View source for Ariane 1

{{short description|Rocket}}
{{no orbit for payload|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox rocket
|name = Ariane 1
|image = Ariane_1_Le_Bourget_FRA_001.jpg
|caption = Ariane 1 mock-up at the [[Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace]], [[Le Bourget]], Greater Paris
|function = [[Medium lift launch vehicle]]
|manufacturer = [[Aérospatiale]] 
|country-origin = [[France]]
|height = {{cvt|50|m|ft}}
|diameter = {{cvt|3.8|m|ft}}
|mass = {{cvt|207,200|kg|lb}}
|stages = 3
<!----Payloads (optional)---->
|capacities =  
  {{Infobox rocket/payload
  |location =  [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
  |kilos    =  {{convert|4850|kg|lb}}
  }}
  {{Infobox rocket/payload
  |location =  [[Geosynchronous transfer orbit|GTO]]
  |kilos    =  {{convert|1850|kg|lb}}
  }}
|status = Retired
|sites = [[ELA-1]], [[Guiana Space Centre]]
|launches = 11
|success = 9
|fail = 2
|partial =
|first= 24 December 1979
|last= 22 February 1986
|payloads =[[Giotto mission|Giotto]]
<!--Stages/boosters (optional)-->
|stagedata    =  
{{Infobox rocket/stage
  |type       =  stage
  |stageno    =  First
  |engines    =  4 [[Viking (rocket engine)|Viking-5]]
  |thrust     =  {{cvt|2,771.940|kN|lbf}}
  |SI         =  {{cvt|281|isp}}
  |burntime   =  145 seconds
  |fuel       =  [[Dinitrogen tetroxide|N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>]] / [[UDMH]]
  }}
{{Infobox rocket/stage
  |type       =  stage
  |stageno    =  Second
  |engines    =  1 [[Viking (rocket engine)|Viking-4]]
  |thrust     =  {{cvt|720.965|kN|lbf}}
  |SI         =  {{cvt|296|isp}}
  |burntime   =  132 seconds
  |fuel       =  [[Dinitrogen tetroxide|N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>]] / [[UDMH]]
  }}
{{Infobox rocket/stage
  |type       =  stage
  |stageno    =  Third
  |engines    =  1 [[HM7-A]]
  |thrust     =  {{cvt|61.674|kN|lbf}}
  |SI         =  {{cvt|443|isp}}
  |burntime   =  563 seconds
  |fuel       =  [[LH2|LH<sub>2</sub>]] / [[LOX]]
  }}
}}
{{Private spaceflight}}
'''Ariane 1''' ({{IPA|fr|aʁjan œ̃|lang}}) was the first rocket in the [[Ariane (rocket family)|Ariane family]] of [[expendable launch system]]s. It was developed for and operated by the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), which had been formed in 1973, the same year that development of the launcher had commenced. [[Aérospatiale]] was designated to lead the programme. Ariane 1 was the first launcher to be developed with the primary purpose of sending [[Commercial use of space#Satellites and equipment|commercial satellites]] into [[geosynchronous orbit]]. Crucially, it was designed with the ability of sending a pair of satellites into orbit on a single launcher, thus reducing costs.

As the size of satellites grew, Ariane 1 quickly gave way to the more powerful [[Ariane 2]] and [[Ariane 3]] launchers, which were heavily based upon the original rocket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Launchers_Home/SEMN2E67ESD_0.html|title=Ariane 1,2,3|date=2004-05-04|publisher=[[ESA]]|work=Ariane 1|access-date=2009-09-28|archive-date=2012-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906032916/http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Launchers_Home/SEMN2E67ESD_0.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Ariane 4]] was the last rocket to heavily draw upon the Ariane 1, as the successor rocket [[Ariane 5]] uses a far greater proportion of all-new elements.

==Development==
===Origins===
In 1975, ten European countries decided to pursue joint collaboration in the field of space exploration and formed a new pan-national organisation to undertake this mission, the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA).<ref name = "harvey 161 162">Harvey 2003, pp. 161-162.</ref> For some time prior to the ESA's formation, [[France]] had been lobbying for the development of a new European [[expendable launch system]] to serve as a replacement for the [[Europa (rocket)|Europa]] rocket; one proposed successor in the form of a refined Europa, referred to as the ''Europa IIIB'', was studied but was found to be too ambitious and costly.<ref name = "harvey 161"/> As a result, the Europa IIIB proposal was scaled back and soon reemerged as the ''L3S''. Multinational effort became a quick focus point for the L3S proposal; early on, emphasis was placed upon cooperation on the initiative between [[Germany]] and France, while increasing contribution from other countries also came into the picture over time.<ref name = "harvey 161">Harvey 2003, p. 161.</ref>

In January 1973, [[Willy Brandt]], the [[Chancellor of Germany]], formally agreed to the L3S project following a series of personal approaches by [[Georges Pompidou]], the [[President of France]].<ref name = "harvey 161"/> On 21 September 1973, the legal agreement for the L3S, was signed. Under this agreement, the Europa III was formally cancelled, while the L3S would be developed as a multinational project. From the onset, the launcher was to be developed for the purpose of sending [[Commercial use of space#Satellites and equipment|commercial satellites]] into [[geosynchronous orbit]], unlike many other competing launchers, which had been typically developed for other purposes and subsequently adapted, such as [[ballistic missile]]s.<ref name = "harvey 161 166">Harvey 2003, pp. 161, 166.</ref> Development of L3S was seen as a crucial test for the ESA, the fortunes of the former being viewed as being highly indicative for the future of the latter.<ref name = "harvey 162">Harvey 2003, p. 162.</ref> According to author Brian Harvey, L3S was "one of the major European engineering projects in the last quarter of the century".<ref name = "harvey 165">Harvey 2003, p. 165.</ref>

France was the largest stakeholder in the L3S programme; French [[aerospace manufacturer]] Aérospatiale served as the [[General contractor|prime contractor]] and held responsibility for performing the integration of all sections of the vehicle, while French engine manufacturer [[Snecma|Société Européenne de Propulsion]] (SEP) provided both the first and second stage engines (the third stage engines were produced by [[Air Liquide]] and German aerospace manufacturer [[Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm|MBB]]). Other major companies involved included the French electronics firm [[Matra]], Swedish manufacturer [[Volvo]], and German aircraft producer [[Dornier Flugzeugwerke]].<ref name = "harvey 166"/> The [[United Kingdom]], which held a stake of 2.47 per cent in the project, provided the guidance system, developed by [[Ferranti]], and the central digital computer, from [[Marconi]]; [[British Aerospace]] had later involvement and workshare as well. Early on, it was felt that the L3S designation lacked public appeal; out of several alternative names, including ''Phoenix'', ''Lyra'', ''Ganymede'' and ''Vega'', French minister of industrial and scientific development [[Jean Charbonnel]] chose the name ''Ariane'' for the new launcher.<ref name = "harvey 166">Harvey 2003, p. 166.</ref>

===Preparation===
During mid-1974, work on the Ariane was temporarily suspended as a result of the substantial cost involved; several other French space projects has incurred delays or funding shortages due to the ongoing development, which had led to disruption and greater funding being made available by the French government to their national space agency, the [[CNES|Centre national d'études spatiales]] (CNES).<ref name = "harvey 165"/> Development of the third stage was a major focus point for the project - prior to Ariane, only the [[United States]] had ever flown a launcher that utilised [[hydrogen]]-powered upper stages. During 1977 and 1978, preparations and testing commenced in anticipation of the first Ariane launch; while some issues were encountered during ground tests and engine firings, these had resulted in no meaningful delays and these milestones had been successfully passed.<ref name = "harvey 165 166">Harvey 2003, pp. 165-166.</ref> The ESA decided that there should be a total of four development flights flown prior to initiating commercial operations; however, vacant space was made available to operators for these flights on the proviso that success was not guaranteed.<ref name = "harvey 166"/>

In order to accommodate Ariane launches, the [[Guiana Space Centre]] at [[Kourou]], [[French Guiana]] received extensive modifications.<ref name = "harvey 167">Harvey 2003, p. 167.</ref> The former Europa launch site was re-designated as ''ELA 1'' (''Ensemble de Lancement Ariane 1'') and was rebuilt with a lowered base and elongated tower. While all Ariane launches would take place from French Guiana, rocket construction would be performed at Aérospatiale's facility in [[Les Mureaux]], near [[Paris]].<ref name = "harvey 167"/> In order to deliver the rocket from the production facility to the launch site, each stage of the Ariane would be shipped on [[barge]]s down the [[Seine]] to [[Le Havre]], where they would be loaded onto an ocean-going vessel and be conveyed across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to [[Kourou]]; a combination of [[road]]s and [[railway]]s would transport the components inland to the space center itself. Once fully assembled, the rocket would be moved a short distance to the launch pad itself on a mobile rail-mounted platform and stored within a fully enclosed [[air conditioning|air conditioned]] service tower, where the payload would be installed and final checks performed under [[clean room]] conditions.<ref name = "harvey 167"/>

Prior to Ariane's first launch, there was some scepticism, much coming from American and British figures, that the endeavour was an expensive indulgence that could be unnecessary, and rendered uncompetitive, by the upcoming [[Space Shuttle]], a partially [[reusable launch system]] that was then under development by [[NASA]].<ref name = "harvey 167"/> By 1977, there had only been three initial customers lined up for Ariane; however, in December 1977, communications satellite operator [[Intelsat]] was persuaded to placed an order for two [[List of Intelsat satellites|Intelsat IV]]s to be launched using Ariane. This was considered a major coup for the programme as Intelsat was viewed as heavily committed to using the rival Space Shuttle launcher for a large number of its satellites at that point.<ref name = "harvey 167 169">Harvey 2003, pp. 167, 169.</ref> One week later, ESA announced its commitment to a production run of 10 Ariane 1 launchers.<ref name = "harvey 169">Harvey 2003, p. 169.</ref>

===Maiden flight===
There was considerable pressure for Ariane to perform its [[maiden flight]] prior to end of 1979.<ref name = "harvey 169"/> It was decided that Ariane should launch on 15 December 1979 and, 38 hours prior the launch, the countdown was initiated; however, a technical issue was encountered in the final hour which led to an abort. Despite fears that the launch would have to be delayed for a month, it was decided to resume the countdown for a second attempt.<ref name = "harvey 169"/> However, upon the countdown reaching zero, three seconds following engine ignition, the onboard computer decided to cut engine power due to erroneous sensor information indicating that engine pressure had been falling. Another attempt was quickly scheduled for 24 December 1979; this time, the launch was successfully executed and the first Ariane flight was performed, the firing button having been personally pressed by French President [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]].<ref name = "harvey 169"/>

For the first flight, designated as ''L-O1'' (Lancement [Launch] 01), the payload consisted of an [[Aeritalia]]-built test instrumentation system, known as CAT (Capsule Ariane Technologique), for the purpose of measuring all key stages of the ascent in great detail, such as noise, stress, acceleration, temperature, and pressure; this unit was also designed to simulate a real satellite payload.<ref name = "harvey 167 169"/> CAT was successfully placed into an orbit of {{cvt|202|by|35753|km|mi}}; the successful deployment of this payload indicated the end of the American [[monopoly]] on commercial satellite launches. On 26 March 1980, almost immediately after the success of LO-1, CNES and ESA created a new company for the purpose of promoting, marketing, and managing Ariane operations, choosing to name the venture [[Arianespace]].<ref name = "harvey 169"/>

== Design ==
With lift-off mass of {{convert|210000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, Ariane 1 was able to put in [[geostationary transfer orbit]] one [[satellite]] or two smaller of a maximal weight of {{convert|1850|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. The cost of program is estimated at 2 billion euros.

The Ariane 1 was a four-stage vehicle (fourth stage put satellite from GTO to GEO is usually not counted as part of rocket, because it is included in 1,850&nbsp;kg of payload). The first stage was equipped with 4 Viking engines developed by the [[Société Européenne de Propulsion]]. The second stage had a single Viking engine. The third stage had one [[LOX]]/[[LH2]] [[bipropellant rocket|bipropellant engine]] capable of a [[thrust]] of {{cvt|7,000|kgf|kN lbf}}. 

This design was kept in the Ariane series until [[Ariane 4]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/a/ariane.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228093830/http://astronautix.com/a/ariane.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 28, 2016|title=Ariane rocket family|date=2004-05-04|publisher=Astronautix|work=Mark Wade|access-date=2009-09-28}}</ref>

== Launches ==
On 24 December 1979, the first Ariane launch, designated as ''L-O1'', was conducted, which was successful.<ref name = "harvey 169"/> However, in 1980, the second launch, ''L-O2'' ended in a failure shortly after takeoff, which had been caused by a combustion instability that had occurred in one of the Viking first stage engines.<ref name = "harvey 170">Harvey 2003, p. 170.</ref> The third launch, ''L-O3'' succeeded, which resulted in the orbiting of three separate satellites; the fourth and last qualification launch, ''L-04'', was also a success. However, during the fifth launch, which was the first commercial mission to be performed by Ariane, designated as ''L5'', the rocket ceased functioning after 7 minutes of flight. This failure was traced back to a single turbopump in the third stage that had stopped functioning, and a significant re-design of elements of the third stage was performed as a result.<ref name = "harvey 171">Harvey 2003, p. 171.</ref>

The failure of the first commercial flight had created a tense atmosphere along with a flurry of criticism being aired about the Ariane programme.<ref name = "harvey 171 172">Harvey 2003, pp. 171-172.</ref> Following the completion of a complete review of the programme, on 16 June 1983, the second commercial flight, ''L6'' was successfully launched into orbit. This began a run of successful flight for the launcher, the following six flights were all successes.<ref name = "harvey 172">Harvey 2003, p. 172.</ref> As a result of the repeated successes, orders for the type increased quickly; by early 1984, a total of 27 satellites had been booked for Ariane, which was half of the world market at that time. As a result of the commercial success, after the tenth Ariane mission was flown, the ESA transferred responsibility for Ariane over to Arianespace.<ref name = "harvey 172"/>

The [[Giotto mission]]'s spaceprobe was successfully launched on the tenth Ariane 1 mission, ''V-14'', on 2 July 1985. The first [[SPOT (satellites)|SPOT]] satellite was put into [[orbit]] by the eleventh and last launch of Ariane 1 on 22 February 1986.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/ariane-1.htm |title=Launch History |date=16 April 2009 |publisher=Gunter's Space Page |work=Ariane 1 |access-date=28 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905072601/http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/ariane-1.htm |archive-date=5 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By early 1986, the Ariane 1, along with its [[Ariane 2]] and [[Ariane 3]] derivatives, were the dominant launcher on the world market.<ref name = "harvey 172"/>

== Launch history ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Flight
! Date
! Launch Pad
! Payload
! Outcome
!Reference
! Remarks
|-
| 1
| L-01
| 24 December 1979
| [[ELA-1]]
| [[CAT-1]]
| {{success}}
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ariane 1 |url=http://www.astronautix.com/a/ariane1.html |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>
| First flight<ref name = "harvey 169"/>
|-
| 2
| L-02
| 23 May 1980
| [[ELA-1]]
| [[Firewheel (satellite)|Firewheel Subsat-1,2,3,4]] [[Amsat P3A]] <br> [[CAT 2 (satellite)|CAT 2]]
| {{failure}}
|<ref name=":0" />
| Combustion instability in one of the Viking first stage engines<ref name = "harvey 170"/>
|-
| 3
| L-03
| 19 June 1981
| [[ELA-1]]
| [[Meteosat|Meteosat 2]] <br> [[Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment|APPLE]] <br> [[CAT 3 (satellite)|CAT 3]]
| {{success}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|
|-
| 4
| L-04
| 20 December 1981
| [[ELA-1]]
| [[MARECS 1]] <br> [[CAT 4 (satellite)|CAT 4]]
| {{success}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|
|-
| 5
| L-5
| 9 September 1982
| [[ELA-1]]
| [[MARECS B]] <br> [[Sirio 2]]
| {{failure}}
|<ref name=":0" />
| First commercial launch <br> The rocket ceased functioning after 7 minutes of flight due to a turbopump failure in the third stage
|-
| 6
| L-6
| 16 June 1983
| [[ELA-1]]
| [[ECS 1]] <br> [[Amsat P3B]] (Oscar 10)
| {{success}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|
|-
| 7
| L-7
| 19 October 1983
| [[ELA-1]]
| [[Intelsat 507]]
| {{success}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|
|-
| 8
| L-8
| 5 March 1984
| [[ELA-1]]
| [[Intelsat 508]]
| {{success}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|
|-
| 9
| V-9
| 23 May 1984
| [[ELA-1]]
| [[Spacenet 1]]
| {{success}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|
|-
| 10
| V-14
| 2 July 1985
| [[ELA-1]]
| [[Giotto mission|Giotto]]
| {{success}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|
|-
| 11
| V-16
| 22 February 1986
| [[ELA-1]]
| [[SPOT (satellites)|SPOT 1]] <br> [[Viking (satellite)|Viking]]
| {{success}}
|<ref name=":0" />
| Last flight
|}

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* Harvey, Brian. ''Europe's Space Programme: To Ariane and Beyond.'' Springer Science & Business Media, 2003. {{ISBN|1-8523-3722-2}}.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080907201014/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/ariane.htm The Ariane rocket family]
{{Commons category|Ariane 1}}

{{Ariane}}
{{Expendable launch systems}}
{{European launch systems}}

{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}

[[Category:Ariane (rocket family)]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1979]]