View source for Asian Australians

{{Short description|Australian of Asian ethnicity or ancestry}}
{{Use Australian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{infobox ethnic group
| group            = Asian Australians
| image            = Asian Australian map.svg
| pop              = 17.4% of the Australian  population (2021 census)<ref name="divers data">{{cite web |title=Cultural diversity data summary |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/Cultural%20diversity%20data%20summary.xlsx |website=abs.gov.au |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |access-date=16 July 2022}}</ref>{{efn-ua|Number of ancestry responses classified within the "North-East Asian", "South-East Asian" and "Southern and Central Asian" groups under the Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups as a proportion of the total population.<ref name="ASCCEG 2019" /> Excludes [[Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa|North African and Middle Eastern]] Australians who are separately classified. Ancestry figures do not amount to 100 percent as the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] allows up to two ancestry responses per person.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/detailed-methodology-information/information-papers/understanding-and-using-ancestry-data | title=Understanding and using Ancestry data |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics | date=28 June 2022 }}</ref>}}{{ubl|[[Chinese Australians]]: '''1,390,637'''
|[[Indian Australians]]: '''783,958'''
|[[Filipino Australians]]: '''408,836'''
|[[Vietnamese Australians]]: '''334,781'''
|[[Nepalese Australians]]: '''138,463'''
|[[Korean Australians]]: '''136,896'''
|[[Pakistani Australians]]: '''97,593'''
|[[Sri Lankan Australians]]: '''95,946'''
|[[Thai Australians]]: '''91,942'''|[[Indonesian Australians]]: '''87,705'''
|[[Japanese Australians]]: '''78,049'''
|[[Malaysian Australians]]: '''61,308'''|[[Cambodian Australians]]: '''57,096'''
|[[Afghan Australians]]: '''54,534'''}}
| popplace         = {{ubl|[[Sydney]], [[Melbourne]], [[Brisbane]], [[Perth]], [[Adelaide]], [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], [[Canberra]], [[Hobart]] and [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]]
|'''Australian towns and regions''':
| Notably [[Broome, Western Australia|Broome]] and the [[Torres Strait Islands]]{{efn-ua|Broome and the Torres Strait Islands were historically home to thousands of Asian migrants that settled in northern Australia as part of the [[Pearling in Western Australia|pearling industry]]. These Asian migrants were of [[Japanese people|Japanese]], [[Han Chinese|Chinese]], [[Filipinos|Filipino]], [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] and [[Sri Lanka]]n (mostly [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] descent). These migrants integrated into local society by marrying [[Indigenous Australians]] ([[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders]]), which was very common at the time, and [[European Australians]] later on. Today, many long-time residents in Broome and the Torres Strait Islands have partial Asian ancestry tracing back to these early migrants.<ref>{{cite book|title=Navigating Boundaries: The Asian Diaspora in Torres Strait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TiNzAAAAMAAJ|year=2017|author1=Anna Shnukal|author2=Guy Ramsay|author3=Yuriko Nagata|publisher=Pandanus Books|isbn=9781921934377|access-date=13 September 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011171740/https://books.google.com/books?id=TiNzAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{ubl|[[States and territories of Australia#States and territories|'''External territories of Australia''']]: 
|[[Christmas Island]] and [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands|Cocos Islands]] <small>(More than 90 percent of the total populations of the two territories)</small>{{efn-ua|The population of Christmas Islanders of full or partial Asian descent consists mainly of [[Malaysian Australian|Australians of Malaysian descent]] particularly [[Malaysian Chinese]] and [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] descent but also some individuals of [[Malaysian Indian]] descent.<ref>{{cite web |author=Christmas Island District High School |url=http://www.cidhs.cx/island-induction|title=Island induction - Christmas Island District High School|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803091021/http://www.cidhs.cx/island-induction|archive-date=3 August 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Christmas Island: An Anthropological Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsGegGC3GmYC&pg=PA91|year=2008|author=Simone Dennis|publisher=Cambria Press|isbn=9781604975109|pages=91–|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-date=31 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231220306/https://books.google.com/books?id=gsGegGC3GmYC&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}</ref> The majority of inhabitants on the Cocos Islands are the [[Cocos Malays]], who are the indigenous people of Cocos Island. There are also minority populations of ethnic Chinese and Indian descent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cocoskeelingislands.com.au/culture-and-language|title=Culture and Language |website=Cocos Keeling Islands www.cocoskeelingislands.com.au|access-date=2 March 2018|archive-date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302103952/https://www.cocoskeelingislands.com.au/culture-and-language|url-status=live}}</ref>}} }} }}
| langs            = [[Australian English]]{{·}}[[Languages of Asia|Asian languages]]
| rels             = [[Buddhism]]{{·}}[[Christianity]]{{·}}[[Hinduism]]{{·}}[[Sikhism]]{{·}}[[Islam]]{{·}}[[East Asian religions]]{{·}}[[Indian religions]]{{·}}other religions
}}
'''Asian Australians''' are [[Australians]] of [[Asia]]n ancestry, including [[Naturalization|naturalised]] Australians who are [[Immigration to Australia|immigrants]] from various regions in [[Asia]] and descendants of such immigrants. At the [[2021 Australian census|2021 census]], the proportion of the population identifying as Asian amounted to 17.4 percent with breakdowns of 6.5 percent from [[South Asia|Southern]] and [[Central Asia#Demographics|Central Asia]], 6.4 percent from [[East Asia|North-East Asia]], and 4.5 percent from [[Southeast Asia|South-East Asia]].<ref name="divers data"/><ref name="ASCCEG 2019" />

== Terminology ==
The term ''Asian Australian'' was first coined in the 1950s by [[European Australians]] who sought to strengthen diplomatic and trade ties with [[Asia]]. However, the term was not originally used to describe or recognise the experiences of people of Asian descent living in Australia. It was not until the late 1980s and 1990s that the term was adopted and used by Asian Australians themselves to discuss issues related to [[racial vilification]] and [[discrimination]]. Today, the term is widely accepted and used to refer to people of Asian descent who are citizens or residents of Australia, although its usage and meaning may vary within the Asian Australian community.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kwok |first=Jen Tsen |date=2017-07-03 |title=An Etymology of "Asian Australian" Through Associational Histories Connecting Australia to Asia |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2017.1346696 |journal=Journal of Australian Studies |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=351–366 |doi=10.1080/14443058.2017.1346696 |s2cid=149390880 |issn=1444-3058|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

When people use the term ''Asian'' in everyday conversation, they are usually referring to two main groups: East Asians (including Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Mongolian) and Southeast Asians (including Filipinos, Cambodians, Vietnamese, Laotians, Indonesians, Thais, and Singaporeans). Additionally, South Asians (including Indians, Bangladeshis, Sri Lankans, Nepalese, and Pakistanis) may also be included.<ref name=":1" />

=== Census definition ===
Information relating to the [[racial composition]] of the population was collected for the first time at the [[1911 Australian census|Census of 1911]]. The following were classified as "[[Asia]]tic":<ref>{{cite report |author1=Commonwealth Statistician |chapter-url=https://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/free.nsf/0/F8A631CD75497EA6CA25783900132215/$File/1911%20Census%20-%20Volume%20II%20-%20Part%20VIII%20Non-European%20Races.pdf|title=Census Taken for the Night Between the 2nd and 3rd April, 1911 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics; Commonwealth of Australia |pages=899–1073|date=1911 |chapter=Part VIII: Non-European Races}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=12em|
* [[Chinese people|Chinese]]
* [[Hindus]]
* Japanese
* [[Syrians]]
* [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]]
* [[Filipinos]]
* [[Javanese people|Javanese]]
* [[Sinhalese people|Cingalese]]
* [[Afghans]] and [[Baloch people|Baluchis]]
* [[Timorese]]
* [[Arabs]]
* [[Asiatic Turkey|Asiatic Turks]]
* [[Persians]]
* Asiatic [[Jews]]
* [[Siamese people|Siamese]]
* Asiatic (so described)
* [[Armenians]]
* [[Burmese people|Burmese]]
* [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]]
}}
At censuses prior to 1966 the instructions relating to [[Race (human categorization)|race]] were insufficient to enable respondents to classify themselves according to the degree of racial mixture. As one report for the ''1966 Census of Population and Housing'' details:<ref>{{cite report |author1=Acting Commonwealth Statistician |chapter-url=https://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/free.nsf/0/0D49859E95B25D3ACA2578800081EA71/$File/1966%20Census%20-%20Volume%201%20Population%20-%20Single%20Characteristics%20-%20Part%2011%20Race.pdf|title=1966 Census of Population and Housing |publisher=Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics; Commonwealth of Australia |pages=1−31|date=August 1971 |chapter=Population: Single Characteristics. Part 11: Race |volume=1|quote=At the 1966 Census the instructions were re-designed as follows in an endeavour to obtain precise data on racial mixture and also to avoid the opprobrium attaching to the term ''half-caste'': 'State each person's race. For persons of European race, wherever born, write "European". Otherwise state whether Aboriginal, Chinese, Indian, Japanese, etc., as the case may be. If of more than one race give particulars, for example, ½ European–½ Aboriginal; ¾ Aboriginal–¼ Chinese; ½ European–½ Chinese'.}}</ref>
{{blockquote|text=For example, from 1933 to 1961 persons were asked the following question: 
{{blockquote|"For persons of European race, wherever born, write "European ". For non-Europeans state the race to which they belong, for example, "Aboriginal", "Chinese", "Negro", "Afghan", etc. If the person is half-caste with one parent of European race, write also "H.C.", for example "H.C. Aboriginal", "H. C. Chinese", etc."}}
At the 1966 Census the instructions were re-designed{{nbsp}}... in an endeavour to obtain precise data on racial mixture and also to avoid the opprobrium attaching to the term "half-caste"{{nbsp}}...|title=''1966 Census'' (1971)|source="Population: Single Characteristics. Part 11", p. 7}}

The [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] and [[Census in Australia|Australian Census]] no longer collect data on race as a standalone category. Instead, they collect information on distinct ancestries, of which census respondents can select up to two. The ABS has classified certain ancestries into categories for the purposes of aggregating data, including:<ref name="ASCCEG 2019" />	
* ''[[East Asia|North-East Asian]]'' (including [[Chinese Australians|Chinese]], [[Korean Australian|Koreans]], [[Japanese Australians|Japanese]], etc.);
* ''[[Southeast Asia|South-East Asian]]'' (including [[Vietnamese Australians|Vietnamese]], [[Filipino Australian|Filipinos]], [[Indonesian Australians|Indonesians]], etc.); and
* ''[[South Asia|Southern]] and [[Central Asia#Demographics|Central Asian]]'' (including [[Indian Australians|Indians]], [[Sri Lankan Australians|Sri Lankans]], [[Afghan Australians|Afghans]], etc.).

[[Ancestor|Ancestry]] is the primary statistical measure of ethnicity or cultural origins in Australia. The different ancestry groups may have distinct histories, cultures, and geographical origins. Therefore, information on Australians with ancestry from Asia can be found in the respective articles for each separate article (e.g., [[Chinese Australians]], [[Indian Australians]], etc.).

It is important to note that Australians of [[Middle East]]ern ancestries are not classified as part of the Asian category under the ABS's ''Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups'' (ASCCEG).<ref name="ASCCEG 2019">{{citation | url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/classifications/australian-standard-classification-cultural-and-ethnic-groups-ascceg/latest-release | title=Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG): Latest release |work=Australian Bureau of Statistics | date=18 December 2019 |id=This release of the ASCCEG (2019) contains the updated classification following a limited review.}}</ref> Instead, they are separately classified under North African and Middle Eastern. This includes Australians of [[Arab]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]] and [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] ancestries. However, [[Armenians]], for example, are classified as Central Asian and therefore part of the Asian category.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 18, 2019 |title=1249.0 Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups, 2019 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/classifications/australian-standard-classification-cultural-and-ethnic-groups-ascceg/2019/12490do0001_201912.xls |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Asian Australians}}{{further|Asian immigration to Australia}}

===Gold rush===
{{Main|Victorian gold rush}}
[[File:Num_Pon_Soon_Melbourne.jpg|thumb|The Num Pon Soon building in [[Chinatown, Melbourne]]. Chinatown was founded by Chinese immigrants who came to Victoria during the Victorian Gold Rush. The Num Pon Soon Society was one of a number of district societies and benevolent associations aimed at supporting Chinese immigrants during the Victorian gold rush.]]

The [[Victorian gold rush]] of the 1850s and 1860s witnessed a significant rise in [[Chinese immigration to Australia]]. While small numbers of Chinese settlers had arrived as early as 1818, the gold rush triggered a dramatic increase in their presence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=corporateName=National Museum of Australia; address=Lawson Crescent |first=Acton Peninsula |title=National Museum of Australia - Chinese gold miners |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/harvest-of-endurance/scroll/chinese-gold-miners |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.nma.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> However, existing prejudices and cultural misunderstandings led to conflict between Chinese and European communities, culminating in violent riots at [[Lambing Flat riots|Lambing Flat]] and [[Buckland riot|Buckland]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=corporateName=National Museum of Australia; address=Lawson Crescent |first=Acton Peninsula |title=National Museum of Australia - Violence on the goldfields |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/harvest-of-endurance/scroll/violence-on-goldfields |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.nma.gov.au |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Harris |first=Lauren Carroll |date=2018-08-06 |title=The riots history erased: reckoning with the racism of Lambing Flat |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/aug/07/the-riots-history-erased-reckoning-with-the-racism-of-lambing-flat |access-date=2023-12-09 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> These tensions resulted in the enactment of anti-Chinese legislation by various Australian colonies, foreshadowing the implementation of the discriminatory [[White Australia policy]] from 1901 to 1973.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Prejudice & discrimination {{!}} Tracking The Dragon {{!}} NSW Migration Heritage Centre |url=https://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibition/trackingthedragon/prejudice-discrimination/index.html |access-date=2023-12-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Afghan cameleers ===
[[File:"Afghan"_cameleers_with_visitors,_Australia,_c_1891.jpeg|thumb|upright|[[Australian feral camel#cameleers|Cameleers]] with visitors, c.1891]]
During the period from the 1860s to 1900, small groups of [[Australian feral camel#cameleers|cameleers]], mostly from [[British India]] but also from other countries including [[Afghanistan]], [[Egypt]], [[Iran]], and [[Turkey]], were shipped in and out of Australia on three-year contracts to service the inland pastoral industry.<ref name="cam1">[http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/afghan-cameleers australia.gov.au > About Australia > Australian Stories > Afghan cameleers in Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805054200/http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/afghan-cameleers|date=5 August 2016}}. Accessed 8 May 2014.</ref> These workers, who were commonly referred to as "[[Afghans]]" or "[[Ghans]]", were responsible for carting goods and transporting wool bales by camel train. Most of the cameleers were [[Muslims]], with a sizeable minority being Sikhs from the [[Punjab|Punjab region]]. They established camel-breeding stations and rest house outposts, known as [[caravanserai]], throughout inland Australia, creating a permanent link between the coastal cities and remote cattle and sheep grazing stations. This practice continued until around the 1930s, when the cameleers were largely replaced by [[automobiles]].<ref name="cam1" />

===Immigration restriction===
{{Main|Immigration Restriction Act 1901}}
[[File:Podgy_the_Indian_Hawker,_Goulburn_Valley,_Victoria.jpg|thumb|'Podgy', a [[Sikhism in Australia|Sikh]] hawker in [[Goulburn Valley]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]].]]
During the 1870s and 1880s, the trade union movement in Australia raised concerns about the impact of foreign labour particularly from Asia, on the lives of Australian workers. These concerns, fuelled by anxieties about economic competition and cultural differences, led to calls for restrictions on immigration. While some argued that Asian labourers were essential for development in tropical regions, union pressure ultimately led to the introduction of legislation between 1875 and 1888 aimed at curbing Chinese immigration.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Markey |first=Raymond |date=1996-01-01 |title=Race and Organized Labor in Australia, 1850-1901 |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18167215.html |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171019161339/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18167215.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-10-19 |journal=The Historian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-19 |title=White Australia and the labour movement – Solidarity Online |url=https://solidarity.net.au/long-reads/white-australia-and-the-labour-movement/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |language=en-AU}}</ref> These policies, though motivated by a mix of economic and social factors, also contributed to the marginalization and exploitation of non-European workers, including Asian and Chinese immigrants, by limiting their access to better wages and working conditions.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name="Griffiths">{{cite web |last=Griffiths |first=Phil |date=4 July 2002 |title=Towards White Australia: The shadow of Mill and the spectre of slavery in the 1880s debates on Chinese immigration |url=http://www.philgriffiths.id.au/writings/articles/Shadow%20of%20mill.rtf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214224516/http://www.philgriffiths.id.au/writings/articles/Shadow%20of%20mill.rtf |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=2013-03-25 |publisher=11th Biennial National Conference of the Australian Historical Association |format=RTF}}</ref>

=== Internment during WWII ===
{{See also|Japanese Australians|Taiwanese Australians}}
During WWII, Japanese and Taiwanese (the latter due to the fact that Taiwan was then under Japanese colonial rule) from various locations were interned in [[Tatura]] and [[Rushworth, Victoria|Rushworth]], two towns in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], due to government policies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tatura Irrigation and Wartime Camps Museum |url=http://visitshepparton.com.au/see-and-do/history-and-heritage/!/view/tatura-irrigation-and-wartime-camps-museum-1031 |website=Visit Shepparton}}</ref> Roughly 600 Taiwanese civilians, including entire families, were held at "Internment Camp No. 4" in [[Rushworth, Victoria|Rushworth]], between January 1942 and March 1946. Most Japanese and Taiwanese were arrested for racist reasons. Some Japanese and Taiwanese people were born in the camp and received birth certificates. During internment, some adults operated businesses and schools in the camp. [[Filipino Australians|Filipinos]], [[Korean Australians|Koreans]], [[Manchu people|Manchus]],  [[New Caledonia]]ns, [[New Hebrides|New Hebrideans]], and people from various locations were also held at the camp, as well as [[Multiracial|mixed-]]Japanese [[Aboriginal Australians]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Nagata |first=Yuriko |date=September 13, 1993 |title=Japanese internment in Australia during World War II |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2440/21427 |publisher=The University of Adelaide |hdl=2440/21427 |type=PhD  |id=PDF download available}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Blakkarly |first=Jarni |date=April 24, 2017 |title=The Japanese and the dark legacy of Australia's camps |work=SBS News |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-japanese-and-the-dark-legacy-of-australia-s-camps |access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref> Schools mainly taught [[English language|English]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] and Taiwanese languages ([[Taiwanese Hokkien|Hokkien]], [[Taiwanese Hakka|Hakka]], [[Formosan languages|indigenous Formosan]]).<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Tatura – Rushworth, Victoria (1940–47) |url=http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/snapshots/internment-camps/WWII/tatura.aspx |access-date=June 7, 2019 |website=National Archives of Australia |archive-date=3 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903115004/http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/snapshots/internment-camps/WWII/tatura.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Blakkarly |first=Jarni |date=April 25, 2017 |title=Japanese survivors recall Australia's WWII civilian internment camps |work=SBS News |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/japanese-survivors-recall-australia-s-wwii-civilian-internment-camps |access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref>

=== Repatriation after WWII ===
After the war, internees were resettled in their country of ethnic origin, with the exception of Japanese Australians. Non-Australian Japanese were repatriated to [[Occupation of Japan|Japan]], while [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]] were repatriated to [[History of Taiwan since 1945|Occupied Taiwan]]. The [[repatriation]] caused public outcry due to the poor living conditions on the ship,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1946-03-10 |title=JUDGE MAY PROBE "HELL SHIP" |work=Sunday Mail |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98383012 |access-date=2023-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1946-03-07 |title=PUBLIC INDIGNATION OVER "HELL-SHIP" |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17971493 |access-date=2023-08-26}}</ref> known as the "[[Japanese destroyer Yoizuki|Yoizuki]] Hellship scandal".<ref>{{Cite news |date=1946-03-12 |title=YOIZUKI NOW AT RABAUL |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17971804 |access-date=2023-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/GRA19460311.2.36 |title=YOIZUKI INCIDENT |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}}</ref> The government wanted to expel non-citizen Japanese internees, including most Taiwanese. Many believed the [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]] should be seen as citizens of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (ROC) and hence allies, not expelled under poor conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-25 |title=The Strange Navy That Shipped Millions of Japanese Home |url=https://www.usni.org/strange-navy-shipped-millions-japanese-home |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=U.S. Naval Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kushner |first1=Barak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SS-4DwAAQBAJ&dq=Yoizuki++Incident&pg=PA30 |title=Overcoming Empire in Post-Imperial East Asia: Repatriation, Redress and Rebuilding |last2=Muminov |first2=Sherzod |date=2019-10-31 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-12706-7 |language=en}}</ref> This debate further inflamed outrage at the treatment of Taiwanese internees, and there was a minor controversy regarding the destination of repatriation for some Taiwanese internees. Despite public pressure, the Australian government ultimately still [[Deportation|deported]] the Taiwanese internees.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Piper |first=Christine |date=March 6, 2012 |title=Tatura family internment camp |url=https://lovedayproject.com/2012/03/06/tatura-family-internment-camp/ |journal=Loveday Project}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Reformulating citizenship: the Nikkei in Canada and Australia |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/51295 |publisher=UNSW Sydney |date=2011 |degree=Thesis |doi=10.26190/unsworks/23851 |language=English |first=Patrick |last=Haid|hdl=1959.4/51295 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kimura |first=Tets |date=2023-08-14 |title=Discrimination, internment camps, then deportation: the end of the second world war did not mean peace for Japanese-Australians |url=http://theconversation.com/discrimination-internment-camps-then-deportation-the-end-of-the-second-world-war-did-not-mean-peace-for-japanese-australians-208582 |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref>

===Post-war immigration===
{{Main|Post-war immigration to Australia}}
[[File:Lao_family_reunited_at_Melbourne_Airport.jpg|thumb|Lao family arriving at Melbourne Airport in 1977]]

The government began to expand access to citizenship for non-Europeans and increase immigration numbers from non-European countries in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1973, the [[Gough Whitlam|prime minister]] implemented a more non-discriminatory immigration policy.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet - 8. Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901105340/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm |archive-date=1 September 2006 |access-date=11 April 2015 |work=Australian Department of Immigration}}</ref>

In 1957, the government allowed access to citizenship for 15-year residents. In 1958, the Migration Act was reformed to allow skilled and professional non-Europeans to immigrate and temporarily reside in the country. During the [[Fraser government]], the country experienced the largest intake of [[Asian immigration to Australia|Asian immigrants]] since the 1850s and 1860s due to an increase in [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] [[refugee]]s after the [[Vietnam War]]. In 1983, British immigration was lower than Asian immigration for the first time in Australian history. Overall, immigration policy has evolved towards non-discrimination and broadening pathways to citizenship for Asians, following the dismantling of European-only policies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="CAPrice">{{Cite journal |last=Price |first=CA |date=September 1998 |title=POST-WAR IMMIGRATION: 1945-1998 |journal=Journal of the Australian Population Association |volume=15 |issue=2 |page=17}}</ref>

== Notable contributions ==
{{main list|List of Asian Australians
}}

=== Arts, culinary and entertainment ===
[[File:Natalie Tran at Australia Paper Towns Premiere.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Natalie Tran]], Australian [[YouTube]]r, actress, and comedian]]

Asian Australians have been involved in the entertainment industry since the first half of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SBS — Gold |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/gold/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=www.sbs.com.au |language=en}}</ref> One notable example is comedian [[Anh Do]], who is of [[Vietnamese Australian|Vietnamese descent]].  Do has gained widespread recognition for his work as an author, actor, comedian, and painter. His 2011 memoir ''The Happiest Refugee'' has won multiple awards, including the 2011 Australian Book of the Year, Biography of the Year and Newcomer of the Year, as well as the Indie Book of the Year Award 2011, Non-fiction Indie Book of the Year 2011, and it was shortlisted for the 2011 [[NSW Premier's Literary Awards]], [[Community Relations Commission Award]]. Another prominent Asian Australian artist is, Australian singer and songwriter [[Dami Im]]. Im rose to fame after winning the [[The X Factor (Australia season 5)|fifth season]] of ''[[The X Factor (Australian TV series)|The X Factor Australia]]'' in 2013. On 3 March 2016, it was announced Im would represent [[Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest|Australia]] at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2016]]. Her song was "[[Sound of Silence (Dami Im song)|Sound of Silence]]".

Cook and television presenter [[Poh Ling Yeow]], gained national attention as a contestant for [[MasterChef Australia (series 1)|the first series]] of ''[[MasterChef Australia]].'' Yeow signed with the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] for a cooking series (Poh's Kitchen) and a two-book publishing deal with [[ABC Commercial|ABC Books]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ganska |first=Helen |date=2009-09-08 |title=Masterchef runner-up Poh Ling Yeow gets own TV cooking show |work=news.com.au |url=http://www.news.com.au/perthnow/story/0,21598,26043532-5005382,00.html |access-date=2009-09-08}}</ref> The production on the series began in November 2009 in her home town of Adelaide.<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/entertainment/poh/2009/09/09/1252201253191.html Poh gets her own show] - ''smh.com.au'', 9 September 2009</ref> The series was aired from 10 February 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schwartzkoff |first=Louise |date=11 February 2010 |title=Poh's still stirring the pot |work=The Age |location=Melbourne |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/entertainment/tv-radio/articles/2010/02/09/1265477610913.html |access-date=13 February 2010}}</ref> Yeow was nominated for the [[Logie Awards of 2011]] in the category of Most Popular New Female Talent.<ref>{{cite news |date=2011-04-04 |title=Nominees for the 2011 Logie Awards |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/nominees-for-the-2011-logie-awards-20110404-1cteu.html |access-date=2011-04-04}}</ref> Yeow has appeared in four films: ''[[Human Touch (film)|Human Touch]]'' (2004),<ref name="Showdown">{{cite news |last=Shearer |first=Geoff |date=2009-07-18 |title=MasterChef showdown between Poh Ling Yeow and Julie Goodwin |work=news.com.au |url=http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,25797759-5012980,00.html |url-status=dead |access-date=2009-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718223635/http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,25797759-5012980,00.html |archive-date=18 July 2009}}</ref> ''Peaches'' (2004),<ref name="Showdown" /> ''[[Hey, Hey, It's Esther Blueburger]]'' (2008)<ref>{{cite web |title=Hey, hey it's Esther Blueburger |url=http://www.tamafilms.com.au/?page_id=10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728024551/http://www.tamafilms.com.au/?page_id=10 |archive-date=28 July 2009 |access-date=2009-07-18 |work=tamafilms.com.au}}</ref> and the [[Tropfest]] short film ''Jackie's Spring Palace'' (2009).<ref>{{cite web |title=Jackie's Spring Palace |url=http://www.jackiesspringpalace.com/Jackies_Spring_Palace/Jackies_Spring_Palace_-_Front.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728005339/http://www.jackiesspringpalace.com/Jackies_Spring_Palace/Jackies_Spring_Palace_-_Front.html |archive-date=28 July 2009 |access-date=2009-07-18}}</ref> She is also credited as [[production designer]] on ''Jackie's Spring Palace''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jackie's Spring Palace - Main Credits |url=http://www.jackiesspringpalace.com/Jackies_Spring_Palace/Jackies_Spring_Palace_-_Home.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728005410/http://www.jackiesspringpalace.com/Jackies_Spring_Palace/Jackies_Spring_Palace_-_Home.html |archive-date=28 July 2009 |access-date=2009-07-18}}</ref> Aside from her cooking programs, Yeow had substantial roles in ''[[Room 101 (Australian TV series)|Room 101]]'', ''[[Can of Worms (TV program)|Can of Worms]]'', ''[[Reality Check (Australian TV series)|Reality Check]]''. She appeared in the 2013 ABC comedy series ''[[It's a Date (TV series)|It's a Date]],'' along with [[Dave Lawson]].

[[YouTube]]r, actress, and comedian [[Natalie Tran]], began posting to her YouTube channel in 2006, initially posting responses to other videos she had seen on the site.<ref>{{cite web |last1=What's Trending |date=25 April 2015 |title=Natalie Tran On BUSTING Asian Stereotypes |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1B0ztsB6m0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/p1B0ztsB6m0 |archive-date=2021-12-15 |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=[[YouTube]] |quote=I started in '06, back when YouTube was a very, very small community, so the way a lot of people interacted with each other was through video responses, so my first video was a video response.}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="qantas">{{cite web |last1=Tarrant |first1=Deborah |date=1 July 2012 |title=Bright Ideas: What drives Youtube sensation Natalie Tran |url=https://travelinsider.qantas.com.au/bright_ideas_what_drives_youtube_sensation_natalie_tran.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723090512/http://travelinsider.qantas.com.au/bright_ideas_what_drives_youtube_sensation_natalie_tran.htm |archive-date=23 July 2012 |access-date=1 September 2020 |website=[[Qantas]]}}</ref> Her content then consisted of [[observational comedy]] skits and vlogs, which lampooned everyday situations, in which she played all of the characters and gave monologues throughout.<ref name="forbesdown2">{{cite web |last1=Humphrey |first1=Michael |date=7 May 2011 |title=Natalie Tran: Down Under's Top YouTuber Considers Her Next Move |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelhumphrey/2011/07/05/natalie-tran-down-unders-top-youtuber-considers-her-next-move/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107134323/https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelhumphrey/2011/07/05/natalie-tran-down-unders-top-youtuber-considers-her-next-move/ |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=1 September 2020 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="waqueen2">{{cite web |last1=Moses |first1=Asher |date=6 February 2009 |title=Natalie Tran - Australia's queen of YouTube |url=https://www.watoday.com.au/technology/natalie-tran--australias-queen-of-youtube-20090204-7xhe.html |access-date=1 September 2020 |website=[[WAtoday]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="latimes">{{cite web |last1=Lloyd |first1=Robert |date=22 August 2014 |title=Critic's Pick: TV Picks: Communitychannel, 'Doctor Who,' 'Poirot: Curtain' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/showtracker/la-tv-picks-et-st-natalie-tran-doctor-who-poirot-curtain-20140821-column.html |access-date=7 January 2022 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en}}</ref> By 2009, Tran was the most subscribed-to YouTuber in Australia and the 37th most subscribed-to globally.<ref name="waqueen2"/><ref name="forbesdown2"/> In 2010, she became the 18th most subscribed-to YouTuber globally.<ref name="wired">{{cite magazine |last1=Donahoo |first1=Daniel |date=16 February 2010 |title=Top 10 Geeks from Downunder |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/02/top-10-geeks-from-downunder/ |magazine=Wired |access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref> She became an ambassador for YouTube's ''Creators for Change'' initiative in September 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Montgomery |first1=Blake |date=22 September 2016 |title=Social Justice YouTubers Are About To Get A Big Boost |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/blakemontgomery/social-justice-youtubers-are-about-to-get-a-big-boost |access-date=1 September 2020 |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |language=en}}</ref> In December 2017, as part of the program, she released ''White Male Asian Female'', a 40-minute documentary about negative perceptions of relationships between Asian women and Caucasian men such as her own, on her YouTube channel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thompson |first1=Rachel |date=14 December 2017 |title=YouTuber addresses cultural stereotypes about interracial relationships |url=https://mashable.com/2017/12/14/natalie-tran-interracial-relationships/ |access-date=1 September 2020 |website=Mashable |language=en}}</ref> She hosted a video guide segment for the 2019 [[Sydney Film Festival]] called the ''Launch Show'', released in May 2019.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 May 2019 |title=Broadcasting live from AFTRS: The Sydney Film Festival Launch Show |url=https://www.aftrs.edu.au/news/2019/broadcasting-live-from-aftrs-the-sydney-film-festival-launch-show/ |access-date=1 September 2020 |website=[[Australian Film Television and Radio School]] |language=en}}</ref> From 2010 to 2011, Tran worked as a Sydney correspondent for ''[[The Project (Australian TV program)|The Project]]''{{'}}s The Whip segment.<ref name="proapology">{{cite web |last1=Dapin |first1=Mark |date=24 July 2015 |title=YouTube star Natalie Tran is a prolific apologiser |url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/youtube-star-natalie-tran-is-a-prolific-apologiser-20150722-gii7qt.html |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]'' called her "one of Australia’s original success stories on YouTube".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Keene |first1=Neil |date=3 March 2015 |title=Behind the scenes with our YouTube stars |url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/how-aussie-youtube-stars-like-bondi-harvest-took-the-world-by-storm-and-how-they-make-their-money/news-story/7cd713bb609c0c6f3824280b384a1772 |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=Daily Telegraph |language=en}}</ref>

Australian author and journalist [[Benjamin Law (writer)|Benjamin Law]],  best known for his books ''The Family Law'', a family memoir published in 2010, and the [[The Family Law|TV series of the same name]]. The six-part series, loosely adapted from Law's 2010 book of the same name, was written by Law and [[Marieke Hardy]]. The program has received critical acclaim from critics. One critic from ''Daily Review Australia'' said "the core challenge is making a captivating comedy series about normal people living normal lives. The Family Law gives it a good crack, and has an amiable quality that many viewers will find endearing."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Family Law TV review (SBS) - Daily Review: Film, stage and music reviews, interviews and more. |url=https://dailyreview.com.au/the-family-law-tv-review-sbs/35284/ |access-date=20 July 2018 |website=dailyreview.com.au|date=7 January 2016 }}</ref> Another critic from ''[[The Guardian]]'' said "there’s so much detail, warmth and gentle humour to the script, direction and production design that the characters and settings are relatable for anyone who grew up – or is growing up – in Australia." She gave the program 4 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Nicole |date=15 January 2016 |title=The Family Law review: a loving and gently funny Australian family drama |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2016/jan/15/the-family-law-review-an-affectionate-and-comedic-look-at-asian-australians |access-date=20 July 2018 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> In 2018, [[Sashi Cheliah]] was the winner of the [[MasterChef Australia (series 10)|tenth series]] of [[Masterchef Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wong |first1=Derek |title=Singapore-born Sashi Cheliah crowned MasterChef Australia champion |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/singapore-born-sashi-cheliah-crowned-masterchef-australia-champion |website=www.straitstimes.com |access-date=13 May 2023 |language=en |date=31 July 2018}}</ref>

=== Journalism ===
Asian Australians have made significant contributions to the field of journalism in Australia, bringing new perspectives and challenging mainstream media narratives. Notable journalists of Asian heritage include [[Yalda Hakim]], a [[BBC World News]] presenter who has contributed to [[Dateline (Australian TV program)|SBS's Dateline]] program, [[Benjamin Law (writer)|Benjamin Law]], an accomplished writer and journalist known for his insightful commentary on Australian society, [[Lee Lin Chin]], a prominent Australian journalist and television presenter, Iskhandar Razak, an award-winning investigative journalist who has worked for the [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC]] and [[SBS (Australian TV channel)|SBS]], and [[Fauziah Ibrahim]], a journalist and presenter for [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] who has reported on a wide range of stories across Australia and Asia.

=== Sports ===
[[File:Hon RGQ22 (57) (52130049500).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Priscilla Hon]], Australian tennis player]]
[[File:20180601 FIFA Friendly Match Czech Republic vs. Australia Massimo Luongo 850 0218.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Massimo Luongo]], Australian professional soccer player]]
Asian Australians have contributed to [[Sport in Australia|sports in Australia]] through much of the 20th Century. Some of the most notable contributions include [[Olympic sports]], but also in professional sports, particularly in the post-World War II years. As the Asian Australian population grew in the late 20th century, Asian Australian contributions expanded to more sports. Examples of female Asian Australian athletes include [[Lisa Sthalekar]],  [[Catriona Bisset]], [[Alexandra Huynh]], [[Setyana Mapasa]], [[Priscilla Hon]], and [[Cheltzie Lee]]. Examples of male Asian Australian athletes include [[Jason Day]], [[Massimo Luongo]], [[Geoff Huegill]], [[Usman Khawaja]], [[Peter Bell (footballer, born 1976)|Peter Bell]], and [[Martin Lo (soccer)|Martin Lo]].

== Data collection and demographics ==

=== Overview ===
The Australian government collects data on distinct ancestries rather than race at each census, and at the 2021 census, approximately 17.4 percent of the population identified as having Asian ancestry.<ref name="ancestry FS">{{cite web |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |author1=((Australian Bureau of Statistics)) |title=Fact sheet: Ancestry |access-date=13 April 2020 |url-status=live |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/4a256353001af3ed4b2562bb00121564/f31b4dddfa48a2a8ca257a75002adec8!OpenDocument |website=www.abs.gov.au |archive-date=26 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126125631/https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome.nsf/4a256353001af3ed4b2562bb00121564/f31b4dddfa48a2a8ca257a75002adec8!OpenDocument}}</ref><ref name="divers data"/><ref name="ASCCEG 2019" />

At the 2021 census the most commonly nominated Asian ancestries were as set out in the following table.<ref name="divers data"/> The largest group are Chinese Australians.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+ '''Persons nominating Asian Australian Ancestries in 2021'''<ref name="divers data"/>
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
! style="width:200px;"|Ancestry|| style="width:200px;"|Population
|-
|align=left|[[Chinese Australian]]||1,390,637
|-
|align=left|[[Indian Australian]]||783,958
|-
|align=left|[[Filipino Australian]]||408,836
|-
|align=left|[[Vietnamese Australian]]||334,781
|-
|align=left|[[Nepalese Australian]]||138,463
|-
|align=left|[[Korean Australian]]||136,896
|-
|align=left|[[Pakistani Australian]]||97,593
|-
|align=left|[[Sri Lankan Australian]]||95,946
|-
|align=left|[[Thai Australian]]||91,942
|-
|align=left|[[Indonesian Australian]]||85,978
|- 
|align=left|[[Japanese Australian]]||78,049
|-
|align=left|[[Malaysian Australian]]||61,308
|-
|align=left|[[Cambodian Australian]]||57,096
|-
|align=left|[[Afghan Australian]]||54,534
|-
|align=left|[[Bangladeshi Australian]]||49,142
|-
|align=left|[[Burmese Australian]]||36,528
|-
|align=left|[[Taiwanese Australian]]||26,345
|-
|align=left|[[Laotian Australian]]||17,287
|-
|align=left|[[Karen Australians]]||13,602
|-
|align=left|Bhutanese Australians||11,935
|- 
|align=left|[[Singaporean Australian]]||11,413
|-
|align=left|[[East Timorese Australian]]||11,105
|- 
|align=left|[[Chin Australian]]||8,407
|-
|align=left|[[Mongolian Australians]]||7,808
|-
|align=left|[[Hmong people|Hmong]] Australian||4,035
|-
|align=left|[[Tibetan Australians]]||3,173
|-
|align=left|[[Rohingya Australian]]||2,322
|-
|}

=== Details ===
Thirty percent of Asian Australians go to university, 20 percent of all Australian doctors are Asian, and 37 percent of Asian Australians participate in some form of organised sport.{{dubious|date=January 2015|Statistics lack terms of reference e.g. do 30% of Asians attending university refer to all Asian Australians (if so, does this mean Asian Australians in all age groups?), and does this figure include overseas Asian students?}}<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Duncan |date=17 September 2012 |title=Young Asians making their mark on Australia |work=BBC News |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-19621075 |url-status=live |access-date=29 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081509/http://www.bbc.com/news/business-19621075 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> [[Chinese Australians|Chinese]] and [[Indian Australians]], particularly second and third generation immigrants, are present in large numbers in [[Sydney]] and [[Melbourne]], with [[Chinese Australians]] constituting Sydney's fourth largest ancestry group.<ref name="bbc.co.uk" /><ref>{{cite web |title=2011 Census QuickStats: Greater Sydney |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/1GSYD?opendocument&navpos=220 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116113405/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/1GSYD?opendocument&navpos=220 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref>

=== Political representation ===
{{Main|Asian Australians in politics}}
[[File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Foreign_Minister_Wong_(52095791921).jpg|thumb|[[Penny Wong]] and [[Antony Blinken]] at the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue meeting|200x200px]]

Members of [[minority group]]s make up about 6 percent of the federal [[Parliament of Australia|Parliament]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Cave |first=Damien |date=2018-04-10 |title=In a Proudly Diverse Australia, White People Still Run Almost Everything |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/10/world/australia/study-diversity-multicultural.html |access-date=2022-06-17 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Both [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] and [[Australian Greens|Greens]] voters were more likely to agree that Asian Australians experience discrimination, but more than three-quarters of those who said they would vote for the [[Coalition (Australia)|Liberal/National Coalition]] also agreed.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Director |first1=Centre |last2=csrm.comms@anu.edu.au |date=2019-09-10 |title=Research Note: Asian-Australian experiences of discrimination |url=https://csrm.cass.anu.edu.au/research/publications/research-note-asian-australian-experiences-discrimination-0 |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=ANU Centre for Social Research & Methods |language=en-AU}}</ref>

== Social and political issues ==

=== Discrimination and violence against Asian Australians ===
{{See also|Yellow Peril#Australia|Anti-Chinese sentiment#Australia|Anti-Filipino sentiment|Anti-Japanese sentiment#Australia|Anti-Indian sentiment#Australia|Anti-Pakistan sentiment}}Asian Australians have faced discrimination and [[Racial violence in Australia|racial violence]] based on their race and ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-01 |title=Anthony was playing cricket when an opposing player started shouting 'coronavirus'. His experience isn't unusual |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-02/asian-australians-suffer-covid-19-discrimination-anu-survey/12834324 |access-date=2022-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-09-20 |title=Australian school discriminated against turban-wearing boy |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-41317386 |access-date=2022-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-16 |title=We fact checked Tanya Plibersek about religious vilification laws. Here's what we found |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-17/fact-check-tanya-plibersek-on-religious-discrimination/100911524 |access-date=2022-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Racism In Australia Worsened by Anti-China Election Rhetoric |url=https://time.com/6176970/australia-election-china/ |magazine=Time |language=en |access-date=2022-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vast majority of NSW hate crimes race and religion-related: study |url=https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2019/04/01/vast-majority-of-nsw-hate-crimes-race-and-religion-related--stud.html |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=The University of Sydney |language=en-AU}}</ref> Some [[Sikhism in Australia|Sikh Australians]] have experienced discrimination due to their religious garments being mistaken for those worn by [[Arabs]] or [[Muslims]], particularly after the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Research looks at hate crimes reported by Sikhs in Victoria |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/audio/research-looks-at-hate-crimes-reported-by-sikhs-in-victoria |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=SBS Your Language |language=en}}</ref>

==== COVID-19 pandemic ====
The [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia|COVID-19 pandemic]] has led to an increase in anti-Asian<ref>{{cite news |last=Lee |first=Rennie |date=2021-03-26 |title=Australia is also seeing racism against Asians |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/03/26/anti-asian-bias-isnt-just-an-american-problem/ |access-date=2022-06-18}}</ref> sentiment in Australia.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Schneiders |first1=Ben |last2=Lucas |first2=Clay |date=12 May 2020 |title=Asian-Australian groups report surge in racist abuse, assaults during pandemic |url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/asian-australian-groups-report-surge-in-racist-abuse-assaults-during-pandemic-20200512-p54s6f.html |access-date=18 June 2022 |newspaper=The Age |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tan |first1=Xiao |last2=Lee |first2=Rennie |last3=Ruppanner |first3=Leah |date=December 2021 |title=Profiling racial prejudice during COVID-19: Who exhibits anti-Asian sentiment in Australia and the United States? |journal=Australian Journal of Social Issues |language=en |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=464–484 |doi=10.1002/ajs4.176 |issn=0157-6321 |pmc=8653057 |pmid=34898754}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 2022 |last1= Leckie |first1=Evelyn |title=Degrading racism continues against Chinese-Australians |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-26/racism-towards-chinese-australians-continues-covid19/101099690 |orig-date=Updated 31 May 2022 with new headline: "Racism remains rife towards Chinese-Australians, more than two years into the COVID-19 pandemic" |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="cris">{{cite report |last1=Kamp |first1=Alanna |last2=Denson |first2=Nida |last3=Atie |first3=Rosalie |last4=Dunn |first4=Kevin |last5=Sharples |first5=Rachel |last6=Vergani |first6=Matteo |last7=Walton |first7=Jessica |last8=Sisko |first8=Susan |title=Asian Australians' Experiences of Racism During the COVID-19 Pandemic |date=July 2021 |publisher=Centre for Resilient and Inclusive Societies (CRIS), Deakin University; Victoria University; Western Sydney University |isbn=978-0-7300-0167-6|url=https://www.crisconsortium.org/challenging-racisms/asian-australian-racism-covid19}} [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5d48cb4d61091100011eded9/t/60f655dd3ca5073dfd636d88/1626756586620/COVID+racism+report+190721.pdf &#91;Report PDF&#93;]</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What it's like to be Asian in Australia since COVID came knocking |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-feed/article/what-its-like-to-be-asian-in-australia-since-covid-came-knocking/hbvwao1vp |access-date=2022-06-18 |work=SBS News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |author1=((Lowy Institute)) |title=Being Chinese in Australia: Public Opinion in Chinese Communities |url=https://interactives.lowyinstitute.org/features/chinese-communities/ |access-date=2022-06-18 |work=Lowy Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-03 |title=One in five Chinese Australians report attacks or threats amid pandemic, rising tensions |language=en |work=Reuters News |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-china-diplomacy-idUSKCN2AV0B4 |access-date=2022-06-18}}</ref><ref name="ANU csrm">{{cite report |last1=Biddle |first1=Nicholas |last2=Gray |first2=Matthew |last3=Lo |first3=Jieh-Yung |title=Asian-Australians' experience during COVID-19 |date=October 2020 |publisher=Centre for Social Research and Methods, Australian National University |url=https://csrm.cass.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/docs/2020/11/The_experience_of_Asian-Australians_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic.pdf}}</ref>

=== Racial stereotypes ===
{{Main|Stereotypes of Asians|Stereotypes of South Asians}}There are [[racial stereotypes]] that exist towards Asian Australians. Some view Asian Australians as "[[perpetual foreigner]]s" and not as truly "Australian".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thai |first1=Michael |last2=Szeszeran |first2=Nicholas A. |last3=Hornsey |first3=Matthew J. |last4=Barlow |first4=Fiona Kate |date=August 2020 |title=Forever Foreign? Asian Australians Assimilating to Australian Culture Are Still Perceived as Less Australian Than White Australians |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1948550619879907 |journal=Social Psychological and Personality Science |language=en |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=812–820 |doi=10.1177/1948550619879907 |s2cid=214292907 |issn=1948-5506|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Model minority ===
{{Main|Model minority}}

The term "[[model minority]]" refers to a [[minority group]] whose members are perceived to have achieved a higher level of [[Socioeconomic status|socio-economic]] success than the population average.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Liu |first1=Helena |date=24 February 2021 |title=From Yellow Peril to Model Minority: Asians Resist! |website= Disorient |url=https://disorient.co/model-minority-myth/ |access-date=18 June 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite conference |last1=Walton |first1=Jessica |last2=Truong |first2=Mandy |date=2021-11-12 |title=Understanding the racial grammar of the model minority myth and its impacts |url=https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/understanding-the-racial-grammar-of-the-model-minority-myth-and-i |conference=Alfred Deakin Institute International Conference 2021 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2017-05-04 |title=WoroniThe Myth of the 'Model Minority' |url=https://www.woroni.com.au/words/the-myth-of-the-model-minority/ |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=Woroni |language=en}}</ref> In the case of Asian Australians, this stereotype is often applied to groups such as [[Chinese Australians]], [[Indian Australians]], and [[Korean Australians]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lee-An |first1=Jiyoung |last2=Chen |first2=Xiaobei |date=March 2021 |title=The model minority myth hides the racist and sexist violence experienced by Asian women |url=http://theconversation.com/the-model-minority-myth-hides-the-racist-and-sexist-violence-experienced-by-asian-women-157667 |access-date=18 June 2022|work=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref><ref name="new merit">{{cite journal |last1=Ho |first1=Christina |title=The new meritocracy or over-schooled robots? Public attitudes on Asian–Australian education cultures |journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies |date=26 October 2017 |volume=43 |issue=14 |pages=2346–2362 |doi=10.1080/1369183X.2017.1315855 |hdl=10453/113608 |s2cid=148813111|hdl-access=free}}</ref> While it is true that some members of these groups have achieved success in education and income, it is important to note that the model minority stereotype is an [[oversimplification]] that ignores the diversity and challenges faced by individuals within these groups.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-12-18 |title=The Very Model of a Model Ethnic Minority |url=https://meanjin.com.au/essays/the-very-model-of-a-model-ethnic-minority/ |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=Meanjin |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 July 2018 |title=Being a good, quiet and assimilated 'model minority' is making me angry|first1=Masako |last1=Fukui |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/28/being-a-good-quiet-and-assimilated-model-minority-is-making-me-angry |access-date=18 June 2022 |work=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |issue=61 |title=No, I'm not your 'Asian model minority'!|first1=Masako |last1=Fukui |url=https://www.griffithreview.com/articles/asian-model-minority-perils-overachieving/ |access-date=18 June 2022 |magazine=Griffith Review |id=[Literary journal] |language=en-AU}}</ref>

=== Bamboo ceiling ===
{{Main|Bamboo ceiling}}
The [[bamboo ceiling]] is a term used to describe the barriers that prevent Asian Australians from achieving [[leadership position]]s in the workplace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Gareth |date=2019-09-12 |title=The 'bamboo ceiling' in Australia is real |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-bamboo-ceiling-in-australia-is-real-20190912-p52qp8.html |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=Tan |first=Monica |date=2015-04-27 |title=Asian-Australian lawyers still bump up against legal industry's 'bamboo ceiling' |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/apr/27/asian-australians-lawyers-still-bump-up-against-legal-industrys-bamboo-ceiling |access-date=2023-05-20 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Xiao |first1=Bang |last2=Handley |first2=Erin |date=2019-11-01 |title=Why the 'bamboo ceiling' is still alive and well in Australia |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-02/asian-australians-struggling-to-break-bamboo-ceiling/11665288 |access-date=2023-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Soutphommasane |first=Tim |date=2014-07-11 |title=Are Asian Australians trapped under a bamboo ceiling? |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jul/11/are-asian-australians-trapped-under-a-bamboo-ceiling |access-date=2023-05-20 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Despite making up 9.3 percent of the Australian [[labour force]], Asian Australians are significantly [[Underrepresented group|underrepresented]] in senior executive positions, with only 4.9 percent achieving these roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-04 |title=Bamboo ceiling broken by Asian-Australians |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7930047/bamboo-ceiling-broken-by-asian-australians/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=The Canberra Times |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Loon |first=Karen |date=2022-10-12 |title=Corporates need to help Asian-Australian leaders crack 'bamboo ceiling' |url=https://www.smartcompany.com.au/opinion/corporates-asian-australian-leaders-bamboo-ceiling/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=SmartCompany |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> This disparity is often attributed to [[unconscious bias]] and [[discrimination]] within the workplace.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 December 2012 |title=Cracking the Cultural Ceiling|website=[[Diversity Council Australia]] |url=https://www.dca.org.au/research/project/cracking-cultural-ceiling}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Battle of the bamboo ceiling |last1=Knox |first1=Malcolm |work=SBS News (Features) |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/life/feature/battle-bamboo-ceiling |access-date=20 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408040726/https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/life/feature/battle-bamboo-ceiling |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macdonald |first=Anna |date=2022-06-20 |title='Bamboo ceiling' preventing Asian Australians becoming public sector leaders |url=https://www.themandarin.com.au/192762-bamboo-ceiling-preventing-asian-australians-becoming-public-sector-leaders/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=The Mandarin |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Disparities among Asian Australians ===
There are social and economic disparities among Asian Australians. While Asian Australians are over-represented in high-performing schools and university courses, some [[ethnic group]]s face challenges.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2020 |title=Asian Australian students' success is often maligned – but it's our education system that's unequal |last1=Ho |first1=Christina  |url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jun/02/asian-australian-students-success-is-often-maligned-but-its-our-education-system-thats-unequal |access-date=18 June 2022 |work=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref name="new merit"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Migrants outclass Aussie students in NAPLAN |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/naplan-migrant-students-are-outclassing-aussie-kids-in-literacy-and-numeracy/news-story/ca5260a9f89458dfc835725cff3a05fe |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=2018}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |issue=Semester 1 2018 |date=1 October 2018 |title='Asians always do well': Getting Behind the Stereotypes of 'Ethnic Success' in NSW |url=https://cpl.asn.au/journal/semester-1-2018/asians-always-do-well-getting-behind-the-stereotypes-of-ethnic-success-in |access-date=18 June 2022 |work=Journal of the Centre for Professional Learning |language=en}}</ref> For example, [[Cambodian Australians]] have lower rates of educational qualifications and higher participation in semi-skilled and unskilled occupations compared to the general Australian population.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carruthers |first1=Ashley |last2=Tuy |first2=Sarithya |title=The Cambodians in Sydney |journal=Sydney Journal |date=June 2009 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=62–67 |doi=10.5130/sj.v2i1.1197 |language=en |issn=1835-0151|doi-access=free }} [https://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/sydney_journal/article/view/1197/1207 PDF direct download]</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=House of Representatives Selection Committee |title=Report No. 15: Committee and delegation business and private Members' business |date=16 August 2017 |publisher=Parliament of Australia |location=Canberra |page=7 |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/-/media/02_Parliamentary_Business/24_Committees/243_Reps_Committees/Selection/45p/Report_15_16_August_2017.pdf?la=en&hash=A1C18D48F1726354017576E3A94CC8598E03434A |chapter=Private Members' Business–Notices}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |date=2008|first1=Ashley |last1=Carruthers |first2=Sarithya |last2=Tuy |title=Cambodians |encyclopedia= The Dictionary of Sydney |publisher=DoS Trust |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/cambodians |access-date=18 June 2022 }}</ref> [[Laotian Australians]] also have lower rates of higher non-school qualifications and higher unemployment rates compared to the total Australian population.<ref>{{cite press release |author1=((Department of Home Affairs)) |author2=((Australian Bureau of Statistics)) |title=Community Information Summary – Laos-born |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |date=2018 |url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/files/2016-cis-laos.PDF}}</ref>

[[Vietnamese Australians]] have slightly lower participation in the labour force and higher unemployment rates compared to the national average.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Prof |first1=Associate |last2=Tuan |first2=Dr Nguyen Anh |date=2014-11-18 |title=Vietnamese Australians' Community: Realities and Prospects |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2014/11/18/vietnamese-australians-community-realities-and-prospects/ |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=Modern Diplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref> Hmong Australians have historically had high unemployment rates and a large proportion in [[Unskilled jobs|unskilled]] factory jobs, though this has improved somewhat in recent years.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tapp |first1=Nicholas |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/hmong-australia |title=The Hmong of Australia |last2=Lee |first2=Gary Yia |date=November 2010 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-1-921666-95-7 |language=en}}</ref> In contrast, [[Bangladeshi Australians]] have higher educational levels and a higher participation in skilled managerial, professional, or trade occupations compared to the total Australian population.<ref>{{cite press release |author1=((Department of Home Affairs)) |author2=((Australian Bureau of Statistics)) |title=Community Information Summary – Bangladesh-born|url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/files/2016-cis-bangladesh.pdf |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |date=2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Australia|Asia}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Asian Americans]]
* [[Asian Argentines]]
* [[Asian Canadians]]
* [[Asian Brazilians]]
* [[Asian New Zealanders]]
* [[Asian Peruvians]]
* [[Asian South Africans]]
* [[Asian French]]
* [[Asian people]]
* [[British Asian]]
* [[East Asians in the United Kingdom]]
* [[African Australians]]
* [[American Australians]]
* [[Arab Australians]]
* [[Black Australians (disambiguation)|Black Australians]]
* [[Caribbean and West Indian Australians]]
* [[European Australians]]
* [[Indigenous Australians]]
* [[North African and Middle Eastern Australians]]
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://asaa.asn.au/ The Asian Studies Association of Australia (ASAA)]
* [https://asianaustralianalliance.net/ The ASIAN AUSTRALIAN ALLIANCE (AAA)]
* [https://asianaustralianproject.com/ The Asian Australian Project (AAP)]
* [https://origins.museumsvictoria.com.au/ Museums Victoria Origins]
* [https://melbourneasiareview.edu.au/ The Melbourne Asia Review (MAR)]
* [http://www.4a.com.au/ 4A Centre for Contemporary Asian Art]

{{Asian Australians}}
{{Ethnic groups in Australia}}
{{Overseas Asians}}

[[Category:Asian diaspora in Australia| ]]
[[Category:Asian-Australian issues]]
[[Category:Asian-Australian culture]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Australia]]