View source for Auschwitz Protocols

{{Short description|Eyewitness accounts of concentration camp}}
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[[File:The German extermination camps Auschwitz and Birkenau - title page.jpg|thumb|''The German Extermination Camps of Auschwitz and Birkenau'' - title page, November 1944]]
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The '''''Auschwitz Protocols''''', also known as the '''''Auschwitz Reports''''', and originally published as '''''The Extermination Camps of Auschwitz and Birkenau''''', is a collection of three eyewitness accounts from 1943–1944 about the mass murder that was taking place inside the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] in German-occupied Poland during the Second World War.<ref name=report>
{{cite web |title=The Extermination Camps of Auschwitz (Oświęcim) and Birkenau in Upper Silesia |url=https://archive.org/details/USWRBGermanExterminationCampsAuschwitzAndBirkenau |publisher=War Refugee Board |pages=1–33 |date=26 November 1944}}{{pb}}
Also see {{cite web |title=The Auschwitz Protocol: The Vrba–Wetzler Report |url=http://vrbawetzler.eu/img/static/Prilohy/The-Auschwitz-Protocol.pdf |publisher=Vrba–Wetzler Memorial |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727124138/http://vrbawetzler.eu/img/static/Prilohy/The-Auschwitz-Protocol.pdf |archivedate=27 July 2018}}</ref><ref>Tibori Szabó (2011), pp. 85–120</ref> The eyewitness accounts are individually known as the [[Vrba–Wetzler report]], [[Jerzy Tabeau|Polish Major's report]], and Rosin-Mordowicz report.<ref name=Szabo2011p94/>

==Description==
The reports were compiled by prisoners who had escaped from the camp and presented in their order of importance from the Western Allies' perspective, rather than in chronological order.<ref name=Szabo2011p94>Tibori Szabó (2011), p. 94</ref> The escapees who authored the reports were [[Rudolf Vrba]] and [[Alfred Wetzler]] (the [[Vrba–Wetzler report]]); [[Arnošt Rosin]] and [[Czesław Mordowicz]] (the Rosin-Mordowicz report); and [[Jerzy Tabeau]] (the "Polish Major's report").<ref name=Szabo2011p94/>

The Vrba–Wetzler report was widely disseminated by the [[Bratislava Working Group]] in April 1944, and with help of the Romanian diplomat [[Florian Manoliu]], the report or a summary obtained from [[Moshe Krausz]] in Budapest reached—tragically with much delay—[[George Mantello]] (Mandl), [[El Salvador]] Embassy First Secretary in [[Switzerland]], via Manoliu who brought it to Mantello.<ref name="Kranzler2000p87">{{cite book|author=David Kranzler|title=The Man Who Stopped the Trains to Auschwitz: George Mantello, El Salvador, and Switzerland's Finest Hour|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Cx3yenDCQC|year=2000|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-2873-6|page=87}}</ref> Mantello immediately publicized it despite request from [[Rudolf Kasztner]] to keep it confidential. 

This triggered large-scale demonstrations in Switzerland, sermons in Swiss churches about the tragic plight of Jews and a Swiss press campaign of about 400 headlines protesting the atrocities against Jews. The unprecedented events in Switzerland and possibly other considerations led to threats of retribution against Hungary's Regent [[Miklós Horthy]] by [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]], [[Winston Churchill]] and others. This was one of the main factors which convinced Horthy to stop the Hungarian death camp transports.<ref name="Kranzler2000p87">{{cite book|author=David Kranzler|title=The Man Who Stopped the Trains to Auschwitz: George Mantello, El Salvador, and Switzerland's Finest Hour|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Cx3yenDCQC|year=2000|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-2873-6|page=87}}</ref>

The full reports were published—with seven months delay—by the United States [[War Refugee Board]] on 26 November 1944 under the title ''The Extermination Camps of Auschwitz (Oświęcim) and Birkenau in Upper Silesia''.<ref name=report/><ref name=Conway2002p292/> They were submitted in evidence at the [[Nuremberg Trials]] as document number 022-L, and are held in the War Refugee Board archives in the [[FDR Library|Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum]] in [[Hyde Park, New York]].<ref name=Conway2002p292>Conway (2002), pp.&nbsp;292–293, footnote 3.</ref>

It is not known when they were first called the ''Auschwitz Protocols'', but [[Randolph L. Braham]] may have been the first to do so. He used that term for the document in ''The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary'' (1981).<ref name=Conway2002p292/>

==Component reports==
{{Vrba-Wetzler timeline}}
* The [[Vrba–Wetzler report]] (the term "Auschwitz Protocols" is sometimes used to refer to just this report), a 33-page report written around 24 April 1944, after Vrba and Wetzler, two Slovak prisoners, who escaped from Auschwitz 7–11 April 1944.<ref name=Szabo2011p91>Tibori Szabó (2011), p. 91</ref> In the ''Protocols'', it was 33 pages long and was called "No 1. The Extermination Camps of Auschwitz (Oswiecim) and Birkenau in Upper Silesia."<ref name=Gilbert1989p305>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wBHAaRhXDUEC&pg=PA305 Gilbert (1989), p. 305]</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/auschproto.html |website=Holocaust Research Project |title=The Auschwitz Protocol: The Vrba-Wetzler Report |edition=Full text, online}}</ref>
* The Rosin-Mordowicz report, a seven-page report from Arnošt Rosin and Czesław Mordowicz, also Slovak prisoners, who escaped from Auschwitz on 27 May 1944.<ref name=Szabo2011p91/> This was presented as an additional chapter "III. Birkenau" to the Vrba–Wetzler report.<ref name=Gilbert1989p305/>
* The "Polish Major's report," written by [[Jerzy Tabeau]] (or Tabau), who was in Auschwitz under the pseudonym Jerzy Wesołowski, and who escaped with Roman Cieliczko on 19 November 1943. Zoltán Tibori Szabó writes that Tabeau compiled his report between December 1943 and January 1944. It was copied using a stencil machine in Geneva in August 1944, and was distributed by the [[Polish government-in-exile]] and Jewish groups.<ref>Tibori Szabó (2011), p. 90.</ref> This was presented in the ''Protocols'' as the 19-page "No 2. Transport (The Polish Major's Report)."<ref name=Gilbert1989p305/>

The contents of the ''Protocols'' was discussed in detail by ''[[The New York Times]]'' on 26 November 1944.<ref name=Gilbert1989p305/>

==See also==
*''[[The Black Book of Poland]]'' - 1942 report about Nazi atrocities in occupied Poland
*[[Karski's reports]] - 1939-1942 series of reports describing the situation in occupied Poland
*[[Pilecki's Report]], aka Witold's report - report about Auschwitz written in 1943 by [[Witold Pilecki]]
*''[[The Polish White Book]]'' - 1940 and 1941 reports about Polish-German relations before and after 1939
*[[Raczyński's Note]] - December 1942 note by Poland's Foreign Affairs Minister-in-exile regarding Nazi extermination of Jews
*[[Bibliography of the Holocaust#Primary sources|Bibliography of the Holocaust § Primary Sources]]

==References==

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book |author=[[John S. Conway (historian)|Conway, John S.]] in Vrba, Rudolf |date=2002 |title=Appendix I: The Significance of the Vrba–Wetzler Report on Auschwitz-Birkenau |work=I Escaped from Auschwitz |publisher= Barricade Books}}
*{{cite book |author=[[Martin Gilbert|Gilbert, Martin]] in Marrus, Michael Robert |date=1989 |title=Part 9: The Question of Bombing Auschwitz|work=The Nazi Holocaust: The End of the Holocaust|publisher=Walter de Gruyter}}
* {{cite news |author=Tibori Szabó, Zoltán in [[Randolph L. Braham|Braham, Randolph L.]] & [[William vanden Heuvel|vanden Heuvel, William]] |date=2011 |title=The Auschwitz Reports: Who Got Them, and When?| work=The Auschwitz Reports and the Holocaust in Hungary |publisher= Columbia University Press}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author=Braham, Randolph L.|author-link=Randolph L. Braham|edition=2011|date=1981|title=The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary|publisher=Columbia University Press}}
*{{cite web|author=Świebocki, Henryk|author-link=Henryk Świebocki|date=2013| url=http://en.auschwitz.org/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=12&limit=1&limitstart=0|title=Informing the world about Auschwitz|website= Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau}}
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[[Category:Holocaust historical documents]]
[[Category:Auschwitz concentration camp]]
[[Category:1943 documents]]
[[Category:1944 documents]]