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{{Short description|1941 US–UK statement on post-WWII goals}}
{{redirects|Atlantic declaration|the 2023 economic agreement between the US and the UK|2023 in United Kingdom politics and government#June}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox summit meeting
| name         = Atlantic Conference
| other_titles = Codename: Riviera
| image        = File:President Roosevelt and Winston Churchill seated on the quarterdeck of HMS PRINCE OF WALES for a Sunday service during the Atlantic Conference, 10 August 1941. A4816.jpg
| alt          = <!-- See [[Wikipedia:Alternative text for images]] -->
| caption      = [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Winston Churchill]] at the Atlantic Conference
| country      = {{Flagicon|Newfoundland|1912}} [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]]
| date         = 9–12 August 1941
| motto        =
| venues       = [[Naval Station Argentia]], [[Placentia Bay]]
| cities       = 
| participants = {{Flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]<br />{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Winston Churchill]]
| chairperson  = 
| follows      = [[Declaration of St James's Palace|First Inter-Allied Conference]]
| precedes     = [[Declaration by United Nations]]
| website      = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
| keypoints    = Atlantic Charter
}}
{{United Nations series}}
The '''Atlantic Charter''' was a statement issued on 14 August 1941 that set out American and British goals for the world after the end of [[World War II]], months before the US officially entered the war. The joint statement, later dubbed the Atlantic Charter, outlined the aims of the United States and the United Kingdom for the postwar world as follows: no territorial aggrandizement, no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people ([[self-determination]]), restoration of self-government to those deprived of it, reduction of trade restrictions, global co-operation to secure better economic and social conditions for all, freedom from fear and want, freedom of the seas, abandonment of the use of force, and disarmament of aggressor nations. The charter's adherents signed the [[Declaration by United Nations]] on 1 January 1942, which was the basis for the modern United Nations.

The charter inspired several other international agreements and events after the war. The dismantling of the [[British Empire]], the formation of [[NATO]], and the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] all derived from the Atlantic Charter. In 2021, a document titled the [[New Atlantic Charter]] was signed by United States president [[Joe Biden]] and British prime minister [[Boris Johnson]] at their first meeting in [[Cornwall]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden, Johnson sign new Atlantic Charter on trade, defense amid Covid recovery|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-johnson-sign-new-atlantic-charter-trade-defense-amid-covid-n1270282|access-date=10 June 2021|website=NBC News|date=10 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
[[File:Atlantic Conference Between Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Franklin D Roosevelt 10 August 1941 A4821.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] joins [[FDR]] aboard [[USS Augusta (CA-31)|USS ''Augusta'']] (9 August 1941)]]

The [[Allies of World War II]] first expressed their principles and vision for the world after the war in the [[Declaration of St James's Palace|Declaration of St. James's Palace]] in June 1941.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 August 2015|title=1941: The Declaration of St. James' Palace|url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1941-declaration-st-james-palace/index.html|access-date=28 March 2016|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> The [[Anglo-Soviet Agreement]] was signed in July 1941 and formed an alliance between the two countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anglo-Soviet Agreement|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/videos/c3ggjr1lx48o|access-date=16 March 2021|website=BBC Archive|language=en}}</ref>

United States president [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] discussed what would become the Atlantic Charter in August 1941 during the Atlantic Conference in [[Placentia Bay]], [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]].<ref>Langer and Gleason, chapter 21</ref> They made their joint declaration on 14 August 1941 from the US naval base on the bay, [[Naval Base Argentia]], which had recently been leased from Britain as part of the [[Destroyers-for-bases deal]]. The US did not enter the war as a combatant until the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], four months later. Since the policy was issued as a statement, there was no formal, legal document called "Atlantic Charter."

Many of the charter's ideas came from an ideology of Anglo-American internationalism, which sought British-American co-operation for international security.<ref>Cull, pp. 4, 6</ref> Roosevelt's attempts to tie Britain to concrete war aims and Churchill's desperation to bind the US to the war effort helped to provide motivations for the meeting that produced the Atlantic Charter. It was assumed at the time in Britain that the British and the Americans would have an equal role to play in any postwar international organization that would be based on the charter's principles.<ref>Cull, pp 15, 21.</ref>

Churchill and Roosevelt began communicating in 1939, the first of their 13 meetings during the war; however, it was not their first meeting, since they had attended the same dinner at [[Gray's Inn]] on 29 July 1918.<ref name="gunther1950">Gunther, pp. 15–16</ref> Both men traveled in secret; Roosevelt was on a ten-day fishing trip.<ref>Weigold, pp. 15–16</ref>

On 9 August 1941, the British battleship [[HMS Prince of Wales (53)|HMS ''Prince of Wales'']] steamed into [[Placentia Bay]], with Churchill on board, and escorted by the destroyers [[USS Shubrick (DD-268)|HMS ''Ripley'']], {{HMCS|Assiniboine|I18|6}} and {{HMCS|Restigouche|H00|6}}, and met the American heavy cruiser [[USS Augusta (CA-31)|USS ''Augusta'']], where Roosevelt and members of his staff were waiting. ''Augusta'' was escorted by the cruiser {{USS|Tuscaloosa|CA-37|6}}, and the destroyers [[USS McDougal (DD-358)|USS ''McDougal'']], [[USS Madison (DD-425)|USS ''Madison'']], [[USS Moffett (DD-362)|USS ''Moffett'']], [[USS Sampson (DD-394)|USS ''Sampson'']], and [[USS Winslow (DD-359)|USS ''Winslow'']].
Once they met, Churchill and Roosevelt were silent for a moment until Churchill said, "At long last, Mr. President." Roosevelt replied, "Glad to have you aboard, Mr. Churchill."

Churchill then delivered a letter from King [[George VI]] to Roosevelt and made an official statement, but a movie sound crew that was present failed to record it despite two attempts.<ref>Gratwick, p. 72</ref>

==Participants==
[[File:Prince of Wales-5.jpg|thumb|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (left) and [[Winston Churchill]] are seated in the foreground aboard HMS ''Prince of Wales''. Standing directly behind them are Admiral [[Ernest J. King]], USN; General [[George C. Marshall]], U.S. Army; General [[Sir John Dill]], British Army; Admiral [[Harold R. Stark]], USN; and Admiral [[Sir Dudley Pound]], RN. At far left is [[Harry Hopkins]], talking with [[W. Averell Harriman]].]]

The participants in the conference were:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-fornv/uk/uksh-p/pow12.htm |title=British Navy Ships--HMS Prince of Wales (1941–1941) |website=www.history.navy.mil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010128060300/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-fornv/uk/uksh-p/pow12.htm |archive-date=28 January 2001}} </ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/nflds/article/view/25779/29900 |title=Governor Sir Humphrey Walwyn's Account of His Meetings with Churchill and Roosevelt, Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, August 1941 |journal=Newfoundland & Labrador Studies |date=25 July 2016 |volume=31 |issue=1 |last1=Baker |first1=Melvin |last2=Neary |first2=Peter }} </ref>

;{{flag|United States of America}}
*President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
*Admiral [[Ernest J. King]], US Navy
*Admiral [[Harold R. Stark]], US Navy
*General [[George C. Marshall]], US Army
*Major General [[Henry H. Arnold]], US Army Air Forces
*Presidential adviser [[Harry Hopkins]]
*Special envoy to Europe [[W. Averell Harriman]]

;{{flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}}
*Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]]
*General [[Sir John Dill]], British Army
*Admiral of the Fleet [[Sir Dudley Pound]], Royal Navy
*Air Chief Marshal [[Wilfred Freeman|Sir Wilfred Freeman]], Royal Air Force
*[[Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs|Permanent Under-Secretary]], Sir [[Alexander Cadogan]]
*[[Minister of Supply]], [[Lord Beaverbrook]]

;{{flag|Dominion of Newfoundland}}
*Governor Vice-Admiral [[Humphrey Walwyn|Sir Humphrey Walwyn]]
==Content and analysis==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header = 
| image1 = Atlanticcharter2.png
| width1 = 160
| alt1 = [[Winston Churchill]]'s edited copy of the final draft of the Atlantic Charter
| caption1 = [[Winston Churchill]]'s edited copy of the final draft of the charter
| image2 = Atlantic Charter OWI 50.jpg
| width2 = 177
| alt2 = Printed copy of Atlantic Charter distributed as propaganda
| caption2 = Printed copy of the Atlantic Charter
| total_width = 
}}

The Atlantic Charter made it clear that the United States supported Britain in the war. Both wanted to present their unity regarding their mutual principles and hopes for a peaceful postwar world and the policies that they agreed to follow once Germany had been defeated.<ref>Stone, p. 5</ref> A fundamental aim was to focus on the peace that would follow, not specific American involvement and war strategy, although American involvement appeared increasingly likely.<ref>O'Sullivan</ref>{{Page needed|date=June 2022}}

There were eight principal clauses of the charter:
#No territorial gains were to be sought by the United States or the United Kingdom.
#Territorial adjustments must be in accord with the wishes of the peoples concerned.
#All people had a right to [[self-determination]].
#[[Trade barriers]] were to be lowered.
#There was to be global economic co-operation and advancement of social welfare.
#The participants would work for a world free of want and fear.
#The participants would work for [[freedom of the seas]].
#There was to be disarmament of aggressor nations and a common disarmament after the war.

The fourth clause, with respect to international trade, consciously emphasized that both "victor [and] vanquished" would be given market access "on equal terms." That was a repudiation of the punitive trade relations that had been established within Europe after [[World War I]], as exemplified by the [[Paris Economy Pact]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==Origin of name==
[[File:HMS Prince of Wales (53) in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, in August 1941 (NH 67194-A).jpg|thumb|''Prince of Wales'' off Newfoundland, after ferrying Churchill for the Atlantic Charter Conference]]

When it was released to the public on 14 August 1941,<ref>{{cite web |title=Milestones: 1937–1945 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/atlantic-conf |website=history.state.gov |publisher=[[Office of the Historian]], U.S. Department of State |access-date=13 August 2020}}</ref> the charter was titled "Joint Declaration by the President and the Prime Minister" and was generally known as the "Joint Declaration." The [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] newspaper ''[[Daily Herald (UK newspaper)|Daily Herald]]'' coined the name ''Atlantic Charter''. Churchill used the term in the [[British Parliament]] on 24 August 1941, and it has since been generally adopted.<ref>Wrigley, p. 29</ref>

No signed version ever existed. The document was threshed out through several drafts, and the final agreed text was telegraphed to London and Washington, DC. Roosevelt gave Congress the charter's content on 21 August 1941.<ref>{{cite web| title=President Roosevelt's message to Congress on the Atlantic Charter| url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/atcmess.asp | date=21 August 1941| work=The Avalon Project| publisher=Lillian Goldman Law Library| access-date=14 August 2013}}</ref> He later said, "There isn't any copy of the Atlantic Charter, so far as I know. I haven't got one. The British haven't got one. The nearest thing you will get is the [message of the] radio operator on ''Augusta'' and ''Prince of Wales''. That's the nearest thing you will come to it.... There was no formal document."{{r|gunther1950}}

The [[British War Cabinet]] replied with its approval, and a similar acceptance was telegraphed from Washington. During the process, an error crept into the London text, but it was subsequently corrected. The account in Churchill's ''[[The Second World War (book series)|The Second World War]]'' concluded, "A number of verbal alterations were agreed, and the document was then in its final shape." It made no mention of any signing or ceremony.

Churchill's account of the [[Yalta Conference]] quoted Roosevelt as saying of the unwritten [[British constitution]] that "it was like the Atlantic Charter – the document did not exist, yet all the world knew about it. Among his papers he had found one copy signed by himself and me, but strange to say both signatures were in his own handwriting."<ref>Churchill, p. 393</ref>

==Acceptance by Inter-Allied Council and United Nations==
[[File:Winston Churchill and Lord Beaverbrook on HMS PRINCE OF WALES during the Atlantic Conference with President Roosevelt, August 1941. A4862.jpg|thumb|Winston Churchill and [[Lord Beaverbrook]] on ''Prince of Wales'']]
The Allies, which had [[Declaration of St James's Palace|met in June]], and leading organizations quickly and widely endorsed the charter.<ref>Lauren, pp. 140–41</ref> Then, at the meeting of the Inter-Allied Council in London on 24 September 1941, the [[list of governments in exile during World War II|governments-in-exile]] of [[Belgian government in exile|Belgium]], [[Czechoslovak government-in-exile|Czechoslovakia]], [[Greek government-in-exile|Greece]], [[Luxembourg government in exile|Luxembourg]], [[Dutch government-in-exile|the Netherlands]], [[Nygaardsvold's Cabinet|Norway]], [[Polish government-in-exile|Poland]], and [[Yugoslav government-in-exile|Yugoslavia]], together with the [[Soviet Union]] and representatives of the [[Free French Forces]], unanimously adopted adherence to the common principles of policy set forth by Britain and United States.<ref>{{cite web| title=Inter-Allied Council Statement on the Principles of the Atlantic Charter| url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/interall.asp| date=24 September 1941| work=The Avalon Project| publisher=Lillian Goldman Law Library| access-date=14 August 2013}}</ref>

On 1 January 1942, a larger group of nations, which adhered to the charter's principles, issued a joint [[Declaration by United Nations]], which stressed their solidarity in the defence against Hitlerism.<ref>{{cite web| title=Joint Declaration by the United Nations |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decade03.asp| date=1 January 1942| work=The Avalon Project| publisher=Lillian Goldman Law Library| access-date=14 August 2013}}</ref>

==Impact on Axis powers==
The [[Axis powers]], particularly Japan, interpreted the diplomatic agreements as a potential alliance against them. In Tokyo, the Atlantic Charter rallied support for the militarists in the Japanese government, which pushed for a more aggressive approach against the United States and Britain.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

The British dropped millions of flysheets over Germany to allay its fears of a punitive peace that would destroy the German state. The text cited the charter as the authoritative statement of the joint commitment of Britain and the United States "not to admit any economical discrimination of those defeated" and promised that "Germany and the other states can again achieve enduring peace and prosperity."<ref>Sauer, p. 407</ref>

The most striking feature of the discussion was that an agreement had been made between a range of countries that held diverse opinions, which accepted that internal policies were relevant to the international situation.<ref>Stone, p. 80</ref> The charter proved to be one of the first steps towards the formation of the United Nations.

==Impact on imperial powers and imperial ambitions==
[[File:Colonisation 1945.png|thumb|World map of colonization at the end of World War II in 1945]]
The problems came not from [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] but the allies that had empires and so resisted self-determination, especially the United Kingdom, [[France]], the [[Soviet Union]],{{fact|date=October 2024}} and the [[Netherlands]].

Initially, Roosevelt and Churchill appeared to have agreed that the third point of the charter would not apply to Africa and Asia. However, Roosevelt's speechwriter, [[Robert E. Sherwood]], noted that "it was not long before the people of India, [[Burma]], [[British Malaya|Malaya]], and [[Indonesia]] were beginning to ask if the Atlantic Charter extended also to the Pacific and to Asia in general."

With a war that could be won only with the help of those allies, Roosevelt's solution was to put some pressure on Britain but to postpone the issue of self-determination of the colonies until after the war.<ref>Borgwardt, p. 29</ref>

===British Empire===
The acknowledgment that all people had a right to self-determination gave hope to independence leaders in [[British colonies]].<ref>Bayly and Harper</ref>{{Page missing|date=June 2022}} The Americans insisted that the charter was to acknowledge that the war was being fought to ensure self-determination.<ref>Louis (1985) pp. 395–420</ref> 

Churchill rejected its universal applicability when it came to the self-determination of subject nations such as [[British Raj|British India]]. Churchill further added that he did not become Prime Minister to administer the liquidation of the British Empire.<ref name="i203">{{cite book | last=Mehta | first=B.L.G.A. | title=A New Look at Modern Indian History : From 1707 to The Modern Times | publisher=S. Chand Publishing | isbn=978-93-5501-683-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yc64EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA319 | access-date=2024-08-09 | page=319}}</ref> In a September 1941 speech, Churchill said the charter was meant to apply only to states under German occupation, not to those that were part of the British Empire.<ref>Crawford, p. 297</ref> Churchill and other British government figures argued that British colonies never had "sovereign rights", thus there was no pre-existing sovereign government to restore to power after the war.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Elkins |first=Caroline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3icqEAAAQBAJ |title=Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire |date=2022 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday |isbn=978-0-593-32008-2 |pages=257 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1942 wrote to Roosevelt: "I venture to think that the Allied declaration that the Allies are fighting to make the world safe for the freedom of the individual and for democracy sounds hollow so long as India and for that matter Africa are exploited by Great Britain...."<ref name=Sathasivam>Sathasivam, p. 59</ref> Self-determination was Roosevelt's guiding principle, but he was reluctant to place pressure on the British in regard to India and other colonial possessions, as they were fighting for their lives in a war in which the United States was not officially participating.<ref>Joseph P. Lash, ''Roosevelt and Churchill, 1939–1941'', W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 1976, pp. 447–448.</ref> Gandhi refused to help the British or the American war effort against Germany and Japan in any way, and Roosevelt chose to back Churchill.<ref>Louis, (2006), p. 400</ref> While Gandhi launched the [[Quit India Movement]], the British recruited about 2.5&nbsp;million from India, the largest ever volunteer force in the world, to fight for the Allies, mostly in West Asia and North Africa.<ref name="CWrepdirect">{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/foreverindia/memorials/2nd-world-war.php |title=Second World War Memorials |access-date=14 August 2013 |publisher=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102124717/http://www.cwgc.org/foreverindia/memorials/2nd-world-war.php |archive-date=2 January 2013 }}</ref>

However, Roosevelt was still in principle willing to support the claims European colonies such as India to independence once the war was over, raising the issue with Churchill frequently even if Churchill refused to engage with it. Roosevelt encouraged other leaders such as [[Chiang Kai-shek]] to lobby over it during the war.<ref>Kimball, Warren F. The juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as wartime statesman. Princeton University Press, 1994, pg. 133-135</ref><ref>Hamilton, Nigel. The Mantle of Command: FDR at War, 1941-1942. Biteback Publishing, 2016., page 4</ref><ref>Herman, A. (2009). Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age. Random House, pg 520-521</ref> He also did not support some of Churchill's proposals that he believed were intended to secure Britain's empire post-war, such as one for an expanded Mediterranean strategy that would increase British presence in the Middle East.<ref>Ibid, page 521</ref> Roosevelt believed that Churchill was being obstinate on the matter and refusing to recognise changing geopolitical realities.<ref>Black, Jeremy. The age of total war, 1860–1945. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010, page 143</ref> At the [[Tehran Conference]] in 1943, Roosevelt supported [[Josef Stalin]] against Churchill on imperial matters, such as opposing to return [[French Indochina|Indochina]] to France and even privately suggesting to the Soviet leader that the US and Soviet Union work together to help reform an independent India "from the bottom, somewhat on the Soviet line", although Stalin dismissed the idea.<ref>Costigliola, Frank. Roosevelt's lost alliances: how personal politics helped start the Cold War. Princeton University Press, 2011, pg 200</ref>

===Poland===
Churchill was unhappy with the inclusion of references to the right to self-determination and stated that he considered the charter an "interim and partial statement of war aims designed to reassure all countries of our righteous purpose and not the complete structure which we should build after the victory." An office of the [[Polish government-in-exile]] wrote to warn [[Władysław Sikorski]] that if the charter was implemented with regard to national self-determination, it would prevent the desired Polish annexation of [[Danzig]], [[East Prussia]] and parts of German [[Silesia]]. That led the Poles to approach Britain to ask for a flexible interpretation of the charter.<ref name="Google books">Prażmowska, p. 93</ref>

===Baltic states===
During the war, Churchill argued for an interpretation of the charter that would allow the Soviet Union to continue to control the [[Baltic states]], an interpretation that was rejected by the United States until March 1944.<ref name=whitcomb>Whitcomb, p. 18;</ref> [[Lord Beaverbrook]] warned that the charter "would be a menace to our [Britain's] own safety as well as to that of the Soviet Union." The United States refused to recognize the Soviet takeover of the Baltic states but did not press the issue against Stalin while he was fighting the Germans.<ref>Louis (1998), p. 224</ref> Roosevelt planned to raise the Baltic issue after the war, but he died in April 1945, before the fighting had ended in Europe.<ref>Hoopes and Brinkley, p. 52</ref>

=== Morocco ===
{{See also|French protectorate in Morocco|Spanish protectorate in Morocco}}
The Atlantic Charter was also used by Moroccan nationalists to lay claim to independence. Like many other Asian and African elites, Moroccan anti-colonial organizations interpreted the charter as anti-colonial manifesto and in return called for "the fall of the so-called protectorate" in front of the French and Spanish colonial administrations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stenner |first=David |title=Globalizing Morocco : transnational activism and the post-colonial state |date=2019 |isbn=978-1-5036-0900-6 |location=Stanford, California |pages=21 |oclc=1082294927}}</ref>

==2021 revitalization==
{{main|New Atlantic Charter}}

On 10 June 2021, a revised version of the original Atlantic Charter was issued between US president [[Joe Biden]] and UK prime minister [[Boris Johnson]] in [[Cornwall]], England.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/10/world/europe/biden-johnson-atlantic-charter.html|title=Eighty Years Later, Biden and Johnson Revise the Atlantic Charter for a New Era|first1=David E.|last1=Sanger|first2=Michael D.|last2=Shear|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=10 June 2021|accessdate=16 June 2021}}</ref> A statement issued by the White House described the new "revitalized" Atlantic Charter as aimed to meet the "new challenges of the 21st century," while also "building on the commitments and aspirations set out eighty years ago."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/06/10/the-new-atlantic-charter/|title=The New Atlantic Charter|publisher=The White House|date=10 June 2021|access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Allied technological cooperation during World War II]]
* [[Allies of World War II]]
* [[Diplomatic history of World War II]]
* [[Fourteen Points]]
* [[History of the United Nations]]
* [[List of Allied World War II conferences]]
* [[Tizard Mission]]
* [[United Kingdom–United States relations]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bayly |first1=C. |last2=Harper |first2=T. |year=2004 |title=Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/forgottenarmiesf00bayl |url-access=registration |publisher=Belknap Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-674-01748-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Borgwardt |first=Elizabeth |title=A new deal for the world: America's vision for human rights |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ajJoFFKv18C |isbn=978-0-674-28191-2 |publisher=Harvard University Press}}
*{{cite journal| last=Charmley| first= John| title=Churchill and the American Alliance| journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society| volume=Sixth Series 11 | pages= 353–371| jstor=3679428| issn=0080-4401| year= 2001| doi= 10.1017/S0080440101000184| s2cid= 154790604}}
*{{cite book |first=Winston |last=Churchill |title=Triumph and Tragedy: The Second World War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VArC_rYqimoC |year=2010 |publisher=RosettaBooks |isbn=978-0-7953-1147-5}}
*{{cite book |first=Neta C. |last=Crawford |title=Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, and Humanitarian Intervention |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMF_-aVJSE4C |isbn=978-0-521-00279-0 |location=Cambridge, UK}})
*{{cite journal| last=Cull| first=Nicholas| title=Selling peace: the origins, promotion and fate of the Anglo-American new order during the Second World War| journal=Diplomacy and Statecraft| volume=7| pages=1–28| number=1| date=March 1996| doi=10.1080/09592299608405992}}
*{{cite book |first=Harry |last=Gratwick |title=Penobscot Bay: People, Ports & Pastimes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzwh6J1zcg0C&pg=PT72 |year=2009 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-1-59629-623-7}}
*{{cite book| url=https://archive.org/details/rooseveltinretro00gunt| title=Roosevelt in retrospect: a profile in history| publisher=Harper & Brothers| last=Gunther| first=John| year=1950| location=New York}}
*{{cite book |first1=Townsend |last1=Hoopes |first2=Douglas |last2=Brinkley |title=FDR and the Creation of the U.N. |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OztJcfbnpDsC |isbn=978-0-300-08553-2 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, CT}}
*{{cite book |last1=Langer |first1=William L. |first2=S. Everett |last2=Gleason |title=The Undeclared War 1940–1941: The World Crisis and American Foreign Policy |year=1953 |publisher=Harper & Brothers |isbn=978-1-258-76698-6}}
*{{cite book |first=Paul Gordon |last=Lauren |title=The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efV5wvpUjDgC&pg=PA140 |year=2011 |publisher=U of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-2138-1}}
*{{cite journal| title=American Anti-Colonialism and the Dissolution of the British Empire| first=William Roger| last=Louis| journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]]| volume=61| pages=395–420| number=3| date=Summer 1985| doi=10.2307/2618660| jstor=2618660|issn=0020-5850}}
*{{cite book |first=William Roger |last=Louis |title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC |isbn=978-1-84511-347-6 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |location=London}}
*{{cite book |first=William Roger |last=Louis |title=More adventures with Britannia: Personalities, Politics and Culture in Britain |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-86064-293-7 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0B4NHZlW1pwC}}
*{{cite book |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=Christopher D. |title=Sumner Welles, Post-War Planning and the Quest for a New World Order 1937–1943 |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGQXAQAAIAAJ |isbn=978-0-231-14258-8 |location=New York}}
*{{cite book |first=Anita |last=Prażmowska |title=Britain and Poland, 1939–1943: the betrayed ally |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4J2c4jEhjYC |isbn=978-0-521-48385-8 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |location=Cambridge, UK}}
*{{cite book| last=Sauer| first=Ernst| title=Grundlehre des Völkerrechts, 2nd edition| publisher=Carl Heymanns| location=Cologne| year=1955| language=de| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrg3AAAAIAAJ}}
*{{cite book |first=Kanishkan |last=Sathasivam |title='Uneasy Neighbors: India, Pakistan, and US Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy0YB7LLzlUC |year=2005 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd |isbn=978-0-7546-3762-2 |location=Surrey, UK}}
*{{cite journal| last=Stone| first=Julius| title=Peace Planning and the Atlantic Charter| journal=[[Australian Quarterly]]| date=June 1942| issn=0005-0091| jstor=20631017| volume=14| pages=5–22| number=2| doi=10.2307/20631017}}
*{{cite book |first=Roger S. |last=Whitcomb |title=The Cold War in Retrospect: The Formative Years |publisher=Praeger |location=Westport, CT |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-275-96253-1}}
*{{cite book |first=Auriol |last=Weigold |title=Churchill, Roosevelt and India: Propaganda During World War II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Husn69M_bKEC&pg=PA15 |year=2008 |publisher=Taylor & Francis US |isbn=978-0-203-89450-7}}
*{{cite book |first=Chris |last=Wrigley |title=Winston Churchill: A Biographical Companion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBUslUOGOgkC&pg=PA29 |year=2002 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-87436-990-8}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==

*{{cite book |last=Beschloss |first=Michael R. |title=The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945 |year=2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743244541 |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-7432-4454-1 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNkLsMHtnPAC |editor-first1=Douglas G. |editor-last1=Brinkley |editor-first2=David |editor-last2=Facey-Crowther |title=The Atlantic Charter |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-312-08930-6 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK}}
*{{cite journal| last=Hein| first=David| title=Vulnerable: HMS ''Prince of Wales'' in 1941| journal=Journal of Military History| volume=77| number=3| date=July 2013| url=http://www.smh-hq.org/jmh/jmhvols/773.html}}
*{{cite book|first=Jonathan W.|last=Jordan|year=2015|title=American Warlords: How Roosevelt's High Command Led America to Victory in World War II|publisher=Dutton Caliber}}
*{{cite book |last=Kimball |first=Warren |title=Forged in war: Churchill, Roosevelt and the Second World War |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-06-203484-7 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York}}
*{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Jean Edward |title=FDR |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvskicb_UTsC |isbn=978-0-8129-7049-4 |publisher=Random House LLC |location=New York}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikisource|The Atlantic Charter}}
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/14/newsid_3536000/3536533.stm Secret meetings seal US-Britain alliance], BBC
* [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/atmenu.asp The Atlantic Conference] from the Avalon Project
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210111547/http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=919 Letter from The Ambassador Patrick J. Hurley to the US Secretary of State] TEHRAN, 14 April 1945. Describing meeting with Churchill, where Churchill vehemently states that the UK is in no way bound to the principles of the Atlantic Charter.
* [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/atlantic.asp The Atlantic Charter]

{{Diplomatic history of World War II}}
{{Winston Churchill}}
{{Franklin D. Roosevelt}}
{{Authority control}}

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