aircraft. In order to keep pace with changing submarine threats, the Mk 2 force was progressively upgraded, with Phase I, II and III modifications introducing improved radar, weapons and other systems, as well as structural work to increase fatigue life.<ref name="World Aircraft Information Files"/> Production of the MR 2 ended in May 1954.<ref name="jones 85">Jones 2002, p. 85.</ref>

The ''Type 716'' Shackleton ''MR 3'' was another redesign in response to crew feedback and observations. A new [[tricycle undercarriage]] was introduced, the fuselage was increased in all main dimensions and had new wings with better ailerons and tip tanks.<ref>Jones 2002, pp. 93, 95–96.</ref> The weapons capability was also upgraded to include homing torpedoes and [[Mk 101 Lulu|Mk 101 Lulu nuclear depth bombs]].<ref name="World Aircraft Information Files"/> To reduce crew fatigue on 15-hour flights, the sound deadening was improved and a proper [[Galley (kitchen)|galley]] and sleeping space were included. Due to these upgrades, the takeoff weight of the RAF's MR 3s had risen by over 30,000&nbsp;lb (13,600&nbsp;kg) (Ph. III) and assistance from [[Armstrong Siddeley Viper]] Mk 203 [[turbojet]]s was needed on takeoff with a 5-minute limit. The Griffons had to be run at high power for very long periods after a heavyweight take-off so the Vipers were later cleared to run for four hours continuously so lower Griffon power settings could be used which reduced the risk of failures.<ref>The Shackleton, Chris Ashworth, Aston Publications Limited 1990, {{ISBN|0 946627 16 9}}, p.44</ref><ref>[http://www.shackletonproject.co.za/saaf4.html "Shackletons in the SAAF – Retirement."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223160750/http://www.shackletonproject.co.za/saaf4.html |date=23 February 2008 }}  ''The Shackleton Project''. Retrieved: 10 July 2008.</ref><ref name="jeff 77-78">Jefford et al. 2005, pp. 77–78.</ref> The extra strain took a toll on the airframe, and flight life of the RAF MR 3s was so reduced that they were outlived by the MR 2s. Due to the arms embargo against South Africa, the SAAF's MR 3s never received these upgrades but were maintained independently by the SAAF.

The ''Type 719'' Shackleton IV, later known as the ''MR 4'', was a projected variant intended to meet a Canadian requirement for a long-range patrol aircraft. The MR 4 would have been practically a new aircraft, sharing only the nose, cockpit, and outer wings with earlier variants; it would have also been powered by the [[Napier Nomad]] compound engine.<ref name="jeff 88">Jefford et al. 2005, p. 88.</ref> The Shackleton IV was cancelled in 1955, the Canadian requirement being subsequently met by the ''Britannia Maritime Reconnaissance'', based on the [[Bristol Brittania]] airliner, later entering production as the [[Canadair CP-107 Argus|Canadair Argus]].

In 1967, ten MR 2s were modified as training aircraft to replace the T 4 in-service with the Maritime Operational Training Unit. Known as T 2s, the crew rest areas were replaced by additional radar equipment and the original radar fittings removed.<ref name="jones 84-85">Jones 2002, pp. 84–85.</ref>

==Design==
[[File:Avro 696 Shackleton AEW2, UK - Air Force AN1667777.jpg|thumb|Front of a Shackleton AEW2. Note the [[contra-rotating propeller]]s]]
The Shackleton was a purpose-built aircraft for the maritime patrol role; however, the legacy of Avro's preceding aircraft is present in many aspects of the overall design. The centre section of the Shackleton's wing originates from the Lincoln, while the outer wing and undercarriage were sourced from the Tudor. At one stage during development the tailplane had closely resembled the Lincoln's but was enlarged and changed soon after.<ref name = "flight 612"/> An entirely new fuselage was adopted, being wider and deeper to provide a large space in which to accommodate the crew, their equipment, and a large bomb bay.<ref name="jeff 72">Jefford et al. 2005, p. 72.</ref><ref name = "Jones 31">Jones 2002, p. 31.</ref> Later variants of the Shackleton were substantially redesigned, adopting a nosewheel undercarriage, redesigned wings and centre-section, and a larger fuel capacity for more range.<ref name="jeff 76">Jefford et al. 2005, p. 76.</ref>

Various armaments and equipment were carried by the Shackleton in order to perform its missions. In ASW operations, the [[air-to-surface-vessel radar|ASV Mk 13 radar]] was the primary detection tool. It could detect a destroyer at a range of {{convert|40|nmi|mi km|||}}, a surfaced submarine at {{convert|20|nmi|mi km|||}}, and a submarine's [[conning tower]] at {{convert|8|nmi|mi km|||}}, although rough seas considerably reduced the radar's effectiveness.<ref name="jeff 72-74"/><ref name = "Jones 34">Jones 2002, p. 34.</ref> Other equipment included droppable [[sonobuoy]]s, [[electronic warfare support measures]] and an [[Autolycus (submarine detector)|Autolycus]] diesel fume detection system. A special camera bay housed several reconnaissance cameras capable of medium altitude and nighttime vertical photography and low-altitude oblique photography. The crew would also perform visual searches using various lookout positions that were provided for this purpose.<ref name = "flight 617">''Flight'' 18 May 1950, p. 617.</ref> Weapons carried included up to nine bombs, three homing [[torpedo]]es or [[depth-charge]]s. The aircraft also had two [[Hispano 20 mm cannon|20&nbsp;mm cannon]] in a Bristol dorsal turret. An [[in-flight refueling]] receptacle could be accommodated, but was not fitted on production aircraft.<ref name="jeff 72-74">Jefford et al. 2005, pp. 72–74.</ref>

[[File:Avro 696 Shackleton MR2C, UK - Air Force AN1026411.jpg|thumb|left|An RAF Shackleton in flight, 1978]]
The Merlin engines were replaced with the larger, more powerful and slower-revving [[Rolls-Royce Griffon]]s with {{convert|13|ft|m|adj=mid|-diameter|}} [[contra-rotating propeller]]s. This engine's distinctive noise often caused crew members to develop high-tone deafness. The Griffon was needed because the Shackleton was heavier and had more drag than the Lincoln.<ref>''Flight'' 18 May 1950, pp. 612–613, 616.</ref><ref name = "Jones 33">Jones 2002, p. 33.</ref> The Griffon provided equivalent power to the Merlin but at lower [[Revolutions per minute|engine speed]], which led to reduced fuel consumption in the denser air at low altitudes; the Shackleton would often loiter for several hours at roughly {{convert|500|ft|m|abbr=on}} or lower when searching for submarines. Lower-revving Griffons, compared to Merlins, reduced engine stress which improved their reliability. Using conventional propellers would have needed an increase in propeller diameter to absorb the engine's power and [[torque]], but this was not possible due to space limitations imposed by the undercarriage length and engine [[nacelle]] positioning, so the contra-rotating propellers were adopted, which gave greater blade area within the same propeller diameter.

Numerous problems were encountered during the Shackleton's operational service. In practice, the diesel fume detection system was prone to false alarms and thus received little operational use. The engines, hydraulics and elements of the avionics were known for their unreliability, and the aircraft proved to be fairly maintenance-intensive. The prototype MR 3 was lost due to poor stalling characteristics. This was rectified prior to production, although a satisfactory stall-warning device was not installed until 1969. The Shackleton is often incorrectly assigned the unfortunate distinction of holding the record for the highest number of aircrew killed in one type in peacetime in the RAF.<ref name="jones 86">Jones 2002, p. 86.</ref> However the true figures suggest that some of its contemporaries fared far worse, for example the Gloster Meteor with over 430 fatalities <ref>{{cite book|author=Nick Carter |title=Meteor Eject!: Recollections of a Pioneer RAF Jet Pilot of the 1950s and 60s: Amazon.co.uk: Carter, Nick: 9781873203651: Books |date= |id={{ASIN|1873203659|country=uk}} }}</ref> against the Shackleton's 156. Several programs to support and extend the fatigue life of the Shackleton's airframe were required; the fatigue life problems ultimately necessitated the rapid introduction of a whole new maritime patrol aircraft in the form of the [[Hawker Siddeley Nimrod]], which began being introduced to RAF service in 1969.<ref>Jefford et al. 2005, pp. 73, 77–78, 87–88.</ref>
[[File:Shackleton-WR982-305.jpg|thumb|right|MR3 Co-pilot position]]

==Operational history==
===Royal Air Force===
[[File:ShackletonAEW2 8Sqn RAF 1982.jpeg|thumb|8 Sqn RAF flew the Shackleton AEW 2 from 1973 to 1991. This example was pictured on 26 June 1982]]
On 30 March 1951, the first Shackleton was delivered to [[No. 120 Squadron RAF]]; by the end of 1952 seven squadrons were operating the type,<ref name="jeff 70-72">Jefford et al. 2005, pp. 70–72.</ref> which soon came to be nicknamed ''The Growler'' on account of the engine noise from the four Rolls-Royce Griffon engines.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lake |first1=Deborah |title=Growling over the oceans : the Avro Shackleton, the men and the missions 1951-1991 |date=2010 |publisher=Souvenir Press |location=London |isbn=9780285638761 |pages=16–17}}</ref> The first operational deployment of the Shackleton occurred in 1955 as a troop-transport for [[British Army]] movements to [[Cyprus]]. Less than a year later, the type's first combat deployment took place during the [[Suez Crisis]], codenamed [[Operation Musketeer (1956)|Operation Musketeer]].<ref name="Jones 121-12">Jones 2002, pp. 121–122.</ref> [[File:Shackleton flying in formation near Masirah.png|thumb|left|RAF Shackleton of 224 Squadron flying in formation during the 1954–1959 [[Jebel Akhdar War]] in Oman]] In 1957, British RAF Shackletons participated heavily during the [[Jebel Akhdar War]] in [[Oman]] to expand the territory of the Sultanate, which was a ''de facto'' British colony,<ref name=OBRA>{{cite web|url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/close-relationship-britain-and-oman-1750|title=A Close Relationship: Britain and Oman Since 1750|author=Dr Francis Owtram|date=11 December 2014|publisher=QDL}}</ref><ref name=GR/><ref name=QoO>{{Cite web|url=https://undocs.org/Home/Loader?FinalSymbol=A%2FRES%2F2302(XXII)&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=True|title=A/RES/2302(XXII)|website=Undocs.org|access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref> in order to gain access to oil wells in the interior of the country. The RAF made 1,635 raids, dropping 1,094 tons of bombs and firing 900 rockets at the interior of Oman between July and December 1958, targeting insurgents, mountain top villages, water channels and crops in a war that nevertheless remained low profile.<ref name=GR>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/sep/08/britains-secret-wars-oman|title=Britain's secret wars &#124; Ian Cobain|date=8 September 2016|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref><ref name=OmansInsurgencies>{{cite book|last=Peterson|first=J. E.|title=Oman's Insurgencies: The Sultanate's Struggle for Supremacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wkUhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT43|year=2013|publisher=Saqi|isbn=978-0-86356-702-5|page=43}}</ref><ref name=BA>{{Cite web|url=http://markcurtis.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/pro.Oman-1957-9.-Declassified.pdf|title=British National Archives: ''Oman 1957-9''|website=Markcurtis.info|access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref>

During the 1960s, the typical Shackleton crew comprised two pilots, two navigators, a flight engineer, an air electronics officer, and four air electronics operators.<ref name="jeff 78">Jefford et al. 2005, p. 78.</ref> During this period, equipment upgrades had become routine in order to keep pace with ever more capable submarines. Problems with airframe fatigue were identified, leading to several programmes to strengthen the aircraft and thus extend its viable service life. In 1966, [[nuclear depth charge]]s were introduced to the Shackleton's arsenal with the aim of countering the Soviets' development of deep-diving submarines.<ref>Jefford et al. 2005, pp. 70–72, 74–77.</ref>

Maritime reconnaissance was a large element of the Shackleton's service, this mission being to identify and monitor naval and merchant shipping, and to demonstrate sovereignty. During the [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]] in the 1960s, Shackletons monitored the seas for vessels involved in [[arms smuggling]]. Similar operations were conducted in [[Cyprus]], and Shackletons operating from bases in [[Madagascar]] co-operated with [[Royal Navy]] vessels to enforce a [[United Nations]]-mandated oil blockade of [[Rhodesia]].<ref name="jeff 82-83">Jefford et al. 2005, pp. 82–83.</ref>

[[File:31 Shackleton mail drop Aug1970.jpg|thumb|left|RAF Shackleton performing a mail drop in July 1970 for Royal Navy ships on the "[[Beira Patrol]]", blockading Beira to prevent [[Rhodesia]]n oil imports]]
The Shackleton would often be used to perform [[search and rescue]] missions, one crew and aircraft being kept on standby somewhere in the UK for this role. The Shackleton also replaced the Avro Lincoln in the colonial policing mission, aircraft often being stationed in the [[Aden Protectorate]] and [[Oman]] to carry out various support missions, including convoy escorting, supply dropping, photo reconnaissance, communication relaying, and ground-attack missions. The Shackleton was also employed in several short-term bombing operations.<ref name = "Jones 49">Jones 2002, p. 49.</ref> Other roles included weather reconnaissance and transport duties, in the latter role each Shackleton carrying freight panniers in the bomb bay or up to 16 fully equipped soldiers.<ref name="jeff 83-87">Jefford et al. 2005, pp. 83–87.</ref>

In 1969, a jet-powered replacement patrol aircraft, the [[Hawker Siddeley Nimrod]], began to enter RAF service, which was to spell the end for the Shackleton in most roles. While radically different in external appearance, the initial version of the Nimrod shared many sensor systems and onboard equipment with the Shackleton.<ref>Jefford et al. 2005, pp. 75, 89.</ref>
[[File:APS-20 Radar.jpg|thumb|AN/APS-20 radar scanner]]
The intention to retire the Shackleton was thwarted by the need to provide AEW coverage in the North Sea and northern Atlantic following the withdrawal of the [[Fleet Air Arm]]'s [[Fairey Gannet AEW|Fairey Gannet]] aircraft used in the AEW role in the 1970s. As an interim replacement, the existing [[AN/APS-20]] radar from the Gannets was installed in modified Shackleton MR 2s, redesignated '''AEW 2''', from 1972. These were operated by [[No. 8 Squadron RAF|No. 8 Sqn]], based at [[RAF Lossiemouth]]. All 12 AEW aircraft were given names from ''[[The Magic Roundabout]]'' and ''[[The Herbs]]'' TV series.<ref name="World Aircraft Information Files"/> The intended replacement, the [[British Aerospace Nimrod AEW3]], suffered considerable development difficulties which culminated in it being cancelled in favour of an off-the-shelf purchase of the [[Boeing E-3 Sentry]], finally allowing the last Shackletons to be retired in 1991.<ref name="Tyack 87">Tyack 2005, p. 87.</ref>

===South African Air Force===
[[File:1982-10 Shackleton 1717 c.jpg|thumb|''SAAF 1717 0'' on patrol, October 1982]]
During the Second World War, the importance of securing the sea routes around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] had been made apparent, with over a hundred vessels being sunk in South African waters by enemy vessels between 1942 and 1945.<ref name="Shackleton SAAF">[http://saafmuseum.org.za/the-shackelton-in-the-saaf/ "The Shackleton in the SAAF."] ''saafmuseum.org.za'', 23 February 2011.</ref> Postwar, the [[South African Air Force]] sought a large and capable platform to perform the maritime patrol role. After evaluating four RAF MR 2s in 1953, an order was placed for eight Shackletons as a replacement for the SAAF's aging [[Short Sunderland]] maritime patrol aircraft. Modifications were required to match South African conditions and requirements, such as the ability to operate over the [[Indian Ocean]]. The resulting aircraft was designated the Shackleton MR 3.<ref name="jeff 76"/><ref>[http://www.shackletonproject.co.za/saaf.html "Shackletons in the SAAF – Birth of a Legend."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524071008/http://www.shackletonproject.co.za/saaf.html |date=24 May 2008 }} ''The Shackleton project''. Retrieved: 10 July 2008.</ref>

[[File:Shackleton1.jpg|thumb|Avro Shackleton Mk 3 at Ysterplaat AFB in South Africa, serial 1722, a.k.a. Pelican 22. Taken 27 May 2017 at engine run-up. No longer flying but considered mostly airworthy.]]

On 18 August 1957, the first two Shackletons were delivered to [[Cape Town International Airport|D.F. Malan Airport]], [[Cape Town]]. Two more followed on 13 October 1957 and the remainder arrived in February 1958. Delivered to the same basic standard as the RAF's MR 3s, they were assigned single letter codes between "J" and "Q" and operated by [[35 Squadron SAAF]]. The type typically patrolled the sea lanes around the Cape of Good Hope, often monitoring Soviet vessels transiting between the Indian and Atlantic oceans. The Shackleton was briefly used in low-level overland patrols along the [[Southern Rhodesia]]n border, but these duties ended following concerns of the disturbance of wildlife.<ref name="Shackleton SAAF"/><ref name="Jones 111-114">Jones 2002, pp. 111–114.</ref>

[[File:In memory of the Shakleton 1718 crew, South Africa 1963.jpg|thumb|Commemorating crew of Shakleton MR.3 1718 (1963 in South Africa)]]
The Shackleton would often be called upon to perform search and rescue operations in the treacherous waters around the Cape. In March 1971, Shackletons successfully intervened in the [[SS Wafra oil spill]], deliberately sinking the stricken oil tanker with depth charges in order to prevent an ecological disaster.<ref name="Jones 114-115">Jones 2002, pp. 114–115.</ref> The only operational loss incurred was 1718 K, which crashed into the Wemmershoek mountains at night time on 8 August 1963 with the loss of all thirteen crew.<ref name="Shackleton SAAF"/>

South Africa's policy of [[apartheid]] led to an [[embargo]] imposed by the [[United Nations]], which made acquiring components for the Shackleton fleet increasingly difficult, the aircraft's serviceability suffering as a result.<ref name="Shackleton SAAF"/> The fleet had been modified to Phase III standards prior to the implementation of the arms embargo, albeit without the auxiliary Viper engine.<ref name="Jones 114-115"/> Two of the aircraft were re-sparred, 1716 J in the United Kingdom and 1717 O in South Africa by the SAAF, but the lack of engine spares and tyres, together with airframe fatigue, took a gradual toll. By November 1984, the fatigue lives of all but the two re-sparred aircraft had expired and the fleet was retired into storage.<ref name="World Aircraft Information Files"/> Although the joke has been applied to several aircraft, the Shackleton was often described as "a hundred thousand rivets flying in close formation."<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100503065503/http://www.airstrike.co.za/?p=107 "The Avro Shackelton and The SAAF Museum."]}} ''SAAF Museum,'' 21 February 2010. Retrieved: 16 January 2012.</ref><ref name = "Jones 7">Jones 2002, p. 7.</ref>

==Accidents and incidents==
{{Main|List of accidents and incidents involving the Avro Shackleton}}

==Variants==

===Avro 696 Shackleton prototypes===
Three prototype Type 696s were ordered in May 1947 to meet specification R 5/46:
;VW126
:The first prototype which initially flew on 9 March 1949.<ref name="aero01">{{cite journal|journal=Aeromilitaria|title=Avro Shackleton MR.Mk1, MR.Mk.1A and T.Mk.4 in Royal Air Force Service|year=1975|issue=1|publisher=[[Air-Britain]]}}</ref>
;VW131
:First flown on 2 September 1949.
;VW135
:First flown on 29 March 1950.

===Avro 696 Shackleton Mk.1===
;Shackleton MR.Mk.1
:The first production model for the RAF with a dorsal twin 20 mm cannon turret, 29-built.<ref name="aero01" /> First production aircraft flew on 28 March 1950 and the variant entered service with 120 Squadron at RAF Kinloss in March 1951.<ref name="aero01" />
;Shackleton MR.Mk.1A
:Variant powered by four Griffon 57A V12 piston engines, in service from April 1951, 47-built and all surviving MR.1s converted.<ref name="aero01" />
;Shackleton T.4
:Navigation trainer conversion from MR 1As between 1956 and 1961, mid-upper turret and crew rest area removed, additional radar and radio positions for trainees added, 17 conversions.<ref name="aero01" />

===Avro 696 Shackleton Mk.2===
The Mark 2 had a longer nose and the radome was moved to the ventral position. A lookout position was added to the tail, two more 20&nbsp;mm cannons were added in the nose, and twin retractable tailwheels were fitted. One aircraft, WB833, originally ordered as an MR.1 was built as an MR.2 prototype and first flew on 17 June 1952.<ref name="aero76">{{cite journal|journal=Aeromilitaria|title=Avro Shackleton MR.2 in Royal Air Force Service|year=1976|issue=4/76|publisher=[[Air-Britain]]}}</ref> The last ten MR.1s on the production line were completed as MR.2s and orders for 80 new-build aircraft were placed; the last 21 were completed as MR.3s, the total number of MR.2s built being 69.<ref name="aero75" /> The first aircraft entered service with [[No. 42 Squadron RAF|42 Squadron]] at [[RAF St Eval]] in January 1953.<ref name="aero75" />

Mk.2s were later modified in parallel with phased modifications to the Mk.3:<ref name="howard">Howard (1972)</ref>

MR.Mk.2 Phase 1 or MR.Mk.2C: as per Mk.3 Phase 1.<ref name="aero76" /> Also received the sonics plotting table from the Mk.3.

MR.Mk.2 Phase 2: as per Mk.3 Phase 2.<ref name="aero76" />

MR.Mk.2 Phase 3: as per Mk.3 Phase 3, except that the Viper engines were not fitted.<ref name="aero76" />

'''Shackleton T.2'''
Ten MR 2 Phase 3 aircraft were modified in 1967 as T.2s at Langar to replace the T.4s with the Maritime Operational Training Units as radar trainers, with master and slave radar positions for training installed.<ref name="aero76" />

'''Shackleton AEW.2'''
In 1971 twelve MR.2s were converted at Woodford and Bitteswell as Airborne Early Warning aircraft, being fitted with  [[AN/APS-20]] radar in order to perform the [[Airborne early warning and control|Airborne Early Warning]] role. The first AEW.2 flew on 30 September 1971 and the type entered service with [[No. 8 Squadron RAF|8 Squadron]] on 1 January 1972.<ref name="aero76" /> The AEW.2 was retired on 1 July 1991.{{sfn|March|1992|p=75}}

===Avro 716 Shackleton Mk.3===
[[File:Shackleton-WR974-295.jpg|thumb|MR3 on display in 2008]]
Shackleton MR.Mk.3
Tailwheel undercarriage replaced by a tricycle undercarriage, nose entrance hatch added and wingtip tanks fitted to increase fuel capacity.<ref name="aero75" /> To increase crew comfort the inside was sound proofed, better crew seats were fitted and the tactical team positions rearranged.<ref name="aero75" />  To make room for some of the internal rearrangement the dorsal turret was deleted.<ref name="aero75" /> The first MR.3 flew on 2 September 1955; the aircraft had problems with stalling characteristics and crashed on 7 December 1956.<ref name="aero75" /> The variant entered service with 220 Squadron at RAF St Eval in August 1957.<ref name="aero75" /> The RAF ordered 52 aircraft but later, following the 1956 Defence Review, the order was reduced to 33 aircraft.<ref name="aero75" /> An additional aircraft was also built to replace the aircraft lost during stalling trials.<ref name="aero75" /> An additional eight aircraft were exported to [[South Africa]].

The aircraft underwent several phased modifications:

The Phase 1 update introduced changes mainly to the internal equipment.<ref name="aero75">{{cite journal|journal=Aeromilitaria|title=Avro Shackleton MR.3 in Royal Air Force Service|year=1975|issue=2/75|publisher=[[Air-Britain]]}}</ref>

The {{anchor|Shackleton MR.Mk.3 Phase 2}} Phase 2 update introduced [[electronic countermeasure|ECM]] equipment, the distinctive [[Orange Harvest]] 'spark plug' [[Electronic warfare support measures|ESM]] aerial and an improved High Frequency radio.<ref name="aero75" />
[[File:Avro Shackleton XF708 left wing engines from rear 1992.jpg|thumb|right|MR.3 XF708 left wing showing outer engine nacelle (left) with propellers at front and Viper turbojet exhaust at rear. Compare with inner nacelle.]]

The Phase 3 update introduced two [[Armstrong Siddeley Viper]] turbojet engines at the rear of the outboard engine nacelles to be used for assisted takeoff. The wing main spars had to be strengthened due to the additional engines. A new navigation system was also fitted and there were some modification to the internal arrangement, including a shorter crew rest area to give more room for the tactical positions.<ref name="aero75" /><ref name="jeff 103">Jefford et al. 2005, p. 103.</ref>

===Projected designs===
;Avro 717 and 719 Shackleton MR.Mk.4
:Project for a re-engined MR.Mk.1 using [[Napier Nomad]] engines. Two Nomads were installed in the outer nacelles of a Shackleton prototype to create the only Avro 717 example, but the program was cancelled before the aircraft could be flown. The Avro 719 would have replaced all four Griffons with Nomads.<ref name="howard" />

;Shackleton MR.Mk.5
:MR.Mk.5 was a suggested designation for a Nomad-powered variant of the Mk.2.<ref name="howard" />

==Operators==
[[File:SAAF-Avro Shackleton-001.jpg|thumb|Retired ''SAAF 1721 N'', on permanent display at [[AFB Swartkop|Swartkop]]]]
[[File:Bomb Aimer Window-Avro Shackleton-001.jpg|thumb|upright|Bomb aimer's position and [[Low Level Bombsight, Mark III|bombsight]] on ''SAAF 1721 N'']]

;{{flag|South Africa|1928}}:
*[[South African Air Force]]
**[[35 Squadron SAAF]] received eight aircraft.
;{{UK}}:
*[[Royal Aircraft Establishment]] – Purchased a MR.3 in 1959.<ref name="aero75" />
*[[Royal Air Force]]
**[[No. 8 Squadron RAF]] – Formed in 1972 to operate the AEW.2 at [[RAF Kinloss]], moved to [[RAF Lossiemouth]] in 1973.<ref name="aero75" />
**[[No. 37 Squadron RAF]] – 1953–67, converted to the MR2 from the Lancaster GR3 at [[RAF Luqa]], moved to [[RAF Khormaksar]] in 1957, disbanded in 1967.<ref>Jefford 1988, p. 37.</ref>
**[[No. 38 Squadron RAF]] – 1953–67, converted to the MR2 from the Lancaster GR3 at [[RAF Luqa]], moved to [[RAF Hal Far]] in 1965, disbanded in 1967.<ref>Jefford 1988, p. 38.</ref>
**[[No. 42 Squadron RAF]] – 1952–71, formed at [[RAF St Eval]] with the MR1A (1952–54) and the MR2 (from 1953), moved to [[RAF St Mawgan]] in 1958, converted to the MR3 in 1965–66, converted to the Nimrod MR1 in 1971.<ref>Jefford 1988, p. 39.</ref>
**[[No. 120 Squadron RAF]] – 1951–71, converted to the MR1 from the Lancaster GR3 in 1951 at [[RAF Kinloss]], moved to [[RAF Aldergrove]] in 1952, converted to the MR2 in 1953 and the MR3 in 1958, moved to [[RAF Kinloss]] in 1959, converted to the Nimrod MR1 in 1970.<ref>Jefford 1988, p. 58.</ref>
**[[No. 201 Squadron RAF]] – 1958–70, re-numbered from 220 Squadron in 1958 operating the MR3 at [[RAF St Mawgan]], moved to [[RAF Kinloss]] in 1965, converted to Nimrod MR1 in 1970.<ref>Jefford 1988, p. 67.</ref>
**[[No. 203 Squadron RAF]]- 1958–71, re-numbered from 240 Squadron at [[RAF Ballykelly]] in 1958 with the MR1A and MR3, converted to the MR2 in 1962 and back to the MR3 in 1966, moved to [[RAF Luqa]] in 1969, converted to Nimrod MR1 in 1971.<ref name="jefford68">Jefford 1988, p. 68.</ref>
**[[No. 204 Squadron RAF]] – 1954–71, formed at [[RAF Ballykelly]] with the MR2, also operated the MR1A (1958–60), and the MR2C (1959–71), disbanded in April 1971 and reformed at [[RAF Honington]] on the same day from the Majunga Detachment Support Unit with the MR2C, detachments to Majunga, Tengah and Masirah, disbanded in 1972.<ref name="jefford68" />
**[[No. 205 Squadron RAF]] – 1958–71, converted to the MR1 from the Sunderland GR5 at [[RAF Changi]], converted to the MR2C in 1962, disbanded in 1971.<ref name="jefford68" />
**[[No. 206 Squadron RAF]] – 1952–70, formed at [[RAF St Eval]] with the MR1A, also operated the MR2 from 1953 to 1954, moved to [[RAF St Mawgan]] in 1958 and converted to the MR3, moved to [[RAF Kinloss]] in 1965, converted to the Nimrod MR1 in 1970.<ref>Jefford 1988, p. 69.</ref>
**[[No. 210 Squadron RAF]] – 1958–71, re-numbered from 269 Squadron with the MR2 at [[RAF Ballykelly]], disbanded in 1970, reformed the next day at [[RAF Sharjah]], disbanded in November 1971.<ref>Jefford 1988, p. 70.</ref>
**[[No. 220 Squadron RAF]] – 1951–1958, formed at [[RAF Kinloss]] with the MR1A, moved to [[RAF St Eval]] in  1951, also operated the MR2 (1953–54), moved to [[RAF St Mawgan]] in 1956, operated the MR2 (1957) and the MR3 (1957–58), renumbered 201 Squadron in October 1958.<ref>Jefford 1988, p. 72.</ref>
**[[No. 224 Squadron RAF]] – 1951–66, converted to the MR1 from the Halifax GR6 at [[RAF Gibraltar]], converted to the MR2 in 1953, disbanded in 1966.<ref>Jefford 1988, p. 73.</ref>
**[[No. 228 Squadron RAF]] – 1954–59, formed with the MR2 from elements of 206 Squadron at [[RAF St Eval]], moved to [[RAF St Mawgan]] in 1956, moved back to [[RAF St Eval]] in 1958, disbanded in 1959.<ref>Jefford 1988, p. 74.</ref>
**[[No. 240 Squadron RAF]] – 1952–1958, formed with the MR1 from elements of 120 Squadron at [[RAF Aldergrove]], moved to [[RAF St Eval]] in 1952 for a few months before moving to [[RAF Ballykelly]], operated the MR2 from 1953 to 1954, renumbered 203 Squadron in 1958.<ref>Jefford 1988, p. 76.</ref>
**[[No. 269 Squadron RAF]] – 1952–58, formed with the MR1 from elements of 224 Squadron at [[RAF Gibraltar]], moved to [[RAF Ballykelly]] in 1952, also operated the MR2 (1953–54), also operated the MR2 in 1958 as they were renumbered 210 Squadron.<ref>Jefford 1988, p. 81.</ref> 
** [[No. 236 Operational Conversion Unit RAF]] – 1951–56, received the first MR.1s in 1951 at [[RAF Kinloss]], redesignated the Maritime Operational Training Unit in 1956.<ref name="aero01" /> 
** Maritime Operational Training Unit, RAF – Redesignated from 236 OCU in 1956 with 15 MR.1As, the MR.1As were slowly replaced by T.4s, moved to [[RAF St Mawgan]] in 1965, the last T.4 was replaced by a T.2 in 1968.<ref name="aero01" />
** [[Air-Sea Warfare Development Unit RAF]] – 1951–60 at [[RAF St. Mawgan]]<ref>Avro(Hawker Siddeley) Shackleton Mks 1 to 4, Peter J. Howard, Profile Publications Limited, p.196</ref> and [[RAF Ballykelly]].<ref name="aero01" />
** Joint Anti-submarine School – Operated the MR.2 between 1954 and 1957 at [[RAF Ballykelly]].<ref name="aero75" />

==Survivors==
[[File:Avro Shackleton Mk.3 SAAF.jpg|thumb|''SAAF 1722 P'', the last flying Shackleton MR.3]]
[[File:Shackleton AEW.JPG|thumb|A Shackleton AEW.2 on display at the [[Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester|Science and Industry Museum in Manchester]]]]
A complete list is available here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegrowler.org.uk/avroshackleton/surviving-avro-shackletons.htm|title=The Shackleton Association - Surviving Avro Shackletons|website=Thegrowler.org.uk|access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref>

===Cyprus===
;Stored or under restoration
*AEW.2 ''WL747'' stands abandoned at the western end of runway 11/29 at [[Paphos International Airport]], Cyprus.<ref name="AvClassics24-Survivors2">{{cite book|title=Avro Shackleton – The Grey Lady|last=Calloway|first=Tim|date=29 August 2014|publisher=Aviation Classics|series=Aviation Classics|location=Lincolnshire, UK|pages=126–128|issue=24}}</ref>
*MR/T.2 ''WR967'' 'Dodo' Ex Crew Trainer. Paphos dump.
*[https://nic-project.com/virtual-tours/avro-shackleton?media-index=3 MR3 ''XF700'' Nicosia dump].

===South Africa===
;On display
*SAAF 1721 on display at the South African Air Force Museum, [[AFB Swartkop|Swartkop]].<ref name="AvClassics24-Survivors2"/><ref>[http://www.af.mil.za/news/2006/174.htm "SAAF Museum Shackleton 1721 shining bright."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150440/http://www.af.mil.za/news/2006/174.htm |date=13 April 2014 }} ''af.mil.za'', Retrieved: 12 April 2014.</ref>
*SAAF 1722 commonly known as 'Pelican 22' was the last airworthy Shackleton MR.3. The aircraft is owned by the [[South African Air Force Museum]] based at [[AFB Ysterplaat]]. It was one of eight Shackletons operated by the [[South African Air Force]] from 1957 to 1984. Airworthy but has been grounded for safety and preservation reasons as well as for a lack of qualified crew.<ref>Teale, Chris [http://www.af.mil.za/news/2007/126.htm "Shackleton 1722 Video Launch."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723064417/http://www.af.mil.za/news/2007/126.htm |date=23 July 2011 }} ''af.mil.za'', 28 June 2007.</ref><ref name="AvClassics24-Survivors2"/>
*SAAF 1723 at Vic's Viking Garage, next to the Golden Highway, [[Meredale]], [[Johannesburg]].<ref name="AvClassics24-Survivors2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.howzit.co.za/|title=Howzit FREE Classifieds, South Africa|website=Howzit.co.za|access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref><ref>[http://www.saamuseum.co.za/our-aircraft/74.html "Vickers Viking VC1A."] ''Saamuseum.co.za'', Retrieved: 12 April 2014.</ref>

===United Kingdom===
[[File:Shackleton-WR974-313.jpg|MR.3 at the Gatwick Aviation Museum|thumb|right]]
;Stored or under restoration
*MR.2 ''WR963'', formerly located at [[Coventry Airport]]; engines could be run on this airframe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMoPckx3KIE|title=Avro Shackleton W963 & de Havilland Vampire W2507 Engine runs live!|access-date=19 April 2022|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Aircraft is being relocated to [[Yorkshire Air Museum]] at [[Elvington, North Yorkshire|Elvington]] near [[York]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibbotson |first=Jerry |date=2024-02-02 |title=Shackleton WR963 Update by Graham Buckle |url=https://yorkshireairmuseum.org/shackleton-wr963-update-by-graham-buckle/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Yorkshire Air Museum |language=en-GB}}</ref>
;On display
*MR.1 ''VP293'' Nose section: owned by Norman Thelwell and on loan to the Shackleton Aviation Group.
*MR.1 ''WG511'' Fuselage: Cornwall Aero Park, Helston.
*MR.2 ''WL756'' Forward nose at Caernafon, N.Wales.
*MR.2 ''WL795'' at [[RAF St. Mawgan]], [[England]].<ref name="AvClassics24-Survivors2"/><ref>[http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafstmawgan/rafcms/mediafiles/999C5E1B_5056_A318_A88ECCCD6DAA03E5.pdf "Exploring Royal Air Force History."] ''Royal Air Force'',  Retrieved: 12 April 2014.</ref>
*AEW.2 ''WR960'' at the Avro Heritage Museum in Woodford. (Following the closure of the MOSI Air & Space Hall in Manchester)
*MR.3 ''WR971'' at Fuselage section: Fenland and West Norfolk Aviation Museum, Wisbech Cambs.
*MR.3 ''WR974'' at South Wales Aviation Museum, St. Athan, Glamorgan.
*MR.3 ''WR977'' at [[Newark Air Museum]], England.<ref name="AvClassics24-Survivors2"/><ref>[http://www.newarkairmuseum.org/aircraft_list.html "Aircraft list."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228141108/http://www.newarkairmuseum.org/aircraft_list.html |date=28 December 2013 }} ''Newark Air Museum'', Retrieved: 12 April 2014.</ref>
*MR.3 ''WR982'' at [[Gatwick Aviation Museum]], England. Engines can be run on this airframe.<ref name="AvClassics24-Survivors2"/><ref name="gatwick">[http://www.gatwick-aviation-museum.co.uk/shack/shack.html "Avro Shackleton Mk3 PH3."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406205550/http://www.gatwick-aviation-museum.co.uk/shack/shack.html |date=6 April 2014 }} ''gatwick-aviation-museum.co.uk'', Retrieved: 12 April 2014.</ref>
*MR.3 ''WR985'' at Long Marston Airfield, Warwickshire (derelict).
*MR.3 ''XF708'' at the [[Imperial War Museum Duxford|Imperial War Museum]], Duxford, England.<ref name="AvClassics24-Survivors2"/>

===Western Sahara===
[[File:SAAF Avro Shackleton MR3 Shevelev-2.jpg|thumb|''SAAF 1716 J'' ('Pelican 16'), crashed in the Sahara in 1994]]
* SAAF 1716 J ''Pelican 16'' in the Sahara Desert ({{coord|22.630489|-13.237356}}) approximately 2 hours from [[Zouérat]], where it crashed while en route to [[IWM Duxford]] for preservation on July 13, 1994. The airframe sustained moderate damage during the accident but remained intact, and has remained in place at the crash site to the present day. All 19 of the aircraft's crew survived the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dickens |first=Peter |date=2016-01-23 |title=The sad fate of Pelican 16 |url=https://samilhistory.com/2016/01/23/the-sad-fate-of-pelican-16/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=The Observation Post |language=en}}</ref>

===United States===
;On display
*AEW.2 ''WL790'' (N790WL) at [[Pima Air & Space Museum]], Tucson, Arizona, USA.<ref name="AvClassics24-Survivors2" /><ref>[http://www.pimaair.org/visit/aircraft-by-name/item/avro-aew-2-shackleton "Shackleton."] ''Pima Air & Space Museum'', Retrieved: 12 April 2014.</ref>

==Specifications==
[[File:Avro Shackleton.svg|350px|right|Orthographic projection of the Avro Shackleton MR Mk 1A, with profile views of all the other major variants]]
[[File:SAAF-Avro Shackleton-003.jpg|thumb|Head on view. Note the two nose-mounted [[Hispano-Suiza HS.404|20 mm Hispano cannon]]s]]
[[File:Avro Shackleton Bomb Bay-001.jpg|thumb|Interior of a Shackleton's [[bomb bay]]]]
{{External media|topic= |width=20% |float=right |video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elENLa01XHA 1990s documentary on the Avro Shackleton] |video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycwCSOWb9iA Engine run of a preserved Shackleton] |video3=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4HJIVs3qOa4 Shackleton displaying at RAF Cosford, 1991]}}
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Flight International,<ref name = "flight 614">''Flight'' 18 May 1950, p. 614.</ref> Jones<ref name="jones 108">Jones 2002, p. 108.</ref>
|prime units?=kts
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|crew=10
|length ft=87
|length in=4
|length note=
|span ft=120
|span in=
|span note=
|height ft=17
|height in=6
|height note=
|wing area sqft=1421
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil='''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA]] 23018 modified; '''tip:''' NACA 23012<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>
|empty weight lb=51400
|empty weight note=
|gross weight lb=
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight lb=86000
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity={{cvt|4258|impgal|USgal l}}
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=4
|eng1 name=[[Rolls-Royce Griffon|Rolls-Royce Griffon 57]]
|eng1 type=V-12 liquid-cooled piston engines
|eng1 hp=1960
|eng1 note=

|prop blade number=6
|prop name=[[de Havilland Propellers]]
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia ft=13
|prop dia in=4
|prop dia note= contra-rotating fully feathering constant-speed propellers
<!--
        Performance
-->
|max speed kts=260
|max speed note=
|cruise speed kts=
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kts=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kts=
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed kts=
|minimum control speed note=
|range nmi=1950
|range note=
|combat range nmi=
|combat range note=
|ferry range nmi=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=14 hours 36 minutes
|ceiling ft=20200
|ceiling note=
|climb rate ftmin=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|wing loading lb/sqft=61
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|power/mass={{cvt|0.091|hp/lb}}
|more performance=<!--<br />
*'''Take-off run:''' {{cvt||ft|0}}
*'''Take-off distance to {{cvt|50|ft|0}}:''' {{cvt||ft|0}}
*'''Landing run:''' {{cvt||ft|0}}
*'''Landing distance from {{cvt|50|ft|0}}:''' {{cvt||ft|0}}-->
<!--
        Armament
-->
|guns=2 × 20 mm [[Hispano-Suiza HS.404|Hispano Mark V]] cannon in the nose
|bombs=10,000 lb (4,536 kg) of bombs, torpedoes, mines, or conventional or nuclear depth charges, such as the [[Mk 101 Lulu]]

|avionics=
*[[air-to-surface-vessel radar|ASV radar]]
*Sonobuoys
*ESM ([[Orange Harvest]])
*Submarine detection equipment (various)
*Navigation avionics
*Blue Silk Doppler
*Tacan
*Radio compass
*Zero reader
*GPI MK4
*GM7 compass
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent
|related=
*[[Avro Lancaster]]
*[[Avro Lincoln]]
|similar aircraft=
*[[Bréguet 1150 Atlantic]]
*[[Canadair CP-107 Argus]]
*[[Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer]]
*[[Lockheed P-2 Neptune]]
*[[Lockheed P-3 Orion]]
*[[Tupolev Tu-95]]
|lists=
*[[List of accidents and incidents involving the Avro Shackleton]]
*[[List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force]]
*[[List of aircraft of the South African Air Force]]
}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=N}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Ashworth, Chris. ''Avro's Maritime Heavyweight: The Shackleton'',  Aston Publications Limited 1990, {{ISBN|0 946627 16 9}}.
* Buttler, Tony. ''British Secret Projects: Fighters and Bombers 1935–1950'' (British Secret Projects 3). Hinckley, Lancastershire, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-85780-179-8}}.
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1950/1950%20-%200953.html "Shackleton: The New Avro General Reconnaissance Aircraft for Coastal Command".] ''Flight International'', 18 May 1950.
* Harlin, E.A. and G.A. Jenks. ''Avro: An Aircraft Album''. Shepperton, Middlesex, UK: Ian Allan, 1973. {{ISBN|978-0-71100-342-2}}.
* Holmes, Harry. ''Avro: The History of an Aircraft Company''. Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press, 2004. {{ISBN|1-86126-651-0}}.
* Howard, Peter J. ''Aircraft Profile 243: Avro (Hawker Siddeley) Shackleton Mks 1 to 4'', Windsor, Berkshire, UK:. Profile Publications Ltd., 1972. (Republished in compilation edition: ''Aircraft in Profile, Volume 13'', 1973, pp.&nbsp;193–217. {{ISBN|0-85383-022-3}}.)
* Jackson, Aubrey J. ''Avro Aircraft since 1908''. London: Putnam, 1965. {{ISBN|0-85177-797-X}}.
* Jefford, C.G (ed.). [http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/Research/RAF-Historical-Society-Journals/Journal-33-Seminar-Maritime-Operations.pdf "Seminar – Maritime Operations."] ''Royal Air Force Historical Society'', 2005. {{ISSN|1361-4231}}.
*Jefford, C G. ''RAF Squadrons'', first edition 1988, Airlife Publishing, UK, {{ISBN|1 85310 053 6}}.
* Jones, Barry. ''Avro Shackleton''. Crowood Press, 2002. {{ISBN|1-86126-449-6}}.
*{{cite book |last1=March|first1=P.|title=Royal Air Force Yearbook 1992|year=1992|publisher= Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund|location=[[Fairford]], UK}}
* Tyack, Bill "Maritime Patrol in the Piston Engine Era" ''Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal'' '''33''', 2005 {{issn|1361-4231}}
* ''World Aircraft Information Files,'' File # 023. London: Bright Star Publishing Ltd, 1997. 
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Calloway |first=Tim |date=29 August 2014 |title=Avro Shackleton – The Grey Lady |url=http://www.aviationclassics.co.uk/news/avro-s-shackleton-the-last-of-a-breed |location=Lincolnshire, UK |publisher=Aviation Classics |series=Aviation Classics |issue=24 |access-date=25 October 2014 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025041144/http://www.aviationclassics.co.uk/news/avro-s-shackleton-the-last-of-a-breed |archive-date=25 October 2014  }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Avro Shackleton}}
*[http://www.shackletonassociation.org.uk/ The Shackleton Association]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051119175605/http://www.aircraft.co.za/Encyclopedia/A/98.php Aircraft.co.za – Avro Shackleton]
*[http://www.avroshackleton.co.uk Website of Shackleton WR963]
*[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1989/1989%20-%203944.html Shackletons: Thunder Across the Bay]

{{Avro aircraft}}
{{Avro Lancaster family}}
{{British military aircraft since World War II}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Avro Shackleton| ]]
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