View source for Ash pond

{{Short description|Coal plant disposal structure}}
[[File:Coal power plant by Portage, Wisconsin.jpg|thumb|[[Columbia Energy Center]] in Wisconsin with a coal ash pond landfill]]

An '''ash pond''', also called a '''coal ash basin''' or '''surface impoundment''',<ref name="EPA CCR-proposed">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, D.C. "Hazardous and Solid Waste Management System; Identification and Listing of Special Wastes; Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals from Electric Utilities." Proposed rule. ''Federal Register,'' {{usfr|75|35130}}, June 21, 2010.</ref> is an engineered structure used at [[coal-fired power station]]s for the disposal of two types of [[coal combustion products]]: [[bottom ash]] and [[fly ash]]. The pond is used as a [[landfill]] to prevent the release of ash into the atmosphere. Although the use of ash ponds in combination with air pollution controls (such as [[wet scrubber]]s) decreases the amount of airborne pollutants, the structures pose serious health risks for the surrounding environment.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://trib.com/business/energy/mixing-water-powder-river-basin-coal-ash-dangerous-to-human/article_9a85a08e-8d70-5dad-b059-b861d2a34757.html|title=Mixing water, Powder River Basin coal ash dangerous to human health, new research finds |last=Erickson |first=Camille |date=October 7, 2019 |work=Casper Star-Tribune |location=Casper, WY}}</ref>

Ash ponds use gravity to settle out large particulates (measured as [[total suspended solids]]) from power plant [[wastewater]]. This technology does not treat dissolved pollutants.<ref name="EPA-steam-electric">{{cite web |date=2018-11-30 |title=Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Steam Electric Power Generating Point Source Category |url=https://www.epa.gov/eg/steam-electric-power-generating-effluent-guidelines-2015-final-rule |publisher=EPA}}</ref> The ponds generally have not been built as [[Landfill liner|lined landfills]], and therefore chemicals in the ash can leach into [[groundwater]] and surface waters, accumulating in the biomass of the system.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blackwarriorriver.org/new-coal-ash-pollution-maps/ |title=New Interactive Maps of Groundwater Pollution Reveal Threats Posed by Alabama Power Coal Ash Pits |last=Brooke |first=Nelson |date=June 5, 2019 |website=Black Warrior Riverkeeper |location=Birmingham, AL}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://bismarcktribune.com/news/state-and-regional/report-unsafe-coal-ash-contamination-found-in-north-dakota-groundwater/article_ccbda15d-5489-55f0-a756-84ebb7dd062f.html |title=Report: Unsafe coal ash contamination found in North Dakota groundwater |last=Springer |first=Patrick |date=March 13, 2019 |work=Bismarck Tribune |location=Bismarck, ND}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abc27.com/news/local/york/brunner-island-power-plant-owners-agree-to-1m-penalty-coal-ash-cleanup/ |title=York: Brunner Island power plant owners agree to $1M penalty, coal ash cleanup |last=Tosheff |first=Taylor |date=2019-07-31 |publisher=ABC27 News |location=Harrisburg, PA}}</ref>

==Design==
Ash ponds are generally formed using a ring [[Levee|embankment]] to enclose the disposal site. The embankments are designed using similar design parameters as [[embankment dam]]s, including zoned construction with [[clay]] cores. The design process is primarily focused on handling seepage and ensuring slope stability.

Failure of a pond's earthen embankment can cause ash spills on adjacent land and rivers, with serious environmental damage, as evidenced in the [[Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill|2008 Kingston Fossil Plant spill]] in Tennessee<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/us/24mud.html |title=Water Supplies Tested After Tennessee Spill |work=The New York Times |last=Dewan |first=Sheila |date=2008-12-23}}</ref> and the [[2014 Dan River coal ash spill]] in North Carolina.<ref>{{cite web |title=Case Summary: Duke Energy Agrees to $3 Million Cleanup for Coal Ash Release in the Dan River |url=https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/case-summary-duke-energy-agrees-3-million-cleanup-coal-ash-release-dan-river |website=Enforcement |publisher=EPA |date=2017-03-15}}</ref>

==Disposal methods==
The wet disposal of ash into ash ponds is the most common ash disposal method,<ref name="McLaren 1987">{{cite book
|author1=McLaren, R. J. |author2=A. M. DiGioia |name-list-style=amp |chapter=The Typical Engineering Properties of Fly Ash
|title=Geotechnical Practice for Waste Disposal |editor=Woods, R. D. |year=1987 |publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers |location=Reston, VA}}</ref> but other methods include dry disposal in [[landfill]]s. Dry-handled ash is often recycled into useful building materials. Wet disposal has been preferred due to economic reasons, but increasing environmental concerns regarding [[leachate]] from ponds has decreased the popularity of wet disposal.<ref name="McLaren 1987" /> The wet method consists of constructing a large "pond" and filling it with fly ash [[slurry]], allowing the water to drain and evaporate from the fly ash over time.<ref name="Kessler 1981">{{cite journal |author=Kessler, K. A. |title=Wet Disposal of Fossil Plant Waste Case History |journal=Journal of the Energy Division |volume=107 |issue=2 |year=1981 |pages=199–208 |publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers|doi=10.1061/JDAEDZ.0000063 }}</ref>

The flow of water through the fly ash and into ground water is controlled by using low-permeability clay layers and cutoff trenches/walls. Low-permeability clays have [[Permeability (earth sciences)|permeability]] on the order of 10<sup>−7</sup>&nbsp;cm/s. Vertical flows through the foundation are controlled by siting fly ash ponds on areas of thick clay or rock layers that provide suitably low permeability through the base of the pond. Areas with high sub-surface permeability can be improved by importing suitable clay. Horizontal flows through the embankment are controlled using clay zones within the embankment. Cut off trenches and cut off walls are used to connect the embankment clay zones and the foundation clay layers. Cut off trenches are trenches that are dug into the selected low-permeability sub-surface layer and backfilled with clay to key the embankment clay zone into the sub-surface. Cut off trenches are generally used when the low permeability foundation layer(s) are near surface. Cut off walls are similar to cut off trenches, but are generally much deeper and narrower, and use either slurry or [[grout]] instead of clay.

==Health and environmental impacts==
Not all substances present in coal will burn, and hence the non-combustible material is present in more concentrated amounts in coal ash than in coal itself. Substances commonly found in coal ash include [[arsenic]], [[barium]], [[beryllium]], [[boron]], [[cadmium]], [[nickel]], [[lead]], [[mercury (element)|mercury]], [[molybdenum]], [[selenium]] and [[thallium]]. Elevated levels of radioactivity may also be present.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.utilitydive.com/news/utilities-find-groundwater-contamination-radioactivity-at-unlined-coal-ash/518433/ |title=Utilities find groundwater contamination, radioactivity at unlined coal ash sites|last=Walton|first=Robert |date=March 5, 2018 |website=Utility Dive |publisher=Industry Dive, Inc. |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> Many of these substances, especially heavy metals, can have negative effects on humans when ingested. Because of [[biomagnification]], the concentration of unwanted chemicals in animals can increase up a [[food chain]] (similarly to mercury in tuna). Coal ash, a product of combustion, concentrates these elements and can contaminate groundwater or surface waters if there are leaks from an ash pond.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schlossberg |first=Tatiana |title=2 Tennessee Cases Bring Coal's Hidden Hazard to Light |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/15/climate/tennessee-coal-ash-disposal-lawsuits.html |date=2017-04-15 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

==Countries==
{{Expand section|date=January 2022}}

=== Australia ===
Coal ash accounts for almost one-fifth of the waste generated in Australia. There are no national regulations requiring recycling of coal ash.<ref>{{cite news |last=Millington |first=Ben |title=Coal ash has become one of Australia's biggest waste problems — and a solution is being ignored |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-10/coal-ash-has-become-one-of-australias-biggest-waste-problems/10886866 |date=2019-03-09 |work=ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) News |location=Newcastle, NSW}}</ref> About 47% of coal ash was recycled in 2020.<ref>{{cite report |title=National Waste Report 2020 |url=https://www.awe.gov.au/sites/default/files/env/pages/5a160ae2-d3a9-480e-9344-4eac42ef9001/files/national-waste-report-2020.pdf |date=2020-11-04 |publisher=Australia Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment |location=Docklands, Victoria |page=36}}</ref> Coal ash in [[New South Wales]] is typically stored in landfills ("dry emplacements") or ash ponds ("ash dams").<ref>{{cite web |title=Coal ash dams |url=https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/working-together/community-engagement/community-news/regulation-of-power-stations/coal-ash-dams |date=2021-09-21 |publisher=Environment Protection Authority, New South Wales (EPA/NSW) |location=Sydney NSW}}</ref> Coal ash storage is regulated by the state Environment Protection Authority and its Dams Safety Committee, which publishes standards for dam design and [[environmental monitoring]].<ref>{{cite report |title=Environment Compliance Report: Coal ash dams and emplacements |url=https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/-/media/epa/corporate-site/resources/complianceaudits/environmentcompliancereportcoalashdams170276.pdf |date=June 2017 |publisher=EPA/NSW |isbn=978-1-76039-808-8 |id=EPA20170276}}</ref>

=== Netherlands ===
Ash ponds are not allowed in the Netherlands, as they are a type of landfill. Instead, all coal ash is recycled in the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.powerengineeringint.com/articles/print/volume-23/issue-3/features/managing-coal-ash.html|title=Best practices for managing power plant coal ash|website=www.powerengineeringint.com|access-date=2019-06-17|archive-date=2019-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617103746/https://www.powerengineeringint.com/articles/print/volume-23/issue-3/features/managing-coal-ash.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Turkey ===
{{See also|Coal power in Turkey#Ash}}In 2021 inspections were criticized and said to be insufficient.<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.iklimdernegi.org/haber/Ozellestirilmis-Termik-Santraller-ve-Cevre-Mevzuatina-Uyum-Surecleri-adli-raporumuzu-yayimladik/52|title=Özelleştirilmiş Termik Santraller ve Çevre Mevzuatına Uyum Süreçleri| last1=Çaltı|first1=Nuray| last2=Bozoğlu| first2=Baran|date=2 June 2021|publisher=İklim Değişikliği Politika ve Araştırma Derneği| last3=Aldırmaz|first3=Ahmet Turan|last4=Atalar| first4=Gülşah Deniz|access-date=27 July 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009205640/https://www.iklimdernegi.org/haber/Ozellestirilmis-Termik-Santraller-ve-Cevre-Mevzuatina-Uyum-Surecleri-adli-raporumuzu-yayimladik/52|archive-date=9 October 2021|url-status=live|trans-title=Privatized Thermal Power Plants and Environmental Legislation Compliance Processes|lang=tr}}</ref>{{Rp|75}}

=== United States ===
In the United States, coal ash is a major component of the nation's industrial waste stream.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-04-18 |title=Coal Ash Basics |url=https://www.epa.gov/coalash/coal-ash-basics |publisher=EPA}}</ref> As of 2012 there were over 470 operational coal-fired power plants in the US, and approximately 60 percent of US coal ash was disposed in surface impoundments and landfills. The US had 310 active on-site landfills in 2012, averaging more than 120 acres in size with an average depth of over 40 feet, and more than 735 active on-site surface impoundments, averaging more than 50 acres in size with an average depth of 20 feet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=Frequent Questions about the 2015 Coal Ash Disposal Rule |url=https://www.epa.gov/coalash/frequent-questions-about-2015-coal-ash-disposal-rule |publisher=EPA}}</ref> In 2017, {{convert|38.2|e6ST|e6t}} of fly ash, and {{convert|9.7|e6ST|e6t}} of bottom ash were generated.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.acaa-usa.org/Portals/9/Files/PDFs/2017-Survey-Results.pdf |title=2017 Coal Combustion Product Production & Use Survey Report |date=2018 |publisher=American Coal Ash Association |location=Farmington Hills, MI |access-date=2019-05-19 |archive-date=2019-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507184601/https://www.acaa-usa.org/Portals/9/Files/PDFs/2017-Survey-Results.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> As of July 2023, 210 coal-fired power plants were operational in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Countries and territories with the largest number of operational coal power plants worldwide as of July 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/859266/number-of-coal-power-plants-by-country/ |date=July 2023 |website=Energy |publisher=[[Statista]] |location=New York}}</ref>

In 2018 an [[environmental justice]] advisor to the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|US Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) stated that the increased toxic exposures from ash ponds will have disproportionate adverse health effects on low-income and minority communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McKenna |first=Phil |date=2018-03-15 |title=EPA Environmental Justice Adviser Slams Pruitt's Plan to Weaken Coal Ash Rules |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/15032018/epa-regulations-coal-power-plant-waste-ash-ponds-toxins-health-jeremy-orr-water-testing |publisher=Inside Climate News |location=New York}}</ref>

A 2019 report by the [[Environmental Integrity Project]] stated that for U.S. coal-fired plants with available monitoring data, 91 percent of them have contaminated groundwater with "unsafe levels of toxic pollutants."<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-03-04 |title=Coal's Poisonous Legacy |url=https://environmentalintegrity.org/reports/coals-poisonous-legacy/ |publisher=Environmental Integrity Project |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>

Historically, due to few federal and state regulations concerning ash ponds, most US power plants do not use [[geomembrane]]s, leachate collection systems, or other flow controls often found in [[municipal solid waste]] landfills.<ref name="Kessler 1981" /> In 1980 the [[U.S. Congress]] defined coal ash as a "special waste" that would not be regulated under the stringent hazardous waste permitting requirements of the [[Resource Conservation and Recovery Act]] (RCRA).<ref name="EPA-Special Wastes">{{cite web |title=Special Wastes |url=https://www.epa.gov/hw/special-wastes |date=2021-07-06 |website=Hazardous Waste |publisher=EPA}}</ref> Congress also directed EPA to study the coal ash problem and decide whether further regulation would be appropriate. Pursuant to the Congressional directive, EPA reported in 2000 that coal fly ash did not need to be regulated as a [[hazardous waste]].<ref>EPA (2000-05-22). "Notice of Regulatory Determination on Wastes From the Combustion of Fossil Fuels." ''Federal Register,'' {{usfr|65|32214}}.</ref><ref name="CRS-Luther">{{cite report |last=Luther |first=Linda |title=Background on and Implementation of the Bevill and Bentsen Exclusions in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act: EPA Authorities to Regulate "Special Wastes" |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc227885/ |date=2013-08-06 |publisher=[[U.S. Congressional Research Service]] |location=Washington, D.C. |id=R43149}}</ref>

Following a 2008 failure that caused the Tennessee Valley Authority's [[Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill]], EPA began developing regulations that would apply to all ash ponds in the US. EPA published a Coal Combustion Residuals (CCR) regulation in 2015. The agency continued to classify coal ash as non-hazardous (thereby avoiding strict permitting requirements under [[Resource Conservation and Recovery Act#Subtitle C: "Cradle to Grave" requirements for hazardous waste|RCRA Subtitle C]]), but with new restrictions:
# Existing ash ponds that are contaminating groundwater must stop receiving CCR, and close or retrofit with a liner.
# Existing ash ponds and landfills must comply with structural and location restrictions, where applicable, or close.
# A pond no longer receiving CCR is still subject to all regulations unless it is dewatered and covered by 2018.
# New ponds and landfills must include a geomembrane liner over a layer of compacted soil.<ref>EPA. "Hazardous and Solid Waste Management System; Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals From Electric Utilities." {{usfr|80|21301}}, 2015-04-17.</ref>

Some of the provisions in the 2015 CCR regulation were challenged in litigation, and the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] remanded certain portions of the regulation to EPA for further rulemaking.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Green |first1=Douglas H. |last2=Houlihan |first2=Michael |title=D.C. Circuit Court Remands CCR Deadline Extension to EPA |url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/environment_energy_resources/publications/st/20190424-dc-circuit-court-remands-ccr-deadline-extension-to-epa/ |date=2019-04-24 |website=Environment, Energy, and Resources Section |publisher=American Bar Association |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>

EPA also published an [[effluent guidelines]] (wastewater) regulation in 2015 pursuant to the [[Clean Water Act]].<ref>EPA. "Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Steam Electric Power Generating Point Source Category." {{usfr|80|67837}}. 2015-11-03.</ref> The regulation limits discharges of toxic metals from power plants, including ash ponds and other wastestreams. The Agency estimated that the regulation would reduce the industry's metals discharges of 1.4 billion pounds annually.<ref>{{cite web |title=Steam Electric Power Generating Effluent Guidelines—2015 Final Rule |url=https://www.epa.gov/eg/steam-electric-power-generating-effluent-guidelines-2015-final-rule |date=2020-09-04 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> In 2020 EPA published a final rule that reversed some provisions of the 2015 wastewater regulation. The revised regulation extended the compliance deadline for some power plants, and exempted some others completely from the more stringent 2015 requirements.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dennis |first1=Brady |last2=Eilperin |first2=Juliet |title=Trump administration rolls back Obama-era rule aimed at limiting toxic wastewater from coal plants |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/08/31/coal-ash-epa-trump |date=2020-08-31 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>EPA (2020-10-13). "Steam Electric Reconsideration Rule." Final rule. ''Federal Register,'' {{USFR|85|64650}}</ref> In May 2024 EPA published a final rule that reverses some aspects of the 2020 rule and tightens the wastewater limitations for some facilities.<ref>EPA (2024-05-09). "Supplemental Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Steam Electric Power Generating Point Source Category." Final rule. {{USFR|89|40198}}</ref>

Following a court remand, EPA published its "CCR Part A" final rule on August 28, 2020 requiring all unlined ash ponds to retrofit with liners or close by April 11, 2021. Some facilities may apply to obtain additional time—up to 2028—to find alternatives for managing ash wastes before closing their surface impoundments.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=EPA Letting Some Hazardous Coal Ash Ponds Stay Open Longer |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2020-10-16/epa-letting-some-hazardous-coal-ash-ponds-stay-open-longer |date=2020-10-16 |magazine=U.S. News}}</ref><ref>EPA. "Hazardous and Solid Waste Management System: Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals From Electric Utilities; A Holistic Approach to Closure Part A: Deadline To Initiate Closure." {{usfr|85|53516}}. 2020-08-28.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Revisions to the Coal Combustion Residuals (CCR) Closure Regulations; Fact sheet |url=https://www.epa.gov/coalash/fact-sheet-revisions-several-coal-ash-closure-requirements-and-provisions-enhance-public |date=July 2020 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> EPA published its "CCR Part B" rule on November 12, 2020, which allows certain facilities to use an alternative liner, based on a demonstration that human health and the environment will not be affected.<ref>EPA (2020-11-12). "Hazardous and Solid Waste Management System: Disposal of CCR; A Holistic Approach to Closure Part B: Alternate Demonstration for Unlined Surface Impoundments." Final rule. {{usfr|85|72506}}</ref>

On January 11, 2022 EPA announced an enforcement action involving ash ponds at certain coal-fired plants in [[Indiana]], [[Ohio]], [[Iowa]] and [[New York (state)|New York]]. The agency's proposal would deny the plants' requests for extensions beyond the 2021 deadline and would require them to close their ash ponds ahead of their proposed schedules. EPA sent warning letters to four additional plants.<ref>{{cite news |last=Daly |first=Matthew |title=EPA moves to crack down on dangerous coal ash storage ponds |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/epa-moves-to-crack-down-on-dangerous-coal-ash-storage-ponds/2022/01/11/21b33560-72f8-11ec-a26d-1c21c16b1c93_story.html |date=2022-01-11 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EPA Takes Key Steps to Protect Groundwater from Coal Ash Contamination |url=https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-takes-key-steps-protect-groundwater-coal-ash-contamination |date=2022-01-11 |publisher=EPA |id=Press release}}</ref> EPA received a total of 57 extension requests. In November 2022 the agency announced its initial final determination on an extension request, denying a request submitted by a plant in Ohio. As of 2024 EPA has published proposed determinations for additional plants and the review process is ongoing. Each proposed determination is subject to a public comment period.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coal Combustion Residuals Part A Implementation |url=https://www.epa.gov/coalash/coal-combustion-residuals-ccr-part-implementation |date=2024-07-11 |publisher=EPA}}</ref>

In response to litigation, EPA published a final RCRA rule in May 2024 setting regulatory requirements for active and inactive CCR facilities, including groundwater monitoring, corrective action, closure, and post-closure care requirements.<ref>EPA (2024-05-08). "Hazardous and Solid Waste Management System: Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals From Electric Utilities; Legacy CCR Surface Impoundments." Final rule. {{usfr|89|38950}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Final Rule–Legacy Coal Combustion Residuals Surface Impoundments and CCR Management Units |url=https://www.epa.gov/coalash/final-rule-legacy-coal-combustion-residuals-surface-impoundments-and-ccr-management-units |date=2024-06-04 |publisher=EPA}}</ref>

== Remediation ==
[[Environmental remediation|Remediation]] options include "capping, dewatering and/or stabilizing, consolidating into a new landfill, disposing off site, converting to wetlands, or any combination of these options."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.powermag.com/construction-considerations-are-key-in-closure-planning-for-coal-ash-ponds/ |title=Construction Considerations Are Key in Closure Planning for Coal Ash Ponds |last1=Johnson |first1=Mark |last2=Nillson |first2=Kent |date=2014-12-01 |website=Power Magazine |publisher=Access Intelligence, LLC |location=Rockville, MD}}</ref> 

There are some initiatives, such as a 2015 initiative by [[Duke Energy]], to excavate existing ash ponds to reduce the environmental effects of coal-burning power facilities on the surrounding environment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catawbariverkeeper.org/coal-ash-fact-sheet |title=Coal Ash |publisher=Catawba Riverkeeper Foundation |location=Charlotte, NC |access-date=2020-02-22 |archive-date=2017-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303234804/http://www.catawbariverkeeper.org/coal-ash-fact-sheet |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.duke-energy.com/our-company/about-us/power-plants/ash-management/safe-basin-closure |title=Ash Management & Safe Basin Closure |publisher=Duke Energy |location=Charlotte, NC}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Health effects of coal ash]]
*[[Industrial wastewater treatment]]
*[[Tailings dam]]

==References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.epa.gov/coalash Coal Ash] - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
* [https://calminitiative.com/ The Coal Ash and Liquid Management (CALM) Initiative], a public-private initiative based at the University of North Carolina Charlotte
* [https://www.ashtracker.org/about Ashtracker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514131945/https://ashtracker.org/about |date=2023-05-14 }} - Environmental Integrity Project. Information about groundwater contamination at US coal-burning power plants

{{Coal}}
{{Pond}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ash Pond}}
[[Category:Environmental impact of the coal industry]]
[[Category:Environmental justice]]
[[Category:Landfill]]
[[Category:Water pollution]]