View source for Argentine Declaration of Independence

{{Use American English|date = February 2019}}
{{Short description|1816 proclamation of independence of the United Provinces of South America from Spain}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = January 2019}}
{{more footnotes|date=July 2011}}
{{Infobox document
|document_name=Argentine<br />Declaration of Independence
|image=El-Congreso-de-Tucumán-1816-Francisco-Fortuny.jpg
|image_caption=''Congreso de Tucumán'' (Congress of Tucumán), made by [[Francisco Fortuny]]
|date_ratified={{start date and age|1816|07|09}}
|location_of_document= ''Original Act of Independence lost'': A copy is preserved in the [[General Archive of the Nation (Argentina)|General Archive of the Argentine Nation]].
|writer= [[Juan José Paso]]
|signers=[[Argentine Declaration of Independence#Signatories of the declaration|29 delegates]] of the [[Congress of Tucumán]]
|purpose=To announce and explain the independence from [[Spanish Empire]] and all other [[Foreign domination|foreign domination]].
}}
{{History of Argentina}}

[[Image:Independencia Argentina.JPG|thumb|[[Allegorical representations of Argentina|Allegory]] of the Declaration of Independence, by [[Luis de Servi]]]]

The '''Independence of the [[Argentine Republic]]''' (or ''La Independencia de Argentina'' in [[Spanish language|spanish]]) was [[declaration of independence|declared]] on July 9, 1816, by the [[Congress of Tucumán|Congress]] of [[San Miguel de Tucumán|Tucumán]]. In reality, the congressmen who were assembled in Tucumán declared the independence of the [[United Provinces of South America]], which is one of the official names of the Argentine Republic. The [[Liga Federal|Federal League]] Provinces,<ref>The Argentine ''Littoral'' provinces [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fé]], [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]] and [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]], along with the [[Banda Oriental|Eastern Province]] (present-day[[Uruguay]])</ref> at [[Argentine Civil War|war]] with the United Provinces, were not allowed into the Congress. At the same time, several provinces from the [[Upper Peru]] that would later become part of present-day [[Bolivia]], were represented at the Congress.

==Causes==
The 1810 [[May Revolution]] followed the [[Abdications of Bayonne|deposition]] of the [[Spanish Crown|Spanish king]] [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] by the [[Napoleonic France|Napoleonic French]]. The revolution ended the authority of the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata|Viceroy]] [[Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros|Cisneros]] and replaced it with the [[Primera Junta]].

When the Spanish monarchy resumed its functions in 1814, Spain was determined to recover control over its [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|colonies]] in the [[Americas]]. Moreover, the [[Royalist (Spanish American Revolution)|royalists]] from [[Viceroyalty of Perú|Peru]] had been victorious at the battles of [[Battle of Sipe-Sipe|Sipe-Sipe]], [[Battle of Huaqui|Huaqui]], [[Battle of Vilcapugio|Vilcapugio]] and [[Battle of Ayohuma|Ayohuma]], in [[Upper Peru]], and seriously threatened the United Provinces from the north.

On April 15, 1815, a revolution ended the mandate of [[Carlos María de Alvear]] as [[Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|Supreme Director]] and demanded that a [[Congress of Tucumán|General Congress]] be summoned. Delegate deputies, each representing 14,000 inhabitants, were sent from all the [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]] to the sessions, which started on March 24, 1816. However, the [[Liga Federal|Federal League]] Provinces did not send delegates: the Argentine ''littoral'' Provinces ([[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fé]], [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]], [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]] and [[Misiones Province|Misiones]]), and the [[Banda Oriental|Eastern Province]] (modern-day [[Uruguay]]).

==Development==
The Congress was inaugurated in the city of [[San Miguel de Tucumán|Tucumán]], with 33 deputies.  The presidency of the Congress would be rotated monthly. Because the Congress had the freedom to choose topics to debate, endless discussions ensued. 

During the declaration of independence, [[Pedro Medrano|Pedro de Medrano]] served as the first president of the Congress of Tucumán. The voting finally ended on July 9 with a declaration of Independence. The Declaration pointed to the circumstances in Europe of the past six years—[[Peninsular War|the removal of the King of Spain by Napoleon]] and the subsequent refusal of Ferdinand VII to accept [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|constitutional rule]] both in the Peninsula and overseas. The Document claimed that [[Hispanic America|Spanish America]] recovered its sovereignty from the [[Crown of Castile]] in 1808, when Ferdinand VII had been deposed, and therefore, any union between the overseas dominions of Spain and the Peninsula had been dissolved. This was a legal concept that was also invoked by the [[Spanish American wars of independence|other Spanish American declarations of independence]], such as [[Venezuelan Declaration of Independence|Venezuela's]] (1811) and [[Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America|Mexico's]] (1810), which were responding to the same events. The president of the Congress at the time was [[Francisco Narciso de Laprida]], delegate from [[San Juan Province (Argentina)|San Juan Province]]. Subsequent discussions centered on what form of government the emerging state should adopt.

The congress continued its work in [[Buenos Aires]] in 1817, but it got stopped in 1820 after the [[Battle of Cepeda (1820)|Battle of Cepeda]], which deepened the differences between the [[Unitarian Party]], who favored a strong central government, and the [[Federales (Argentina)|Federales]], who favored a weak central government.

The house where the declaration was adopted has been rebuilt and is now a museum and monument: the [[House of Tucumán]].

==Signatories of the declaration==
* [[Francisco Narciso de Laprida]], Deputy for [[San Juan Province (Argentina)|San Juan]], President
* [[Mariano Boedo]], Deputy for [[Salta Province|Salta]], Vice-president 
* [[José Mariano Serrano]], Deputy for [[Charcas Province|Charcas]] (present-day [[Bolivia]]), Secretary 
* [[Juan José Paso]], Deputy for [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]], Secretary
* Dr. [[Antonio Sáenz]], Deputy for [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]] 
* Dr. [[José Darragueira]], Deputy for [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]] 
* Friar [[Cayetano José Rodríguez]], Deputy for [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]] 
* Dr. [[Pedro Medrano]], Deputy for [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]] 
* Dr. [[Manuel Antonio Acevedo]], Deputy for [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] 
* Dr. [[José Ignacio de Gorriti]], Deputy for [[Salta Province|Salta]] 
* Dr. [[José Andrés Pacheco de Melo]], Deputy for Chibchas (present-day [[Bolivia]])
* Dr. [[Teodoro Sánchez de Bustamante]], Deputy for [[Jujuy Province|Jujuy]]
* [[Eduardo Pérez Bulnes]], Deputy for [[Córdoba Province (Argentina)|Córdoba]] 
* [[Tomás Godoy Cruz]], Deputy for [[Mendoza Province|Mendoza]] 
* Dr. [[Pedro Miguel Aráoz]], Deputy for [[Tucumán Province|Tucumán]]
* Dr. [[Esteban Agustín Gazcón]], Deputy for [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]] 
* [[Pedro Francisco de Uriarte]], Deputy for [[Santiago del Estero Province|Santiago del Estero]] 
* [[Pedro León Gallo]], Deputy for [[Santiago del Estero Province|Santiago del Estero]] 
* [[Pedro Ignacio Rivera]], Deputy for [[Mizque Province|Mizque]] (present-day  [[Bolivia]])
* Dr. [[Mariano Sánchez de Loria]], Deputy for [[Charcas Province|Charcas]] (present-day [[Bolivia]])
* Dr. [[José Severo Malabia]], Deputy for [[Charcas Province|Charcas]] (present-day [[Bolivia]])
* Dr. [[Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros]], Deputy for [[La Rioja Province (Argentina)|La Rioja]]
* Lic. [[Gerónimo Salguero]], Deputy for [[Córdoba Province (Argentina)|Córdoba]] 
* Dr. [[José Colombres]], Deputy for [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]] 
* Dr. [[José Ignacio Thames]], Deputy for  [[Tucumán Province|Tucumán]]
* Friar [[Justo de Santa María de Oro]], Deputy for [[San Juan Province (Argentina)|San Juan]] 
* [[José Antonio Cabrera]], Deputy for [[Córdoba Province (Argentina)|Córdoba]] 
* Dr. [[Juan Agustín Maza]], Deputy for [[Mendoza Province|Mendoza]] 
* [[Tomás Manuel de Anchorena]], Deputy for [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]]

==Recognition of independence==
* [[Kingdom of Hawaiʻi]]: 1818
* [[Portugal]]: 1821
* [[Brazil]], [[United States of America]]: 1822
* [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]: December 15, 1823
* [[France]]: 1830
* [[Denmark]]: 1841

* [[United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway]]: 1847
* [[Spain]]: April 29, 1857

== Translations ==
The Declaration of Independence of the [[United Provinces of South America]] was written in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and then translated into [[Quechua language|Quechua]] and [[Aymara language|Aymara]]. The version in Aymara is attributed to [[Vicente Pazos Kanki]] (1779-1852).<ref>[http://www.aymara.org/lengua/2011/una-declaracion-de-independencia-en-aymara-2/ Una Declaración de Independencia en aymara] (in Spanish)</ref>

<gallery>
Acta Independencia argentina quechua.jpg|Quechua version
Acta de Independencia de las Provincias Unidas en Sud América - Español - Aymara.jpg|Aymara version
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Argentine War of Independence]]
* [[Congress of Tucumán]]
* [[United Provinces of South America]]

==References==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090222093301/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/9dejulio/ 9 de Julio de 1816: Declaración de la Independencia] {{in lang|es}}
* [[:wikisource:es:Acta de Declaración de la Independencia Argentina|Act of Independence]] – Spanish [[Wikisource]] 
{{Reflist}}

{{Congreso de Tucumán}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Argentine Declaration Of Independence}}
[[Category:1816 documents]]
[[Category:1816 in Argentina]]
[[Category:Argentine War of Independence]]
[[Category:Declarations of independence]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Argentina]]
[[Category:July 1816]]