View source for Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

{{Short description|1989–2019 autonomous region of the Philippines}}
{{hatnote group|
{{redirect|ARMM|the program to aid in the control of Usenet abuse|ARMM (Usenet)}}
{{for|its successor|Bangsamoro}}
}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox Former Subdivision
| conventional_long_name = Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
| native_name = {{native name|fil|Rehiyong Awtonomo ng Muslim Mindanao}}<br/>{{native name|ar| الحكم الذاتي الاقليمي لمسلمي مندناو }}
| common_name = ARMM
| nation = Philippines
| status_text = Former [[Autonomous regions of the Philippines|autonomous region]] of the Philippines
| subdivision = Region
| era =
| date_start = November 17
| year_start = 1989
| event_start = [[1989 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao creation plebiscite|Creation plebiscite]]
|event1                 = Inauguration
|date_event1            = November 6, 1990
| event_end = Turnover of ARMM to [[Bangsamoro|BARMM]]
| date_end = February 26,
| year_end = 2019
| life_span =
|Government             = [[Autonomous administrative division|Autonomous government]]
|government_type        = 
|legislature = [[ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly|Regional Legislative Assembly]]
|title_leader           = [[Governor of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao|Regional governor]]
|title_deputy           = 
|leader1                = [[Zacaria Candao]] (first)
|year_leader1           = 1990–1993
|leader2                = [[Mujiv Hataman]] (last)
|year_leader2           = 2011–2019
| p1 = Zamboanga Peninsula{{!}}Western Mindanao
| p2 = Soccsksargen{{!}}Central Mindanao
| s1 = Bangsamoro
| flag_s1 =Flag of Bangsamoro.svg
| image_flag = Flag of ARMM.svg
| image_coat = ARMM seal.svg
| image_map = {{PH wikidata|image_map}}
| symbol_type = [[Seal of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao|Seal]]
| image_map_caption = Location within the&nbsp;Philippines
| stat_area1 = 
| stat_year1 = 2015{{PH census|2015|ARMM}}
| stat_pop1 = 3,781,387
| capital = [[Cotabato City]] <small>(provisional and ''de facto'' seat of government)</small><br />[[Parang, Maguindanao|Parang]] <small>(''de jure'' seat of government, 1995–2001)</small><ref name=mmaa42>{{cite web|url=http://rla-armmgov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/MMAA-42.pdf|title=An Act Fixing the Permanent Seat of Government for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao at the Municipality of Parang, Province of Maguindanao|date=September 22, 1995|author=Regional Legislative Assembly of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao|access-date=August 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829043120/http://rla-armmgov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/MMAA-42.pdf|archive-date=August 29, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| political_subdiv = {{Collapsible list
 | titlestyle = padding-right:3em;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;background-color:WhiteSmoke;
 | title = 5&nbsp;provinces
 | bullets = true
 | [[Basilan]] (except [[Isabela, Basilan|Isabela&nbsp;City]])
 | [[Lanao del Sur]]
 | [[Maguindanao]]
 | [[Sulu]]
 | [[Tawi-Tawi]]
}}
| demonym =
}}

The '''Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao''' ({{langx|fil|Rehiyong Awtonomo ng Muslim Mindanao}}; {{langx|ar|الحكم الذاتي الاقليمي لمسلمي مندناو}} ''Al-ḥukm adh-dhātī al-'iqlīmī li-muslimī Mindanāu'';<ref>{{cite web| url = http://armm.gov.ph/armm-content/uploads/2013/06/ARMM-letterhead-issuances.jpg| publisher = Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao| access-date = April 16, 2016| title = Official Issuances| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140605172426/http://armm.gov.ph/armm-content/uploads/2013/06/ARMM-letterhead-issuances.jpg| archive-date = June 5, 2014| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://kwf.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Mga-ng-Pangalan-Tanggapan-sa-Filipino2.pdf|title=Mga Pangalan ng Tanggapan ng Pamahalaan sa Filipino – Edisyong 2013|date=2013|editor-last=Narvaez|editor-first=Eilene Antoinette G.|editor2-last=Macaranas|editor2-first=Edgardo M.|website=kwf.org.ph|publisher=[[Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino]]|page=38|language=fil, en|isbn=978-971-0197-22-4|access-date=January 24, 2019|archive-date=March 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329025354/http://kwf.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Mga-ng-Pangalan-Tanggapan-sa-Filipino2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''ARMM''') was an [[Autonomous regions of the Philippines|autonomous region of the Philippines]], located in the [[Mindanao]] [[Island groups of the Philippines|island group]] of the Philippines, that consisted of five predominantly [[Islam in the Philippines|Muslim]] [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]]: [[Basilan]] (except [[Isabela, Basilan|Isabela City]]), [[Lanao del Sur]], [[Maguindanao]], [[Sulu]], and [[Tawi-Tawi]]. It was the only [[Regions of the Philippines|region]] that had its own government. The region's ''[[de facto]]'' seat of government was [[Cotabato City]], although this [[Cities of the Philippines#Independent cities|self-governing city]] was outside its jurisdiction.

The ARMM included the province of [[Shariff Kabunsuan]] from its creation in 2006 until July 16, 2008, when Shariff Kabunsuan ceased to exist as a province after the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines]] declared the "Muslim Mindanao Autonomy Act 201", which created it, unconstitutional in ''[[Sema v. COMELEC and Dilangalen]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/07/17/08/supreme-court-voids-creation-shariff-kabunsuan |title=Supreme Court voids creation of Shariff Kabunsuan |last=Llanto |first=Jesus F. |date=July 17, 2008 |work=ABS-CBN News}}</ref>

On October 7, 2012, [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Benigno Aquino III]] said that the government aimed to have peace in the autonomous region and that it would become known as the [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/10/07/12/govt-reaches-deal-milf |title=Govt reaches deal with MILF to end rebellion |last=Pedrasa |first=Ira |date=October 7, 2012 |work=ABS-CBN News |access-date=February 7, 2015}}</ref> a [[compound (linguistics)|compound]] of ''bangsa'' (nation) and ''[[Moro people|Moro]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theguidon.com/1112/main/2013/02/the-bangsamoro-reframes-the-muslim-filipino-identity/ |title=The Bangsamoro reframes the Muslim-Filipino identity |last=Oliveros |first=Renato T. |date=February 8, 2013 |website=The Guidon |access-date=April 13, 2015}}</ref> On July 26, 2018, Aquino's successor, President [[Rodrigo Duterte]], signed the [[Bangsamoro Organic Law]] (BOL), which paved the way for the establishment of a new autonomous political entity in the area, the [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]] (BARMM).<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/26/18/duterte-signs-bangsamoro-law |title=Duterte signs Bangsamoro law |date=July 26, 2018 |work=ABS-CBN News |access-date=July 26, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/07/26/Duterte-signs-Bangsamoro-Organic-Law.html |title=Duterte signs Bangsamoro Organic Law |date=July 26, 2018 |work=CNN Philippines |access-date=July 26, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=July 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726201613/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/07/26/Duterte-signs-Bangsamoro-Organic-Law.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

ARMM was nominally disestablished after the ratification of BOL and will be effectively replaced by the BARMM upon the constitution of the [[Bangsamoro Transition Authority]], an interim government for the region.<ref name=appointments>{{cite news |last1=Arguillas |first1=Carolyn |title=Appointments to Bangsamoro transition body out after Feb. 6 plebiscite |url=https://www.mindanews.com/peace-process/2019/02/appointments-to-bangsamoro-transition-body-out-after-feb-6-plebiscite/ |access-date=February 2, 2019 |work=MindaNews |date=February 2, 2019}}</ref> The law was  "deemed ratified" on January 25, 2019, following the January 21 [[2019 Bangsamoro Autonomous Region creation plebiscite|plebiscite]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/01/26/comelec-ratifies-bol/|title=Comelec ratifies Bangsamoro Organic Law|website=BusinessMirror|date=January 26, 2019|language=en-US|access-date=February 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/yes-vote-prevails-in-4-of-5-provinces/500640/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010357/https://www.manilatimes.net/yes-vote-prevails-in-4-of-5-provinces/500640/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 23, 2019 |title='Yes' vote prevails in 4 of 5 provinces |last1=Depasupil |first1=William |date=January 23, 2019 |work=The Manila Times |access-date=January 26, 2019 |last2=Reyes |first2=Dempsey }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1076036/zubiri-overwhelming-yes-vote-for-bol-shows-mindanao-shedding-its-history-of-conflict |title=Zubiri: Overwhelming 'yes' vote for BOL shows Mindanao shedding its history of conflict |last=Galvez |first=Daphne |date=January 22, 2019 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |access-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref>

==Geography==
The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) was situated in mainland [[Mindanao]] in the southern Philippines and was created by virtue of the Republic Act No. 6734 which signed into law by President [[Corazon Aquino]] on August 1, 1989. The plebiscite was conducted in the proposed area of ARMM on November 17, 1989, in the provinces of [[Maguindanao]], [[Lanao del Sur]], [[Sulu]], and [[Tawi-Tawi]].

The region was strengthened and expanded through the ratification of Republic Act No. 9054, amending for the purpose of Republic Act No. 6734, entitled "An Act Providing for the ARMM" as amended in September 2001. The plebiscite paved the way for the inclusion of the province of [[Basilan]] and the city of [[Marawi]] as part of ARMM.

==History==
For the most part of [[Philippines]]' history, the region and most of [[Mindanao]] have been a separate territory, which enabled it to develop its own culture and identity. The region has been the traditional homeland of [[Islam in the Philippines|Muslim Filipinos]] since the 15th century, even before the arrival of the [[Spain|Spanish]], who began to colonize most of the Philippines in 1565. [[Muslim]] missionaries arrived in [[Tawi-Tawi]] in 1380 and started living in the area and the conversion of the native population to [[Islam]]. In 1457, the [[Sultanate of Sulu]] was founded, and not long after that, the sultanates of [[Sultanate of Maguindanao|Maguindanao]] and [[Sultanate of Buayan|Buayan]] were also established. At the time when most of the Philippines was under [[Spanish Empire|Spanish rule]], these [[sultanate]]s maintained their independence and regularly challenged Spanish domination of the Philippines by conducting raids on Spanish coastal towns in the north and repulsing repeated Spanish incursions in their territory. It was not until the last quarter of the 19th century that the Sultanate of Sulu formally recognized Spanish [[suzerainty]], but these areas remained loosely controlled by the Spanish as their sovereignty was limited to military stations and garrisons and pockets of civilian settlements in Zamboanga and [[Cotabato]],<ref>[http://www.philippineupdate.com/frjun.htm Mindanao Peace Process], Fr. Eliseo R. Mercado, Jr., OMI.</ref> until they had to abandon the region as a consequence of their defeat in the [[Spanish–American War]].

The Moros had a history of resistance against Spanish, American, and Japanese rule for over 400 years. The violent armed struggle against the [[Moros during World War II|Japanese]], [[Moro insurgency in the Philippines|Filipinos]], [[Spanish–Moro Wars|Spanish]], and [[Moro Rebellion|Americans]] is considered by current Moro Muslim leaders as part of the four centuries long "national liberation movement" of the Bangsamoro (Moro Nation).<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/1921767/Al_Harakatul_Al_Islamiyyah_Essays_on_the_Abu_Sayyaf_Group_by_Rommel_Banlaoi Banlaoi 2012], p. 24.</ref> The 400-year-long resistance against the Japanese, Americans, and Spanish by the Moro Muslims persisted and morphed into their current war for independence against the Philippine state.<ref>[https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/f54ece77-3d67-4c32-bfaa-02b476a569d8/Maritime-Terrorism-in-Southeast-Asia--The-Abu-Sayy Banlaoi 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210125358/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/f54ece77-3d67-4c32-bfaa-02b476a569d8/Maritime-Terrorism-in-Southeast-Asia--The-Abu-Sayy |date=February 10, 2016 }}, p. 68.</ref>

In 1942, during the early stages of the [[Pacific War]] of the [[World War II|Second World War]], troops of the Japanese Imperial Forces invaded and overran Mindanao, and the native [[Moros during World War II|Moro Muslims waged an insurgency against the Japanese]]. Three years later, in 1945, combined [[United States]] and [[Philippine Commonwealth|Philippine Commonwealth Army]] troops liberated Mindanao, and with the help of local guerrilla units, ultimately defeated the Japanese forces occupying the region.

===Precursors===
In the 1970s, escalating hostilities between government forces and the [[Moro National Liberation Front]] prompted President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] to issue a proclamation forming an Autonomous Region in the Southern Philippines. This was, however, turned down by a [[plebiscite]]. In 1979, Batas Pambansa No. 20 created a Regional Autonomous Government in the Western and Central Mindanao regions.<ref name="gmanews.tv">{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/112847/ARMM-history-and-organization|title=ARMM history and organization|work=GMA News Online|access-date=February 7, 2015}}</ref>

===Establishment of the ARMM===
The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao region was first created on August 1, 1989, through ''Republic Act No. 6734'' (otherwise known as the Organic Act), primarily authored by [[Aquilino Pimentel Jr.]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Non-voting campaigner|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_0tIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hgsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4139%2C4428148|access-date=January 7, 2023|work=[[Manila Standard]]|publisher=Kagitingan Publications, Inc.|date=September 26, 1989|page=10}}</ref> in pursuance with a constitutional mandate to provide for an autonomous area in Muslim Mindanao.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1989/08/01/republic-act-no-6734/|title=Republic Act No. 6734|date=August 1, 1989|work=Official Gazette|publisher=Republic of the Philippines}}</ref> A plebiscite was held in the provinces of [[Basilan]], [[Cotabato]], [[Davao del Sur]], [[Davao Occidental]], [[Lanao del Norte]], [[Lanao del Sur]], [[Maguindanao del Norte]], [[Maguindanao del Sur]], [[Palawan]], [[Sarangani]], [[South Cotabato]], [[Sultan Kudarat]], [[Sulu]], [[Tawi-Tawi]], [[Zamboanga del Norte]], [[Zamboanga del Sur]] and [[Zamboanga Sibugay]]; and in the [[Philippine cities|cities]] of [[Cotabato City|Cotabato]], [[Dapitan]], [[Dipolog]], [[General Santos]], [[Isabela, Basilan|Isabela]], [[Koronadal]], [[Iligan]], [[Marawi]], [[Pagadian]], [[Puerto Princesa]], and [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]] to determine if their residents wished to be part of the ARMM. Of these areas, only six provinces — Basilan (including Isabela City), Lanao del Sur (including Marawi City), Maguindanao del Norte (including Cotabato City), Maguindanao del Sur, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi — voted in favor of inclusion in the new autonomous region. The ARMM was officially inaugurated on November 6, 1990<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unterm.un.org/DGAACS/unterm.nsf/8fa942046ff7601c85256983007ca4d8/7098d74184207a3385256b040066f055?OpenDocument |title=Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=October 12, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015020445/http://unterm.un.org/DGAACS/unterm.nsf/8fa942046ff7601c85256983007ca4d8/7098d74184207a3385256b040066f055?OpenDocument |archive-date=October 15, 2013 }}</ref> in Cotabato City, which was designated as its provisional capital. Muslim Mindanao Autonomy Act No. 42, enacted on September 22, 1995, sought to permanently fix the seat of regional government at [[Parang, Maguindanao del Norte|Parang]] in [[Maguindanao del Norte]], pending the completion of required buildings and infrastructure.<ref name=mmaa42/> However, the move to Parang was never made. Until the passage of Republic Act No. 9054 in 2001, which directed the ARMM Regional Government to once again fix a new permanent seat of government in an area within its jurisdiction,<ref name=ra9054 /> Cotabato City remained the ''de facto'' seat of ARMM's government.

===2001 expansion of the ARMM===
A new law, ''Republic Act No. 9054'', was passed by [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]] on February 7, 2001, with a view to expand the territory and powers of the ARMM by amending the original Organic Act (''R.A. No. 6734'') and calling for a plebiscite to ratify the amendments and confirm which other provinces and cities would like to join the region.<ref name=ra9054>{{cite web|url=http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/ra_11/RA09054.pdf |title=Republic Act No. 9054 – An Act to Strengthen and Expand the Organic Act for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, Amending for the Purpose Republic Act No. 6734, entitled "An Act Providing for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao," as Amended |author=Congress of the Philippines |date=March 31, 2001 |access-date=August 9, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417084451/http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/ra_11/RA09054.pdf |archive-date=April 17, 2016 }}</ref> RA 9054 lapsed into law on March 31, 2001, without the signature of President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]].<ref name=ra9054 /> [[2001 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao expansion and inclusion plebiscite|A plebiscite was held on August 14]] in the provinces of [[Basilan]], [[Cotabato]], [[Davao del Sur]], [[Davao Occidental]], [[Lanao del Norte]], [[Lanao del Sur]], [[Maguindanao del Norte]], [[Maguindanao del Sur]], [[Palawan]], [[Sarangani]], [[South Cotabato]], [[Sultan Kudarat]], [[Sulu (province)|Sulu]], [[Tawi-Tawi]], [[Zamboanga del Norte]], [[Zamboanga del Sur]], and [[Zamboanga Sibugay]], and the cities of [[Cotabato City|Cotabato]], [[Dapitan]], [[Dipolog]], [[General Santos]], [[Iligan]], [[Kidapawan]], [[Marawi]], [[Pagadian]], [[Puerto Princesa]], [[Digos]], [[Koronadal]], [[Tacurong]], and [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]]. In the plebiscite, a majority of votes cast in the original four provinces were in favor of the amendments; outside these areas, only Marawi and the province of Basilan (excluding [[Isabela, Basilan|Isabela City]]) opted to be included in the ARMM.<ref name=ra9054 />

===Creation and disestablishment of Shariff Kabunsuan===
{{main|Shariff Kabunsuan|Sema v. COMELEC and Dilangalen}}
The ARMM's sixth province, [[Shariff Kabunsuan]], was carved out of Maguindanao on October 28, 2006.<ref name=nscb>{{cite web|url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/factsheet/pdf07/fs2_07.asp |title=Did you know that… ARMM now has Six Provinces |date=March 26, 2007 |access-date=August 9, 2016 |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704080448/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/factsheet/pdf07/fs2_07.asp |archive-date=July 4, 2008 }}</ref> However, on July 16, 2008, the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines]] [[Sema v. COMELEC and Dilangalen|voided the creation of Shariff Kabunsuan]], declaring unconstitutional Section 19 in RA 9054 which granted the ARMM Regional Assembly the power to create provinces and cities. The Supreme Court held that only Congress was empowered to create provinces and cities because the creation of such necessarily included the power to create [[Electoral district|legislative districts]], which explicitly under the [[Constitution of the Philippines|Philippine Constitution]] was within the sole prerogative of Congress to establish.<ref name=ABS-CBNNews>{{cite news|last1=Llanto|first1=Jesus F.|title=Supreme Court voids creation of Shariff Kabunsuan|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/07/16/08/supreme-court-voids-creation-shariff-kabunsuan|access-date=January 27, 2016|publisher=ABS-CBN News|date=July 16, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127232013/http://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/07/16/08/supreme-court-voids-creation-shariff-kabunsuan|archive-date=January 27, 2016}}</ref>

===Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain===
On July 18, 2008, [[Hermogenes Esperon]], peace advisor to then President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]], in his talks with [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]] rebels in [[Malaysia]], revealed the planned expansion of the region.<ref name=bbc/> The deal, negotiated in secret talks with the MILF and subject to approval, would give the ARMM control of an additional 712 villages on the south west portion of Mindanao, as well as broader political and economic powers.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7512401.stm | work=BBC News | title=Philippines Muslim area to expand | date=July 17, 2008 | access-date=April 26, 2010}}</ref>

Massive protests,{{Citation needed lead|date=February 2011}} however, greeted the move of the Philippine government and MILF panels in signing a Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain as a majority of the local government units where these barangays are connected have already opted not to join the ARMM in two instances, 1989 and 2001.

On August 4, 2008, after local officials from [[Cotabato (province)|Cotabato]] asked the Supreme Court to block the signing of the agreement between the Philippine government and MILF, the Court issued a temporary restraining order against the signing of the Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain (MOA-AD) between the Philippine government and the MILF rebels in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/08/15/08/timeline-grp-milf-peace-process |title=Timeline: GRP-MILF peace process |last=Chavez |first=Lei |date=August 15, 2008 |website=ABS-CBN News |access-date=February 7, 2015}}</ref> Several lawmakers had filed petitions with the Supreme Court to stop the Philippine government from concluding the MOA-AD due to lack of transparency and for MILF's failure to cut ties with the [[al-Qaeda]]-linked terrorist network [[Jemaah Islamiyah]], which aims to establish a pan-Islamic state in [[Southeast Asia]] using MILF camps in southwestern Mindanao as training grounds and staging points for attacks.<ref>[http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/hl/hl107814.htm SENATORS:  GOVT FAILED TO CUT TIES OF MILF W/ TERROR NETWORK JI] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607053703/http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/hl/hl107814.htm |date=June 7, 2011 }} (August 26, 2008)</ref>

On October 14, 2008, the Supreme Court of the Philippines, by a vote of 8–7, declared “contrary to law and the Constitution” the Ancestral Domain Aspect (MOA-AD) of the Tripoli Agreement on Peace of 2001 between the Philippine government and the MILF.<ref>[http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/philippines-mindanao/tripoli-agreement-peace.php Agreement on peace between the government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front], June 22, 2001.</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/manila-bulletin/mi_7968/is_2008_Oct_15/moa-milf-unconstitutional-sc/ai_n35386521/ MoA with MILF unconstitutional – SC], Manila Bulletin, October 15, 2008.</ref> The 89-page [[Judgment (law)|decision]], written by [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|Associate Justice]] [[Conchita Carpio-Morales]] ruled: “In sum, the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process committed grave abuse of discretion when he failed to carry out the pertinent consultation process, as mandated by EO No. 3, RA 7160, and RA 8371. The furtive process by which the MOA-AD was designed and crafted runs contrary to and in excess of the legal authority, and amounts to a whimsical, capricious, oppressive, arbitrary and despotic exercise thereof. It illustrates a gross evasion of positive duty and a virtual refusal to perform the duty enjoined.”<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/manila-bulletin/mi_7968/is_2008_Oct_15/moa-milf-unconstitutional-sc/ai_n35386521/ SC Declares MOA-AD Unconstitutional], Manila Bulletin, October 15, 2008.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/10/14/08/palace-loses-ancestral-domain-case-8-7-vote |title=Palace loses ancestral domain case with 8-7 SC vote |last=Rufo |first=Aries |date=October 14, 2008 |work=ABS-CBN News |access-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20081014-166307/SC-MILF-deal-unconstitutional |title=SC: MILF deal unconstitutional |last=Torres |first=Tetch |date=October 14, 2008 |work=Inquirer.net |access-date=February 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207142246/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20081014-166307/SC-MILF-deal-unconstitutional |archive-date=February 7, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Bangsamoro state===
Due to the challenges in establishing the [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region|Bangsamoro]] entity in the previous administrations, then [[Mayor of Davao City|Mayor]] [[Rodrigo Duterte]] of [[Davao City]] announced his intent to establish a federal form of government which would replace the unitary form of government in his campaign speeches for the [[2016 Philippine presidential election]], which he subsequently won. In his plan, ARMM, along with the areas that voted to be included in ARMM in 2001, plus Isabela City and Cotabato City, will become part of a federal state. [[Aquilino Pimentel Jr.]], a Duterte ally and advocate for [[Federalism in the Philippines|federalism]], said in an interview{{When|date=March 2017}} that [[Isabela, Basilan|Isabela City]], [[Basilan]], [[Lamitan]], [[Sulu]], and [[Tawi-tawi]] may become a single federal state, while [[Lanao del Sur]], [[Marawi]], [[Cotabato City]], and [[Maguindanao]] may become a single federal state as well because the Muslims of the Sulu archipelago have a different heritage from the Muslims in mainland Mindanao.

==Demographics==
[[File:Philippinen Basilan seezigeuner ph03p42.jpg|thumb|Coastal village in Basilan]]
{{Philippine Census |align=none
| title= Population census of ARMM
| 1980= 
| 1990= 2108061
| 2000= 2803045
| 2010= 3256140
| 2015= 3781387
| footnote= Source: Philippine Statistics Authority{{PH census|2015}}<ref name=NSO>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Population%20and%20Annual%20Growth%20Rates%20for%20The%20Philippines%20and%20Its%20Regions%2C%20Provinces%2C%20and%20Highly%20Urbanized%20Cities%20Based%20on%201990%2C%202000%2C%20and%202010%20Censuses.pdf |title=Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities |work=2010 Census and Housing Population |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |access-date=August 12, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928012059/http://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Population%20and%20Annual%20Growth%20Rates%20for%20The%20Philippines%20and%20Its%20Regions%2C%20Provinces%2C%20and%20Highly%20Urbanized%20Cities%20Based%20on%201990%2C%202000%2C%20and%202010%20Censuses.pdf |archive-date=September 28, 2013 }}</ref>
}}

==Administrative divisions==
The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao consisted of 2 ''component'' [[Cities of the Philippines|cities]], 116 [[Municipalities of the Philippines|municipalities]], and 2,490 [[barangay]]s. The cities of [[Isabela, Basilan|Isabela]] and [[Cotabato City|Cotabato]] were not under the administrative jurisdiction of the ARMM despite the former being part of [[Basilan]] and the latter geographically considered but not politically part of [[Maguindanao]] province.

[[File:Ph ARMM.png|thumb|upright=2.5|center]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;background-color:#FDFDFD;text-align:center;font-size:90%;border:1pt solid grey;"
|-
! scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;" colspan=2 class="unsortable" | Province
! scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;" class="unsortable" | Capital
! scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;white-space:nowrap;" class="unsortable" colspan=2 | Population {{small|(2015)}}{{PH census|2015}}
! scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;" colspan=2 | Area<ref name=area>{{cite web |url=http://bangsamorodevelopment.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/CHAPTER-10_BDP-Integrative-Report.pdf |title=Bangsamoro Development Plan Integrative Report, Chapter 10 |publisher=Bangsamoro Development Agency |access-date=May 31, 2016 |date=2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141740/http://bangsamorodevelopment.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/CHAPTER-10_BDP-Integrative-Report.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=usurped }} See also [[Talk:Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao#Area|talk page]].</ref>
! scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;" colspan=2 | Density
! scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;" class="unsortable" | Cities
! scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Muni.|Municipalities}}
! scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Barangay|Barangays}}
|-
! scope="col" style="border-top:none;" colspan=2 |
! scope="col" style="border-top:none;" |
! scope="col" style="border-top:none;" colspan=2 |
! scope="col" style="border-style:none none solid solid;" | km<sup>2</sup>
! scope="col" style="border-style:none solid solid none;white-space:nowrap;" class="unsortable" | sq mi
! scope="col" style="border-style:none none solid solid;" | /km<sup>2</sup>
! scope="col" style="border-style:none solid solid none;white-space:nowrap;" class="unsortable" | /sq mi
! scope="col" style="border-top:none;" |
! scope="col" style="border-top:none;" |
! scope="col" style="border-top:none;" |
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" colspan=2 | [[Basilan]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Lamitan]]
| {{percent and number|346579|3781387|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| {{convert|1103.50|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}} <!-- 1,327.23 − 223.73 for Isabela City -->
| {{convert|{{sigfig|346579/1103.5|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| 1
| 11
| 210
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" colspan=2 | [[Lanao del Sur]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Marawi]]
| {{percent and number|1045429|3781387|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| {{convert|3872.89|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|1045429/3872.89|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| 1
| 39
| 1,159
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" colspan=2 | [[Maguindanao]]{{ref label|Maguindanao|a|none}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Buluan]]
| {{percent and number|1173933|3781387|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| {{convert|4871.60|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}} <!-- 5,047.60 − 176.00 for Cotabato City -->
| {{convert|{{sigfig|1173933/4871.6|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| 0
| 36
| 508
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" colspan=2 | [[Sulu]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Jolo, Sulu|Jolo]]
| {{percent and number|824731|3781387|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| {{convert|1600.40|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|824731/1600.4|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| 0
| 19
| 410
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" colspan=2 | [[Tawi-Tawi]]
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bongao, Tawi-Tawi|Bongao]]
| {{percent and number|390715|3781387|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| {{convert|1087.40|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|390715/1087.4|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| 0
| 11
| 203
|-
|-class="sortbottom"
! scope="row" colspan=4 style="text-align:left;" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align:right;" | 3,781,387
! scope="col" style="text-align:right;" | 12,535.79
! scope="col" | {{convert|12525.79|km2|disp=number|2}}
! scope="col" style="text-align:right;" | {{sigfig|3781387/12525.79|2}}
! scope="col" style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|{{sigfig|3781387/12525.79|2}}|PD/km2|disp=number}}
! scope="col" | 2
! scope="col" | 116
! scope="col" | 2,490
|-class="sortbottom" style="text-align:left;background-color:#F2F2F2;border-top:double grey"
| colspan=13 style="padding-left:1em;" |
{{Ordered list
| list_style_type=lower-alpha
| {{note label|Maguindanao|a|none}} Figures exclude the [[Cities of the Philippines#Independent cities|independent component city]] of [[Cotabato City|Cotabato]], which is under the jurisdiction of [[Soccsksargen]].
}}
|}

==Government==

===ARMM organizational structure===
[[File:ORG Compound Cotabato City.jpg|thumbnail|The [[Office of the Bangsamoro People]], the seat of the ARMM regional government in [[Cotabato City]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/office-bangsamoro-people-inaugurated/115793/ |title=Office of the Bangsamoro People inaugurated |date=August 1, 2014 |work=The Manila Times |access-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref>]]

====Executive====
The region was headed by a [[Regional Governor of ARMM|Regional Governor]]. The Regional Governor and Regional Vice Governor were elected directly like regular local executives. Regional ordinances were created by the [[ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly|Regional Assembly]], composed of Assemblymen, also elected by direct vote. Regional elections were usually held one year after general elections (national and local) depending on legislation from Congress. Regional officials had a fixed term of three years, which could be extended by an act of Congress.

The Regional Governor was the chief executive of the regional government, and was assisted by a cabinet not exceeding 10 members. The top official was tasked to appoint the members of the cabinet, subject to confirmation by the [[ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly|Regional Legislative Assembly]] and also had control of all the regional executive commissions, agencies, boards, bureaus, and offices.

====Executive council====
{{see also|Governor of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao}}
The executive council advises the Regional Governor on matters of governance of the autonomous region. It was composed of the regional governor, 1 regional vice governor, and 3 deputy regional governors (each representing the Christians, the Muslims, and the indigenous cultural communities). The regional governor and regional vice governor had a 3-year term, maximum of 3 terms; deputies' terms are coterminous with the term of the regional governor who appointed them.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! scope="col" | Term
! scope="col" | Governor
! scope="col" | Party
! scope="col" | Vice Governor
! scope="col" | Party
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 1990–1993
| [[Zacaria Candao]]
| [[Lakas–CMD (1991)|Lakas-NUCD]]
| Benjamin Loong
| [[Lakas–CMD (1991)|Lakas-NUCD]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 1993–1996
| [[Lininding Pangandaman]]
| [[Lakas–CMD (1991)|Lakas-NUCD-UMDP]]
| Nabil Tan
| [[Lakas–CMD (1991)|Lakas-NUCD-UMDP]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 1996–2001
| [[Nurallaj Misuari]]
| [[Lakas–CMD (1991)|Lakas-NUCD-UMDP]]
| Guimid P. Matalam
| [[Lakas–CMD (1991)|Lakas-NUCD-UMDP]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2001
| Alvarez Isnaji{{ref label|ActingCapacity|a|1}}
| [[Lakas–CMD (1991)|Lakas-NUCD-UMDP]]
| 
| 
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2001–2005
| Parouk S. Hussin
| [[Lakas–CMD (1991)|Lakas-NUCD-UMDP]]
| Mahid Miraato Mutilan
| [[Lakas–CMD (1991)|Lakas-NUCD-UMDP]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2005–2009
| [[Zaldy Ampatuan]]
| [[Lakas Kampi CMD]]
| Ansaruddin-Abdulmalik A. Adiong
| [[Lakas Kampi CMD]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2009–2011
| Ansaruddin-Abdulmalik A. Adiong{{ref label|ActingCapacity|a|2}}
| [[Lakas Kampi CMD]]
| Reggie M. Sahali-Generale{{ref label|ActingCapacity|a|3}}
| [[Lakas Kampi CMD]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 2011–2019
| [[Mujiv S. Hataman]]{{ref label|OIC|b|1}}
| [[Liberal Party of the Philippines|Liberal]]
| Haroun Al-Rashid Lucman II{{ref label|OIC|b|2}}
| [[Liberal Party of the Philippines|Liberal]]
|-class="sortbottom" style="background-color:#F2F2F2;font-size:90%;"
| colspan=5 |  {{Ordered list
| list_style_type=lower-alpha
| {{note label|ActingCapacity|a|1}}{{note label|ActingCapacity|a|2}}{{note label|ActingCapacity|a|3}}Acting capacity
| {{note label|OIC|b|1}}{{note label|OIC|b|2}}Officer-in-charge until June 30, 2013.
}}
|}

====Legislative====
The ARMM had a [[unicameral]] ''[[ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly|Regional Legislative Assembly]]'' headed by a Speaker. It was composed of three members for every [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|congressional district]]. The membership at the time of ARMM's abolition was 24, where 6 are from [[Lanao del Sur]] including [[Marawi City]], 6 from [[Maguindanao]], 6 from [[Sulu]], 3 from [[Basilan]], and 3 from [[Tawi-Tawi]].

The Regional Legislative Assembly was the legislative branch of the ARMM government. The regular members (3 members/district) and sectoral representatives, had three-year terms; maximum of three consecutive terms. It exercised legislative power in the autonomous region, except on the following matters: foreign affairs, national defense and security, postal service, coinage and fiscal and monetary policies, administration of justice, quarantine, customs and tariff, citizenship, naturalization, immigration and deportation, general auditing, national elections, maritime, land, and air transportation, communications, patents, trademarks, trade names, and copyrights, foreign trade, and may legislate on matters covered by the [[Sharia]], the law governing Muslims.

===ARMM powers and basic principles===
RA 9054 provided that ARMM "shall remain an integral and inseparable part of the national territory of the Republic." The President exercised general supervision over the Regional Governor. The Regional Government had the power to create its own sources of revenues and to levy taxes, fees, and charges, subject to Constitutional provisions and the provisions of RA 9054. The Sharia applied only to Muslims; its applications are limited by pertinent constitutional provisions (prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment).<ref name="gmanews.tv"/>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190314185204/http://www.armm.gov.ph/]{{Full citation needed|date=September 2009}}

==Cultural heritage==
{{main|Music of the Philippines|Kulintang|List of mosques in the Philippines|Spanish Colonial Fortifications of the Philippines}}
The people of the Bangsamoro region, including Muslims and non-Muslims, have a culture that revolves around [[kulintang]] music, a specific type of gong music, found among both Muslim and non-Muslim groups of the Southern Philippines. Each ethnic group in ARMM also has their own distinct architectures, intangible heritage, and craft arts. A fine example of a distinct architectural style in the region is the Royal Sulu architecture which was used to make the [[Daru Jambangan]] (Palace of Flowers) in [[Maimbung, Sulu|Maimbung]], Sulu. The palace was destroyed during the American period due to a typhoon in 1932, and was never rebuilt. It used to be the largest royal palace built in the Philippines. A campaign to faithfully re-establish it in Maimbung town has been ongoing since 1933. A very small replica of the palace was made in a nearby town in the 2010s, but it was noted that the replica does not mean that the campaign to reconstruct the palace in Maimbung has stopped as the replica does not manifest the true essence of a Sulu royal palace. In 2013, Maimbung was officially designated as the royal capital of the [[Sultanate of Sulu]] by the remaining members of the Sulu royal family.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/510823/before-his-death-kiram-iii-tells-family-to-continue-fight-to-re-possess-sabah |title=Before his death, Kiram III tells family to continue fight to re-possess Sabah |last=Ramos |first=Marlon |date=October 20, 2013  |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |access-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/sulu-sultan-dies-from-kidney-failure/219719/ |title=Sulu Sultan dies from kidney failure |date=September 20, 2015 |work=The Manila Times |access-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/22/world/asia/esmail-kiram-ii-self-proclaimed-sultan-of-sulu-dies-at-75.html |title=Esmail Kiram II, Self-Proclaimed Sultan of Sulu, Dies at 75 |last=Whaley |first=Floyd |date=September 21, 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="150">
File:Shariff Kabunsuan Festival 2016 Guinakit Fluvial Parade 4.jpg|Ginakit boat of the [[Maguindanao people|Maguindanaon people]]
File:Masjid Bacolod.jpg|[[Bacolod-Kalawi]], [[Lanao del Sur]]
File:Daru Jambangan.jpg|[[Daru Jambangan]] (Palace of Flowers) in [[Maimbung, Sulu|Maimbung]], [[Sulu]] before it was destroyed by a typhoon in 1932.
File:Tulay Mosque.jpg|[[Jolo, Sulu]]
File:US Navy 060614-N-6501M-015 The U.S. Military Sealift Command (MSC) Hospital Ship USNS Mercy (T-AH 19) is anchored off of the coast of Tawi Tawi.jpg|[[Bongao, Tawi-Tawi]]
File:Moro cannon or swivel gun (lantaka) from the Sulu Archipelago, brass, Honolulu Museum of Art.jpg|A Moro brass ''lantaka'' or swivel gun.
File:Iranun lanong warship by Rafael Monleón (1890).jpg|19th century illustration of a ''[[lanong]]'', the main warships used by the [[Iranun people|Iranun]] and [[Banguingui people]]
File:Tausūg horsemen in Sulu, taken on 30 December 1899 from issue of Leslie s Weekly.jpg|[[Tausūg people|Tausūg]] horsemen in [[Sulu]], taken on December 30, 1899.
File:0045MuseumFilipinojf 08.JPG|[[Sarimanok]] statue of the [[Maranao people|Maranao]]
File:Yakan cloth.jpg|Yards of [[Yakan people]]'s cloths
File:Old Moro Sailing Boat (A Bajau lepa houseboat).jpg|A [[Sama-Bajau]] ''[[Lepa (ship)|lepa]]'' houseboat ({{circa|1905}})
File:Pis siyabit (headscarf), Tausug people, Philippines, Honolulu Museum of Art 14451.1.JPG|''Pis siyabit'' (headscarf) of the Tausūgs
File:Palapa (Philippines).jpg|''[[Palapa (condiment)|Palapa]]'', a culturally important spicy [[Philippine condiments|condiment]] of the [[Maranao people]]
File:Kinding-sindaw1.jpg|Tausūg dancers in traditional attire.
File:Lute (kutyapi), Mindanao, wood, Honolulu Museum of Art.jpg|A ''[[kutiyapi]]'' of the [[Maguindanao people]]
File:Malong1.jpg|A [[malong]] bearing okir designs.
File:Basih weapons.jpg|Moro blades made from Basilan "basih" (iron)
File:Pastil (Philippines) 01.jpg|[[Pastil]], a traditional [[Maguindanao people|Maguindanaon]] food.
File:Lami-Lamihan Festival.jpg|Lami-Lamihan Festival
File:Mindanao Bangsamoro Islamic Musical Instruments.jpg|A [[Maranao people|Maranao]] [[kulintang]] ensemble with ''[[okir]]'' carvings
</gallery>

== Comparisons ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;" align=center
! Body
! {{flagicon image|Flag of ARMM.svg}} Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
| rowspan="17" bgcolor="#606060"|
! {{Flag|Republic of the Philippines}}<br />(Central Government only)
|-
! Constitutional Document
| ARMM Organic Act (Republic Act No. 6734)
| [[Constitution of the Philippines]]
|-
! Head of State / Territory
| rowspan=2| [[Governor of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao|Regional Governor of the ARMM]]
| rowspan=2| [[President of the Philippines]]
|-
! Head of Government
|-
! Executive
| [[Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao#Government|Executive Departments of the ARMM]]
| [[Government of the Philippines#Executive Department|Executive Departments of the Philippines]]
|-
! Legislative
| [[Unicameral]]: [[ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly|Regional Legislative Assembly]]
| [[Bicameral]]: [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]] and [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|Congress]]
|-
! Judiciary
| None (under Philippine government)
| [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]]
|-
! Legal Supervisory<br />or Prosecution
| None (under Philippine government)
| [[Department of Justice (Philippines)|Department of Justice]]
|-
! Police Force(s)
| None (under Philippine government)
| [[Philippine National Police]]
|-
! Military
| None (under Philippine government)
| [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] (AFP)
|-
! Currency
| [[Philippine peso]]
| [[Philippine peso]]
|-
! Language(s)
| ''Official:'' [[Philippine English|English]], [[Filipino language|Filipino]]<br />''Auxiliary:'' [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Tausug language|Tausug]], [[Maranao]], [[Chavacano Language|Zamboangueño]], [[Yakan language|Yakan]], [[Sama language|Sama]], [[Badjao]], [[Maguindanaoan]], [[Iranun]], [[Manobo]], [[Bagobo]], [[Tiruray language|Tiruray]], [[T'boli]]
| ''Official:'' [[Filipino language|Filipino]], [[Philippine English|English]]<br />''Auxiliary:'' [[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
|-
! Foreign relations
| None (under Philippine government)
| [[Foreign relations of the Philippines|''full rights'']]
|-
! [[Shariah law]] application
| Yes, for Muslims only<ref name=pd1083>{{cite web |url=http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/pd1977/pd_1083_1977.html |website=The LawPhil Project |date=February 4, 1977 |title=Presidential Decree No. 1083 – A DECREE TO ORDAIN AND PROMULGATE A CODE RECOGNIZING THE SYSTEM OF FILIPINO MUSLIM LAWS, CODIFYING MUSLIM PERSONAL LAWS, AND PROVIDING FOR ITS ADMINISTRATION AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES |first=Ferdinand E. |last=Marcos |access-date=November 18, 2017}}</ref>
| Yes, for Muslims only<ref name=pd1083/>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Moro people]]
* [[Bangsamoro]]
* [[Peace process with the Bangsamoro in the Philippines]]
* [[Islam in the Philippines]]
* [[Consortium of Bangsamoro Civil Society]]
* [[Federalism in the Philippines]]
* [[Sultanate of Sulu]]
* [[Sultanate of Maguindanao]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190314185204/http://www.armm.gov.ph/ Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao – Official Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080312180026/http://bpi.armm.gov.ph/ Bureau of Public Information – ARMM – Latest News & Events in ARMM]

{{Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao}}
{{Philippine regions}}
{{Mindanao lateral}}
{{Southern Philippines Insurgency}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Autonomous Region In Muslim Mindanao}}
[[Category:Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao| ]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Former regions of the Philippines]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1989]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in the Philippines]]
[[Category:History of Bangsamoro]]