View source for Arisaema triphyllum

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Redirect|Brown dragon|the role-playing game characters|Dragon (Dungeons & Dragons)}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Arisaema triphyllum Bob Hunter Memorial Park.jpg
|genus = Arisaema
|species = triphyllum
|authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott|Schott]]{{r|IPNI:1107169-2}}
|synonyms = 
{{Collapsible list |title={{nowrap|''A. triphyllum'' [[Sensu stricto|s.s.]]}} |{{Species list
  |Alocasia atrorubens  |(Aiton) Raf.
  |Alocasia lobata  |Raf.
  |Alocasia triphylla  |(L.) Raf.
  |Arisaema atrorubens  |(Aiton) Blume
  |Arisaema atrorubens f. pallascens  |(Sims) Raymond
  |Arisaema atrorubens var. viride  |Engl.
  |Arisaema atrorubens f. viride  |(Engl.) Fernald
  |Arisaema atrorubens f. zebrinum  |(Sims) Fernald
  |Arisaema atrorubens var. zebrinum  |(Sims) Raymond
  |Arisaema brasilianum  |Blume
  |Arisaema deflexum  |Nieuwl. & K.Just
  |Arisaema hastatum  |Blume
  |Arisaema quinatum var. obtusoquinatum  |Alph.Wood
  |Arisaema triphyllum lusus bispadiceum  |Engl.
  |Arisaema triphyllum lusus bispathaceum  |Engl.
  |Arisaema triphyllum var. montanum  |Fernald
  |Arisaema triphyllum lusus trispadiceum  |Engl.
  |Arisaema triphyllum var. typicum  |Engl.
  |Arisaema triphyllum var. viride  |(Engl.) Engl.
  |Arisaema triphyllum f. viride  |(Engl.) Farw.
  |Arisaema triphyllum f. zebrinum  |(Sims) F.Seym.
  |Arisaema zebrinum  |G.Nicholson
  |Arum atrorubens  |Aiton
  |Arum triphyllum  |L.
  |Arum triphyllum var. atropurpureum  |Michx.
  |Arum triphyllum var. atrorubens  |(Aiton) Dewey ex Alph.Wood
  |Arum triphyllum var. pallescens  |Sims
  |Arum triphyllum var. virens  |Michx.
  |Arum triphyllum var. viride  |Sims
  |Arum triphyllum var. zebrinum  |Sims
  |Arum vittatum  |Salisb.
}}}}
|synonyms_ref ={{r|POWO:1107169-2}}
}}

'''''Arisaema triphyllum''''', the '''Jack-in-the-pulpit''', is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the arum [[family (biology)|family]] [[Araceae]]. It is a member of the ''Arisaema triphyllum'' complex, a group of four or five closely related [[Taxon|taxa]] in eastern North America. The specific name ''triphyllum'' means "three-leaved",{{r|Gledhill 2008}} a characteristic feature of the species, which is also referred to as '''Indian turnip''', '''bog onion''', and '''brown dragon'''.

Used without qualification, the name ''Arisaema triphyllum'' is ambiguous. For clarity, the qualified name ''Arisaema triphyllum'' [[sensu stricto]] (abbreviated s.s.) refers to the species while ''Arisaema triphyllum'' [[sensu lato]] refers to the [[species complex]]. The latter includes the species (''Arisaema triphyllum'') among its members.

''Arisaema triphyllum'' sensu lato is wide-ranging across eastern North America, from [[Nova Scotia]] to [[Manitoba]] in eastern Canada, and from [[Texas]] to [[Florida]] in the southern United States. It is common throughout most of its range.

==Description==
[[File:Jack in the pupit.jpg|thumb|Plant in the [[Allegheny National Forest]], Pennsylvania, USA]]
[[File:Jack-in-the-Pulpit.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Arisaema triphyllum (Jack in the Pulpit).jpg|thumb|Closer view of flower, showing detail of spathe]]

The '''''Arisaema triphyllum'' complex''' includes four closely related species: ''[[Arisaema pusillum]]'', ''[[Arisaema stewardsonii]]'', ''[[Arisaema quinatum]]'', and ''Arisaema triphyllum'' [[sensu stricto]]. A fifth species (''[[Arisaema acuminatum]]'') is sometimes included but its validity is controversial.{{sfnp|Weakley|Southeastern Flora Team|2022|pp=180–1}}

''Arisaema triphyllum'' [[sensu lato]] is a [[herbaceous]], [[perennial plant|perennial]], flowering plant growing from a [[corm]]. It typically grows up to {{convert|2|feet|cm|spell=in}} tall,{{r|LBJ Wildflowers}} but populations in Georgia and Florida are known to reach almost twice that height.{{sfnp|Weakley|Southeastern Flora Team|2022|pp=180–1}} It has 1 or 2&nbsp;leaves, each with three leaflets (''triphyllum''). Occasionally the lateral leaflets will be two-parted or lobed, giving the appearance of five leaflets per leaf. One species (''A.&nbsp;quinatum'') typically has five pseudo-leaflets per leaf.

The small, inconspicuous flowers of Jack-in-the-pulpit are borne on a fleshy, spike-like [[inflorescence]] called a [[Spadix (botany)|spadix]] ("Jack"), which is enclosed (or nearly enclosed) by a large, sometimes colorful [[bract]] called a [[spathe]] ("pulpit"). The flowers are clustered around the base of the spadix inside the spathe. A sterile '''spadix appendix''' protrudes from the mouth of the '''spathe tube'''. The appendix is covered by the leafy tip of the spathe, referred to as the '''spathe hood''' (or '''spathe lamina'''). The lip along the mouth of the spathe tube, used as a landing platform for winged insects, is called the '''spathe flange'''.

The inflorescence can be male (with male flowers only), bisexual (with both male and female flowers), or female (with female flowers only). ''Arisaema'' is quite unusual in that individuals change sex in a pattern determined by their size.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bierzychudek |first1=Paulette |title=The demography of jack-in-the-pulpit, a forest perennial that changes sex |journal=Ecological Monographs |volume=52 |issue=4 |year=1982 |pages=335–351 |doi=10.2307/2937350 |jstor=2937350}}</ref> In a small plant, most if not all of the flowers are male. As the plant matures and grows larger, the spadix produces female flowers as well as male flowers. The transition from male to female continues until eventually the plant produces female flowers only.{{r|Barriault et al. 2009}} This is an example of [[dichogamy]], a rare phenomenon in flowering plants. Due to this sex-change lifecycle, this species is sometimes called [[colloquialism|colloquially]] as '''Jack or Jill in the pulpit''' <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/09/opinion/jack-or-jill-in-the-pulpit.html |title=Jack, or Jill, in the Pulpit |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 9, 1982 }}</ref><ref name="KPC">{{cite news |url=https://www.kpcnews.com/news/general/outdoors/article_c17dd1ca-970b-595e-82d1-fcaa58b00385.html |title=Wildflowers in wild places: notes on Trillium and Jack-in-the-pulpit |publisher=KPC Media Group |date=May 24, 2017 |author=ACRES Land }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://lemonbayconservancy.org/jack-or-jill-in-the-pulpit/ |title=JACK OR JILL IN THE PULPIT? |date=February 9, 2010 |author=Bill Dunson |publisher=Lemon Bay Conservancy }}</ref> or '''Jill-in-the-pulpit'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hiltonpond.org/ThisWeek030501.html |title=IS THAT "JACK" IN THE PULPIT? |date=May 1, 2003 |publisher=Hilton Pond Center for Piedmont Natural History }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mpnature.com/plants/pages/hf_jackinpulpit.html |title=Jack-in-the-pulpit ''Arisaema triphyllum'' |access-date=May 4, 2023 |publisher=MPNature }}</ref>

The unripe fruits are smooth, shiny green berries (each 1&nbsp;cm wide) clustered around the thickened spadix. Fruits ripen in the late summer and early fall, turning a conspicuous bright red color. Each berry typically produces 1&ndash;5 seeds, which are white to light tan, rounded, often with flattened edges and a short sharp point at the top. If the seeds are freed from the berry, they will germinate the next spring, producing seedlings each with a single rounded leaf. A seedling needs three or more years of growth before it becomes mature enough to flower.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023|reason=This entire paragraph needs one or more citations}}

''Arisaema pusillum'', ''Arisaema stewardsonii'', and ''Arisaema quinatum'' are [[diploid]] with 28&nbsp;chromosomes.{{sfnp|Weakley|Southeastern Flora Team|2022|pp=180–1}} ''Arisaema triphyllum'' s.s. is predominantly [[tetraploid]] with 56&nbsp;chromosomes but plants otherwise indistinguishable from typical ''A.&nbsp;triphyllum'' occasionally have 28&nbsp;chromosomes. Two such plants were found in [[Cayuga County, New York]] in the 1940s.{{sfnp|Huttleston|1949}} The evolutionary origin of the tetraploid is unknown.

===Identification===
The following table of characteristics serves to separate the members of the ''Arisaema triphyllum'' complex:{{sfnp|Weakley|Southeastern Flora Team|2022|pp=180–1}}{{sfnp|Huttleston|1949}}{{sfnp|Huttleston|1981}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 16%" | 
! style="width: 21%" | '''''Arisaema triphyllum''''' s.s.
! style="width: 21%" | '''''Arisaema pusillum'''''
! style="width: 21%" | '''''Arisaema stewardsonii'''''
! style="width: 21%" | '''''Arisaema quinatum'''''
|-
| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right" | '''Leaflets, abaxial'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | [[Glaucous]]
| style="vertical-align: top" | Light green, glossy
| style="vertical-align: top" | Light green, glossy
| style="vertical-align: top" | Glaucous
|-
| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right" | '''Leaflets, lateral'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Very gibbous or lobed
| style="vertical-align: top" | Slightly or moderately gibbous (lobed)
| style="vertical-align: top" | Slightly gibbous
| style="vertical-align: top" | Two-parted or lobed or very gibbous
|-
| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right" | '''Spathe tube'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Smooth to slightly fluted
| style="vertical-align: top" | Smooth to slightly fluted
| style="vertical-align: top" | '''Strongly fluted'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Smooth
|-
| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right" | '''Spathe hood shape'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Broad lanceolate to ovate, tip acute or acuminate
| style="vertical-align: top" | Lanceolate to ovate, tip acuminate
| style="vertical-align: top" | Ovate, tip acute
| style="vertical-align: top" | Oval to orbicular, tip abruptly apiculate
|-
| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right" | '''Spathe hood color, adaxial'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Green with purple stripes or wholly green
| style="vertical-align: top" | Wholly purple or wholly green, rarely purple with fine green stripes
| style="vertical-align: top" | Green with purple stripes in the throat
| style="vertical-align: top" | Green
|-
| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right" | '''Spathe flange'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Flat or slightly [[Glossary_of_leaf_morphology#revolute|revolute]], 4.5–7&nbsp;mm wide
| style="vertical-align: top" | Revolute, 1–3&nbsp;mm wide
| style="vertical-align: top" | Revolute, 1–3&nbsp;mm wide
| style="vertical-align: top" | 2–5&nbsp;mm broad, flaring
|-
| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right" | '''Spadix appendix'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Clavate (shaped like a club), straight, 4–10&nbsp;mm in diameter
| style="vertical-align: top" | Cylindric (shaped like a cylinder), straight, 2–5&nbsp;mm in diameter
| style="vertical-align: top" | Cylindric, straight, 2–5&nbsp;mm in diameter
| style="vertical-align: top" | Cylindric, '''curved outward''', 1–2&nbsp;mm in diameter
|-
| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right" | '''Somatic chromosome number'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | 56 (28)
| style="vertical-align: top" | 28
| style="vertical-align: top" | 28
| style="vertical-align: top" | 28
|-
| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right" | '''Habitat'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Mesic (moist) [[deciduous]] woodlands
| style="vertical-align: top" | Hydric (wet) deciduous woodlands, swamps, wetlands
| style="vertical-align: top" | Hydric deciduous woodlands, bogs, swamps, wetlands
| style="vertical-align: top" | Mesic deciduous woodlands
|-
| style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right" | '''Range'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Wide-ranging across eastern North America
| style="vertical-align: top" | Primarily southeastern U.S.
| style="vertical-align: top" | Primarily northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada
| style="vertical-align: top" | Endemic to southeastern U.S.
|}

In the body of the table above, important diagnostic characters are emphasized in '''bold'''. To identify an individual to species, ask the following questions (in order):

# Is it ''Arisaema stewardsonii''? (Does it have a strongly fluted spathe tube?) If not, continue.
# Is it ''Arisaema quinatum''? (Does it have a curved spadix appendix?) If not, continue.
# Is it ''Arisaema pusillum''? (Check for multiple matching characters.) Otherwise it is ''Arisaema triphyllum'' s.s.

Although the taxa are morphologically distinct, identification may be difficult, especially from herbarium specimens where the required characters are often lost in pressing and drying.{{r|Haines 2011}}

Non-flowering plants are sometimes confused with those of ''[[Pinellia]]'',{{sfnp|Weakley|Southeastern Flora Team|2022|pp=180–1}} a genus of plants native to East Asia but introduced to a handful of states in the eastern U.S., including the District of Columbia, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia.{{r|POWO:331265-2}}

==Taxonomy==
''Arisaema triphyllum'' [[sensu stricto]] was first described as ''Arum triphyllum'' by the Swedish botanist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the first edition of ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753.{{r|IPNI:86177-1}} Linnaeus expanded the description of the taxon in the second edition published in 1763.{{r|IPNI:272719-2|Linnaeus 1763}} The Austrian botanist [[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott]] placed ''Arum triphyllum'' {{small|L.}} in the genus ''[[Arisaema]]'' in 1832.{{r|IPNI:1107169-2}} The name ''Arisaema triphyllum'' {{small|(L.) Schott}} is widely used today despite a taxonomic disruption that prevailed during the second half of the twentieth century.

By 1903, four additional species of ''Arisaema'' in eastern North America had been described: ''Arisaema acuminatum'' {{small|Small}}, ''Arisaema pusillum'' {{small|(Peck) Nash}}, ''Arisaema quinatum'' {{small|(Nutt.) Schott}}, and ''Arisaema stewardsonii'' {{small|Britton}}. In 1940, [[Merritt Lyndon Fernald]] posed the question "What is ''Arisaema triphyllum''?",{{sfnp|Fernald|1940|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/607424#page/275/mode/1up What is Arisaema triphyllum?], pp.&nbsp;247&ndash;254}} arguing that the type described by Linnaeus was in fact ''Arisaema pusillum'', a claim that destabilized the existing nomenclature.{{r|Ward 2012}} In response, a proposal to conserve the name and type of ''Arum triphyllum'' {{small|L.}} was briefly considered,{{r|Reveal et al. 1990}} but in 1993 the Committee for Spermatophyta recommended against the proposal, which effectively established the name ''Arisaema triphyllum'' {{small|(L.) Schott}} as the official name of the entity. However, the committee's action left botanists with an inherently unstable nomenclature.

Dismissing Fernald's claim as inconclusive, [[Donald Grunert Huttleston]] introduced three subspecies of ''Arisaema triphyllum'' in 1949,{{sfnp|Huttleston|1949}} and a fourth subspecies in 1981.{{sfnp|Huttleston|1981}} He discussed but rejected a fifth taxon believed to be of hybrid origin. Together with their [[basionym]]s and other [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonyms]],{{r|IPNI:search}} these five taxa are sometimes referred to as the '''''Arisaema triphyllum'' complex''':{{sfnp|Treiber|1980}}{{r|The Primrose Path}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 30%" | Species
! style="width: 35%" | Subspecies
! style="width: 35%" | Varieties
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | ''[[Arisaema acuminatum]]'' {{small|Small}}
| style="vertical-align: top" | 
| style="vertical-align: top" | ''Arisaema triphyllum'' var.&nbsp;''acuminatum'' {{small|(Small) Engl.}}
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | ''[[Arisaema pusillum]]'' {{small|(Peck) Nash}}
| style="vertical-align: top" | ''Arisaema triphyllum'' subsp.&nbsp;''pusillum'' {{small|(Peck) Huttl.}}
| style="vertical-align: top" | ''Arisaema triphyllum'' var.&nbsp;''pusillum'' {{small|Peck}}
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | ''[[Arisaema quinatum]]'' {{small|(Nutt.) Schott}}<br>Basionym: ''Arum quinatum'' {{small|Nutt.}}
| style="vertical-align: top" | ''Arisaema triphyllum'' subsp.&nbsp;''quinatum'' {{small|(Nutt.) Huttl.}}
| style="vertical-align: top" | 
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | ''[[Arisaema stewardsonii]]'' {{small|Britton}}
| style="vertical-align: top" | ''Arisaema triphyllum'' subsp.&nbsp;''stewardsonii'' {{small|(Britton) Huttl.}}
| style="vertical-align: top" | ''Arisaema triphyllum'' var.&nbsp;''stewardsonii'' {{small|(Britton) Stevens}}
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | ''Arisaema triphyllum'' {{small|(L.) Schott}}<br>Basionym: ''Arum triphyllum'' {{small|L.}}
| style="vertical-align: top" | ''Arisaema triphyllum'' subsp.&nbsp;''triphyllum''
| style="vertical-align: top" | ''Arisaema triphyllum'' var.&nbsp;''triphyllum''
|}

{{As of|March 2023}}, all five taxa are recognized. Some authorities accept subspecies,{{r|USDA:ARTR|NatureServe:2.132762|Haines 2011}} while a few accept varieties.{{r|Gilman 2015}} [[Plants of the World Online]] and others accept multiple species in lieu of subspecies or varieties.{{r|POWO:328148-2}}{{sfnp|Weakley|Southeastern Flora Team|2022|pp=180–1}}{{r|Knapp and Naczi 2021|NCParks|TN-KY Plant Atlas|NY Flora Atlas|AoFP}} Still others, including the influential ''[[Flora of North America]]'', lump all of the taxa into a single species concept.{{r|FNA:222000013|ITIS}}

Within the genus ''Arisaema'', ''A. triphyllum'' is classified in the section ''Pedatisecta'' and is most closely related to Asian species such as ''[[Arisaema amurense|A. amurense]]''. It is not a close relative to the other American ''Arisaema'' species (''[[Arisaema dracontium|A. dracontium]]'' and ''[[Arisaema macrospathum|A. macrospathum]]''), which are in a different section of ''Arisaema''.<ref name="renner">{{Cite journal|doi=10.3732/ajb.91.6.881|title=A chloroplast phylogeny of ''Arisaema'' (Araceae) illustrates Tertiary floristic links between Asia, North America, and East Africa| year=2004|author=Renner, S. S.|journal=[[American Journal of Botany]]|volume=91|issue=6|pages=881–8|last2=Zhang|first2=L.-B.|last3=Murata|first3=J.|pmid=21653444|url=https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14634/1/881.full.pdf}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
''Arisaema triphyllum'' [[sensu lato]] is wide-ranging across eastern North America, from [[Nova Scotia]] in the northeast to [[Florida]] in the southeast, stretching westward across the [[Mississippi River]] valley into the [[Great Plains]], from [[Texas]] in the southwest to [[Manitoba]] in the northwest.{{r|NatureServe:2.132762|BONAP-Arisaema-triphyllum-state|USDA:ARTR}} It is common throughout most of its range, occurring in most counties in over 30&nbsp;states in the eastern U.S.{{r|BONAP-Arisaema-triphyllum-county}}

Less is known about the distribution of ''Arisaema triphyllum'' [[sensu stricto]]. Based on records of ''Arisaema triphyllum'' subsp.&nbsp;''triphyllum'',{{r|USDA:ARTRT3|NatureServe:2.158414}} it may be inferred that the former is likewise wide-ranging, with known occurrences across 6&nbsp;provinces and 37&nbsp;states plus the [[District of Columbia]].{{r|POWO:1107169-2}} In the southeastern United States, it is common as far south as the [[Florida panhandle]].{{r|FSUS 2022}}

''A. triphyllum'' occurs in mesic, shaded forests.

==Ecology==
''Arisaema triphyllum'' [[sensu lato]] flowers from April to June.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} ''Arisaema triphyllum'' [[sensu stricto]] is the first to flower in the spring. In regions where the species are [[sympatric]], ''Arisaema stewardsonii'' and ''Arisaema pusillum'' begin to flower 1&ndash;2 and 2&ndash;3 weeks later, respectively.{{sfnp|Huttleston|1949}} Since an individual flowering period can last 1&ndash;3 weeks or more,{{r|Barriault et al. 2009}} it is not unusual to find all three species in flower at the same time. In the southeastern United States, ''Arisaema quinatum'' is reported to flower later than either ''A.&nbsp;pusillum'' or ''A.&nbsp;triphyllum'' s.s.{{sfnp|Weakley|Southeastern Flora Team|2022|pp=180–1}}

''Arisaema triphyllum'' sensu lato is pollinated by [[Mycetophilidae|fungus gnats]], which it attracts by smell and are [[Pollination trap|trapped]] by the flower. They manage to escape from a hole at the bottom of the male's pulpit, but cannot do so when they fall inside a female pulpit, which do not have exit holes.<ref name="KPC"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flawildflowers.org/flower-friday-arisaema-triphyllum/ |title=Jack-in-the-pulpit |date=February 9, 2023 |publisher=Florida Wildflower Foundation }}</ref> Thus the '''Jill-in-the-pulpit''' is a rare [[femme fatale]] in the plant world: luring the gnats in with scent, but ultimately killing the pollinators in a death trap.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/may/18/plantwatch-the-plants-that-kill-their-insect-pollinators |title=Plantwatch: the plants that kill their insect pollinators |newspaper=The Guardian |date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Guardian News & Media Limited |access-date=May 5, 2023 |last1=Simons |first1=Paul }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fllt.org/jack-in-the-pulpit/ |title=JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT |date=July 9, 2015 |publisher=FINGER LAKES LAND TRUST }}</ref>

Other insects are known to visit the flowers as well, such as [[Cecidomyiidae|gall gnats]] and [[beetle]]s.{{r|Barriault et al. 2009}} The plant is not self-pollinating since the male flowers on a specific plant have already matured and died before the female flowers of that same plant are mature. So the female flowers need to be pollinated by the male flowers of a different plant. This inhibits inbreeding and contributes to the health of the species.

''Arisaema pusillum'', ''Arisaema stewardsonii'', and ''Arisaema triphyllum'' sensu stricto are [[reproductive isolation|reproductively isolated]] in the wild, with some degree of [[ecological separation]].{{r|The Primrose Path}} However, a population intermediate between ''Arisaema stewardsonii'' and ''Arisaema triphyllum'' s.s.&nbsp;is known to occur near [[Clyde, New York]].{{r|Wiegand and Eames 1925}} Individuals from this population have glaucous leaves (like ''A.&nbsp;triphyllum'') and strongly fluted spathes (like ''A.&nbsp;stewardsonii''), growing in dry sandy soil (like neither species). Chromosome counts were performed on six of these plants.{{sfnp|Huttleston|1949}} Four were found to be [[diploid]] with 28&nbsp;chromosomes (like ''A.&nbsp;stewardsonii'') while two were [[triploid]] with 42&nbsp;chromosomes (intermediate).

==Conservation==
The conservation status of ''Arisaema triphyllum'' sensu lato is globally secure ('''G5''').{{r|NatureServe:2.132762}} Based on the conservation status of ''Arisaema triphyllum'' subsp.&nbsp;''triphyllum'',{{r|NatureServe:2.158414}} it may be inferred that ''Arisaema triphyllum'' sensu stricto is globally secure as well. ''Arisaema triphyllum'' is imperiled at best ('''S1S2''') in Manitoba.

==Toxicity==
The [[oxalic acid]] in jack-in-the-pulpit is [[poisonous]] if ingested.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drkoop.com/ency/93/002870.html |title=Jack-in-the-pulpit |access-date=2007-10-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322014510/http://www.drkoop.com/ency/93/002870.html |archive-date=2008-03-22 }}</ref> The plant contains [[calcium oxalate]] crystals as [[raphide]]s in all parts, and because of this, consumption of the raw plant material results in a powerful burning sensation. It can cause irritation of the mouth and digestive system and (on rare occasions) intense swelling of the mouth and throat, potentially being severe enough to affect breathing. Arisaemas are in the same plant family as the [[anthurium]]s, [[aglaonema]]s, [[alocasia]]s, [[colocasia]]s, [[dieffenbachia]]s, [[monstera]]s and [[philodendron]]s (among numerous others)— all known as "dumb-canes"—and carry the shared side-effect of an inflamed upper respiratory/digestive system upon ingestion.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

==Uses==
If the plant is cooked{{how|date=May 2022}} it can be eaten as a root vegetable. The calcium oxalate crystals produce a peppery flavor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Niering |first1=William A. |author-link1=William Niering| last2=Olmstead |first2=Nancy C. |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region |year=1985 |orig-year=1979|publisher=Knopf |isbn=0-394-50432-1 |page=341}}</ref> If the plant is sliced then dried it can be eaten like potato chips or ground into a flour.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peterson |first=Lee A. | title=A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants: Eastern and Central North America (Peterson Field Guides)
 |year=1999|publisher=Houghton Mifflin  |isbn=978-0-395-92622-2|page=156}}</ref>

A preparation of the root was reported to have been used by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] as a treatment for sore eyes.  Preparations were also made to treat [[rheumatism]], [[bronchitis]], and [[snakebite]]s, as well as to induce [[Sterility (physiology)|sterility]].{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

One account from the [[Meskwaki]] people states that they would chop the herb's [[corm]] and mix it with meat and leave the meat out for their enemies to find.  The taste of the [[oxalate]] would not be detectable because of the flavored meat, but consuming the meat reportedly caused their enemies pain and death.  They have also reportedly used it to determine the fate of the sick by dropping a seed in a cup of stirred water; If the seed went around four times clockwise, the patient would recover, if it went around less than four times they would not.<ref name="folklore">{{cite web|url=http://2bnthewild.com/plants/H46.htm|title=Jack in the Pulpit (''Arisaema triphyllum'') Julia M created the name and discovered this endangered plant for all to find|access-date=2007-10-31| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071112192725/http://2bnthewild.com/plants/H46.htm| archive-date= 12 November 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref>

It is hardy to [[USDA plant hardiness zone]] 3.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

<gallery>
File:Jack-in-the-pulpit.JPG|Plants in early spring before the leaves have fully unfolded
File:Seeds Arisaema triphyllum - Jack-in-pulpit.jpg|Seeds
File:JitPseeds.JPG|Berries
File:Arisaema triphyllum seeds with pulp strainer.jpg|Gloved hands cleaning seeds from pulp
File:Phronia female.jpg|Mycetophilid gnat ''[[Phronia]]'' found dead inside female inflorescence
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|40em|refs=

<ref name="AoFP">{{cite web |title=''Arisaema'' |url=https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Genus.aspx?id=840 |website=Atlas of Florida Plants |access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="Barriault et al. 2009">{{Cite journal |last1=Barriault |first1=Isabelle |last2=Gibernau |first2=Marc |last3=Barabé |first3=Denis |date=March 2009 |title=Flowering period, thermogenesis, and pattern of visiting insects in ''Arisaema triphyllum'' (Araceae) in Quebec |url=http://www.aroid.org/gallery/gibernau/2009p/Arisaema%20flowering%20cycle%20-%20Barriault%20et%20al%202009.pdf |journal=Botany |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=324–329 |doi=10.1139/b08-132 |access-date=2 February 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="BONAP-Arisaema-triphyllum-state">{{BONAP |genus=Arisaema |species=triphyllum |state=1 |date=2014 |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="BONAP-Arisaema-triphyllum-county">{{BONAP |genus=Arisaema |species=triphyllum |date=2014 |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="FNA:222000013">{{eFloras|1|222000013|Arisaema triphyllum |family=Araceae |first=Sue A. |last=Thompson |access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="FSUS 2022">{{cite web |title=''Arisaema triphyllum'' {{small|(Linnaeus) Schott}} |url=https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/show-taxon-detail.php?taxonid=358 |website=Flora of the Southeastern United States (2022 Edition) |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="Gilman 2015">{{cite book |last1=Gilman |first1=Arthur V. |title=New Flora of Vermont |date=2015 |series=Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden, Volume&nbsp;110 |publisher=The New York Botanical Garden Press |location=Bronx, New York, USA |page=49 |isbn=978-0-89327-516-7}}</ref>

<ref name="Gledhill 2008">{{cite book |last1=Gledhill |first1=David |title=The Names of Plants |year=2008 |edition=4th |page=387 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC |isbn=978-0-521-86645-3}}</ref>

<ref name="Haines 2011">{{cite book |last1=Haines |first1=Arthur |others=Illustrated by Elizabeth Farnsworth and Gordon Morrison |title=New England Wild Flower Society's Flora Novae Angliae: A Manual for the Identification of Native and Naturalized Higher Vascular Plants of New England |date=2011 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-17154-9 |url={{Google books|RKKWVwC_sdoC|page=94|plainurl=yes}} |pages=94–5}}</ref>

<ref name="IPNI:86177-1">{{IPNI |id=86177-1 |taxon=''Arum triphyllum'' |authority={{small|L.}} |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="IPNI:272719-2">{{IPNI |id=272719-2 |taxon=''Arum triphyllum'' |authority={{small|L.}} |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="IPNI:1107169-2">{{IPNI |id=1107169-2 |taxon=''Arisaema triphyllum'' |authority={{small|(L.) Schott}} |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="IPNI:search">{{IPNI |search=genus:arisaema,species:triphyllum |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=42525 |taxon=''Arisaema triphyllum'' {{small|(L.) Schott}} |access-date=1 February 2023}}</REF>

<ref name="Knapp and Naczi 2021">{{Citation |last1=Knapp |first1=Wesley M. |last2=Naczi |first2=Robert F. C. |title=Vascular Plants of Maryland, USA: A Comprehensive Account of the State's Botanical Diversity |series=Smithsonian Contributions to Botany |volume=113 |page=15 |date=2021 |url=https://mdflora.org/resources/Publications/VascularPlantsofMD.pdf |access-date=26 January 2023 |issn=1938-2812}}</ref>

<ref name="LBJ Wildflowers">{{cite web |title=''Arisaema triphyllum'' |url=https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=artr |website=Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center |publisher=The University of Texas at Austin |access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="Linnaeus 1763">{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11834755#page/585/mode/1up |page=1368 |year=1763 |volume=2 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii |location=Stockholm |edition=2nd}}</ref>

<ref name="NatureServe:2.132762">{{Cite web |publisher=NatureServe |title=''Arisaema triphyllum'' |work=NatureServe Explorer |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.132762/Arisaema_triphyllum |access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="NatureServe:2.158414">{{Cite web |publisher=NatureServe |title=''Arisaema triphyllum'' subsp.&nbsp;''triphyllum'' |work=NatureServe Explorer |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.158414/Arisaema_triphyllum_ssp_triphyllum |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="NCParks">{{cite web |title=Common Jack-in-the-pulpit - ''Arisaema triphyllum'' {{small|(L.) Schott}} |url=https://auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov/flora/species_account.php?id=2904 |website=Vascular Plants of North Carolina |publisher=North Carolina Biodiversity Project |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="NY Flora Atlas">{{cite web |title=''Arisaema'' |url=https://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Genus.aspx?id=475 |website=New York Flora Atlas |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="POWO:328148-2">{{cite POWO |id=328148-2 |title=''Arisaema'' {{small|Mart.}} |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="POWO:1107169-2">{{cite POWO |id=1107169-2 |title=''Arisaema triphyllum'' {{small|(L.) Schott}} |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="POWO:331265-2">{{cite POWO |id=331265-2 |title=''Pinellia'' {{small|Ten.}} |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="The Primrose Path">{{cite web |title=The ''Arisaema triphyllum'' complex |url=http://www.theprimrosepath.com/Featured_Plants/Arisaema_triphyllum/triphyllumcomplex.htm |website=The Primrose Path |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="Reveal et al. 1990">{{cite journal |last1=Reveal |first1=James L. |last2=Jarvis |first2=Charles E. |last3=Barrie |first3=Fred R. |title=Proposal to conserve the name and type of ''Arum triphyllum'' {{small|L.}} (Araceae) |journal=Taxon |date=May 1990 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=355–357 |doi=10.2307/1223074|jstor=1223074 }}</ref>

<ref name="TN-KY Plant Atlas">{{cite web |title=''Arisaema'' |url=https://tennessee-kentucky.plantatlas.usf.edu/Genus.aspx?id=79 |website=Tennessee-Kentucky Plant Atlas |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="USDA:ARTR">{{PLANTS |id=ARTR |taxon=Arisaema triphyllum |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="USDA:ARTRT3">{{PLANTS |id=ARTRT3 |taxon=Arisaema triphyllum subsp.&nbsp;triphyllum |access-date=2 February 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="Ward 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=Daniel B. |title=Keys to the flora of Florida - 31, ''Arisaema'' (Araceae) |journal=Phytologia |date=August 2012 |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=151–158 |url=https://www.phytologia.org/uploads/2/3/4/2/23422706/942151-158_ward_arisaema_flora_31.pdf |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="Wiegand and Eames 1925">{{cite book |last1=Wiegand |first1=Karl M. |last2=Eames |first2=Arthur J. |title=The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York: Vascular Plants |date=1925 |publisher=Cornell University, Agricultural Experiment Station |location=Ithaca, New York |pages=134–135 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/121411#page/142/mode/1up |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref>

}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal |last1=Fernald |first1=M. L. |title=Some spermatophytes of eastern North America, part 1 |journal=Rhodora |date=July 1940 |volume=42 |issue=499 |pages=239–276 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/607424#page/267/mode/1up |access-date=2 April 2023}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Huttleston |first1=Donald G. |title=The three subspecies of ''Arisaema triphyllum'' |journal=Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club |date=1949 |volume=76 |number=6 |pages=407–413 |doi=10.2307/2482333|jstor=2482333 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Huttleston |first1=Donald G. |title=The four subspecies of ''Arisaema triphyllum'' |journal=Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club |date=1981 |volume=108 |number=4 |pages=479–481 |doi=10.2307/2484449|jstor=2484449 }}
* {{cite thesis |last=Treiber |first=Miklos |date=1980 |title=Biosystematics of the ''Arisaema triphyllum'' complex |type=PhD |publisher=University of North Carolina |location=Chapel Hill}}
* {{cite web |last1=Weakley |first1=Alan S. |author2=Southeastern Flora Team |title=Flora of the southeastern United States |publisher=University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden |date=2022 |url-access=registration |url=https://ncbg.unc.edu/research/unc-herbarium/flora-request/}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=''Arisaema triphyllum'' |url=http://www.namethatplant.net/plantdetail.shtml?plant=124 |website=NameThatPlant.net: Native and Naturalized Plants of the Carolinas & Georgia |access-date=6 February 2023}}
* {{Kansas Wildflowers|442|Jack-in-the-pulpit|access-date=30 January 2023}}
* {{cite web |title=Jack in the Pulpit Wildflowers |url=http://wildflowers-guide.com/04-jack-in-the-pulpit.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223122035/http://www.wildflowers-guide.com/04-jack-in-the-pulpit.html |archive-date=2012-12-23}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2716758}}

[[Category:Arisaema|triphyllum]]
[[Category:Flora of Eastern Canada]]
[[Category:Flora of the Northeastern United States]]
[[Category:Flora of the Southeastern United States]]
[[Category:Flora of the North-Central United States]]
[[Category:Flora of Texas]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]]
[[Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status]]