View source for Arena rock

{{Short description|Genre of rock music designed for large audiences}}
{{Redirect2|Dad rock|stadium rock|the radio format associated with the baby boomer demographic|Classic rock|the 1985 Alexander Gradsky rock opera|Stadium (rock opera)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name              = Arena rock
| native_name       = 
| other_names       = {{flatlist|
*Stadium rock
*corporate rock
*pomp rock
}}
| etymology         = 
| image             = 
| alt               = 
| caption           = 
| stylistic_origins = {{flatlist|
*[[Hard rock]]
*[[pop rock]]
*[[heavy metal music|heavy metal]]
*[[progressive rock]]
}}
| cultural_origins  = 1960s to mid-1970s
| derivatives       = 
| subgenres         = 
| fusiongenres      = 
| regional_scenes   = 
| local_scenes      = 
| other_topics      = {{hlist|[[Progressive rock]]|[[glam rock]]|[[power pop]]|[[glam metal]]|[[pop metal]]}}
}}

'''Arena rock''' (also known as '''stadium rock''', '''pomp rock''' or '''corporate rock''')<ref>{{harvnb|Crystal|2014|p=220|loc=see definitions of ''pomp rock''; "''arena rock'': 'also known as pomp rock, melodic rock, anthem rock, stadium rock, or AOR'{{nbsp}}[...] [music critics] used negative expressions such as ''corporate rock'' in the 1970s and ''dad rock'' in the 1990s}}; {{harvnb|Donaldson|2009|p=248|loc="it was something called 'arena rock' or sometimes 'anthem rock'"}}; {{harvnb|Joyner|2008|p=261|loc="hard rock and heavy metal evolved into a more appealing, high-production genre commonly labelled ''stadium rock'' or ''arena rock''".}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|At least some authors differentiate the terms slightly, Malcolm Dome of ''[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]]'', for example, calling pomp rock "the child disowned by [[Progressive rock|prog]] and orphaned by AOR".<ref>{{cite web|title= 10 Essential Pomp Rock Albums |work= [[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]] |date= 30 October 2016 |access-date= 25 May 2018 |url= https://www.loudersound.com/features/10-essential-pomp-rock-albums}}</ref>}} is a style of [[rock music]] that became mainstream in the 1970s. It typically involves [[radio]]-friendly rock music that was designed to be played for large audiences.

As [[hard rock]] and [[pop rock]] became increasingly popular, groups began creating material inherently designed for performance to crowds and major concerts. Arena rock also developed from their use of more commercially oriented sounds that were intended for radio play. The highly produced music, including both upbeat, dramatic songs and slower [[power ballad]]s, features strong emphasis on [[melody]] and frequently employs [[anthem]]ic [[Strophic form|choruses]].<ref name="AM">{{cite web|title= Pop/Rock » Hard Rock » Arena Rock |publisher= [[AllMusic]] |access-date= 18 June 2017 |url= http://www.allmusic.com/style/arena-rock-ma0000012329}}</ref> Other major characteristics include prominent [[Effects unit|guitar effects]] and the use of [[keyboard instrument]]s.{{sfn|McDonald|2009|pp=54–56, 62–65, 196–206}}{{sfn|Donaldson|2009|p=248}}{{sfn|Crystal|2014|p=220}} Typical themes of arena rock lyrics include love, heartbreak, angst, and sentimentality.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meier |first1=Leslie M. |title=In Excess? Body Genres, "Bad" Music, and the Judgment of Audiences |journal=Journal of Popular Music Studies |date=September 2008 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=240–260 |doi=10.1111/j.1533-1598.2008.00160.x |quote=Arena rock—a label initially used by the popular press to describe bombastic rock bands such as Journey and Chicago—includes rock bands that write excessively sentimental songs about love and angst. The fact that Mariah Carey covered Journey's song "Open Arms" illustrates the compatibility between these two melodramatic genres. More evidence to support this link is [Canadian cultural critic Carl] Wilson's observation that "Celine [Dion]'s main form, the power ballad, was the 1970s' arena-rock invention that did most to recover the schmaltz impulse after its 1960s exile" (2007: 66). More recent arena rock acts such as Nickelback have adopted a more contempt-laden, rather than romantic, look at love. Nevertheless, songs such as "This Is How You Remind Me" reveal a comparable preoccupation with heartbreak, are consistent with arena rock's anthemic tradition, and are similarly critiqued for poetic triteness. |quote-page=251}}</ref>

Many of the above labels are used [[pejorative]]ly,{{sfn|McDonald|2009|pp=54–56, 62–65, 196–206}}{{sfn|Smith|2006|pages=xviii, 54, 72–73, 82, 215}}{{sfn|Crystal|2014|p=220}} and discussions over music criticism often delve into the question of whether musicians' focus on rock [[spectacle]] and mass appeal results in compromised artistic merit, particularly in terms of the difference between the interests of the "[[middlebrow]]" populace versus other listeners.{{sfn|McDonald|2009|pp=54–56, 62–65, 196–206}}{{sfn|Smith|2006|pages=xviii, 54, 72–73, 82, 215}} Interest in arena rock is stereotypically associated with [[working class|working-class]] to [[middle class|middle-class]] men living in either Canada or the United States (including so-called "[[yuppie]]s"),{{sfn|McDonald|2009|pp=54–56, 62–65, 196–206}}{{sfn|Donaldson|2009|p=248}} which has been cited as the basis for condescending prejudice over social status in some criticisms.{{sfn|McDonald|2009|pp=54–56, 62–65, 196–206}} However, the style of music has been highly successful worldwide, particularly in terms of touring.<ref name="AM"/>{{sfn|McDonald|2009|pp=54–56, 62–65, 196–206}}{{sfn|Donaldson|2009|p=248}}

==Characteristics==
[[File:Queen 12041982 01 800b.jpg|thumb|right|This [[Queen (band)|Queen]] concert in [[Drammen]], Norway, in April 1982 shows the scale and lighting of an arena rock concert, emphasis being on the performed spectacle.|alt=Queen performs a live concert in Norway in 1982.]]

Historian Gary A. Donaldson has summed up arena rock as "big hair, big voices, and really big guitars". In contrast to other types of music with a more raw, time-worn approach, arena rock musicians emphasize dramatic production. With bands deliberately designing their material for large audiences, the songs focus on [[melody]], often featuring strident [[strophic form|choruses]]. [[Effects unit|Guitar effects]] and the use of [[keyboard instrument]]s are significant elements of the genre.{{sfn|McDonald|2009|pp=54–56, 62–65, 196–206}}{{sfn|Donaldson|2009|p=248}}{{sfn|Crystal|2014|p=220}} Fireworks displays, use of smoke, and methods of sophisticated lighting, have become part of the visual aesthetics of what is known as arena rock.{{sfn|Shuker|2002|p=158}}

==Development and popularity==
{{synthesis|section|date=October 2017}}

===1960s–1970s===
Despite the differences in terms of genre, [[Beatlemania]] and the gigantic, screaming crowds that greeted [[the Beatles]] as they performed in the U.S. proved influential on arena rock, particularly with artists' complex views of the connection between themselves as musicians and the primal needs of their mass audiences.{{sfn|Waksman|2009|pp=21–31}} The rise of the rock style largely signified the end of the [[hippie]]-type of idealistic 1960s culture, particularly after the disillusionment that followed the infamous [[Altamont Free Concert]] of 1969, and represented a newer form of musical expression that was still confident and strident while also being more commercial.{{sfn|Waksman|2009|pp=21–31}} With hundreds of people injured and one dying, said concert has been described as "the spiritual death of the decade".{{sfn|Browne|Browne|2001|p=29}}

In the period from the end of the 1960s to the middle of the 1970s, advances in technology allowed for the increased power of amplification and sound systems without losing sound quality, thus giving [[hard rock]] bands the opportunity to use larger and larger venues. Attributing the birth of arena rock to [[the Rolling Stones]]' 1969 US tour, ''[[The Guardian]]'' ranked the tour number 19 on their list of the 50 key events in rock music history.<ref name="Touring"/> Prior to the tour the loudest sound at big-capacity shows was often the crowd, so the Stones ensured they had lighting and sound systems that would allow them to be seen and heard in the biggest arenas, with ''The Guardian'' stating their "combination of front-of-house excellence and behind the scenes savvy took the business of touring to an entirely new level."<ref name="Touring">{{cite news|first= Michael |last= Hann |title= The birth of arena rock |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] |date= 12 June 2011 |access-date= 17 December 2017 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/12/birth-arena-rock}}</ref>

The [[Flint, Michigan]]–born [[Grand Funk Railroad]], which advertised itself as a "people's band" on the release of their [[On Time (Grand Funk Railroad album)|1969 debut album]] given their nationwide touring, played to about 125,000 in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and 180,000 in [[Texas]] within a short period of time. Although hard rock influenced [[heavy metal music]] and the arena rock style, they shared an emphasis on loudness and heavy sound that had dominated the rock mainstream from late 1970s to early 1980s.{{Sfn|Waksman|2009|pp=21–31}}

[[File:StevePerry.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Singer [[Steve Perry]] of [[Journey (band)|Journey]] became one of the faces of arena rock in the late 1970s and early 1980s.]]

Bands such as [[Styx (band)|Styx]], [[Foreigner (band)|Foreigner]], [[Journey (band)|Journey]], [[REO Speedwagon]], [[Boston (band)|Boston]], [[Toto (band)|Toto]], and [[Kansas (band)|Kansas]] were popular arena rock acts of the late 1970s and early 1980s.<ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/style/arena-rock-ma0000012329 "Arena rock genre overview"]. AllMusic. Retrieved 6 April 2023.</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNVDBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA164 | title=Rock'n America: A Social and Cultural History | isbn=978-1-4426-0015-7 | last1=Weinstein | first1=Deena | date=January 2015 | publisher=University of Toronto Press }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Giles |first=Jeff |date=2017-04-08 |title=How Toto Surprised Everyone With the Multi-Platinum 'Toto IV' |url=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/toto-iv/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=Ultimate Classic Rock |language=en}}</ref>

Arena rock's popularity, being described as "a dominant force" musically from the 1970s onward,<ref name="Hard"/> resulted in a number of musical reactions. The [[Pub rock (United Kingdom)|British pub rock movement]] arose in large part due to its emphasis on small-scale events, aimed at promoting a friendly, intimate connection between performers and audiences.{{Sfn|Bennett|2006|p=26}} The explosion of [[punk rock]] and [[punk subculture]]s in general in the 1970s directly challenged the perceived excesses of mainstream rock at the time.{{Sfn|Browne|Browne|2001|p=31}}

===1980s–1990s===
The [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] states that the following decade, particularly the late 1980s, is "considered a golden era of hard rock in terms of commercial [[airplay]]".<ref name="Essential">{{cite web|title= 10 Essential Guns N' Roses Songs |publisher= [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] |date= 2 April 2012 |access-date= 18 June 2017 |url= https://www.rockhall.com/10-essential-guns-n-roses-songs}}</ref>

The music of the 1970s often reflected changing philosophical interests compared to previous decades, with personal growth, private revelation, and [[self-help|self-improvement]] gaining more emphasis compared to past interests in [[Collectivism and individualism|collectivist]] social activism. The period coming to be known dismissively as the "[[The "Me" Decade and the Third Great Awakening|Me Decade]]", rock releases frequently celebrated a [[Hedonism|hedonistic]], self-indulgent abandonment. Multiple artists also pursued an arena rock sound based on [[Artistic inspiration|individual inspiration]] and achievement, particularly in [[anthem]]ic songs about independence.{{sfn|McDonald|2009|pp=54–56, 62–65, 196–206}}{{sfn|Waksman|2009|pp=21–31}} In terms of the changing trends into the 1980s and onward, the style essentially replaced [[disco]] in terms of mass pop culture appeal.{{sfn|Donaldson|2009|p=248}}

During the 1980s, arena rock evolved in a way that was performance-driven yet far more aggressive and confrontational. Mainstream rock became dominated by these hair metal (also known as "[[glam metal]]" and "[[pop metal]]") bands, with a large emphasis still being put on both on music and visuals. Flashy clothing with elements such as heavy makeup and dramatic hairstyles became common. Prominent examples of this genre include [[Def Leppard]], [[Mötley Crüe]] and [[Poison (American band)|Poison]]. Their popularity crashed after the success of [[alternative rock]] and [[grunge]] bands who began to break through into popular consciousness with an even more abrasive sound, particularly artists influenced by the success of [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] in the early 1990s.<ref name="Hair">{{cite web|title= Pop/Rock » Heavy Metal » Hair Metal |website= [[AllMusic]] |access-date= 18 June 2017 |url= http://www.allmusic.com/style/hair-metal-ma0000011902}}</ref><ref name="Pop">{{cite web|title= Pop/Rock » Heavy Metal » Pop-Metal |website= [[AllMusic]] |access-date= 18 June 2017 |url= http://www.allmusic.com/style/pop-metal-ma0000002785}}</ref>

The website [[AllMusic]] has opined that "[o]ld-fashioned hard rock became a scarce commodity in the post-alternative rock era; after grunge, many guitar bands not only adopted a self-consciously serious attitude, but also resisted the urge to write fist-pumping, arena-ready choruses."<ref name="Hard">{{cite web|title= Pop/Rock » Hard Rock » Hard Rock |website= [[AllMusic]] |access-date= 18 June 2017 |url= http://www.allmusic.com/style/hard-rock-ma0000002636}}</ref> Multiple artists have continued to play on to [[cult following]]s.<ref name="Hair"/><ref name="Pop"/> Bands [[Bon Jovi]] and [[Van Halen]] in particular achieved significant commercial success into the 1990s.{{sfn|Prown|Newquist|1997|pp=2142–15}}{{refn|group=nb|One example of a direct continuity of sound between groups is how, in 1988, the band [[Aerosmith]] gave the outfit [[Guns N' Roses]] (GnR) a touring opportunity for the latter's [[Appetite for Destruction Tour|first major set of performances]], with GnR guitarist [[Slash (musician)|Slash]] adapting and expanding their mutual, arena-friendly style.<ref name="Slash">{{cite magazine|first= Steve |last= Appleford |title= Aerosmith Get Pumped for Tour With Slash: 'It's Still Rock & Roll' |magazine= [[Rolling Stone]] |date= 10 April 2014 |access-date= 8 June 2017 |url= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/aerosmith-get-pumped-for-tour-with-slash-its-still-rock-roll-20140410}}</ref> The [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] has remarked that the nine-minute-long GnR [[Single (music)|single]] "[[November Rain]]" and its related [[music video]] "solidified the band as a group of musicians capable of lavish arena-rock level productions both on and off the stage". The band notably performed the song at the [[1992 MTV Video Music Awards]] alongside [[Elton John]],<ref name="Essential"/> a musician who rose to prominence in the arena rock movement back in the 1970s.{{sfn|Waksman|2009|pp=21–31}}}} Later in the '90s and 2000s, [[post-grunge]] acts such as [[Creed (band)|Creed]] and [[Nickelback]] released their own successful arena rock anthems.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Kyle |title=Accidental revolution: the story of grunge |date=2007 |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |location=New York |isbn=9780312358198 |pages=5–6 |edition=1st |quote=An entire generation of young musicians was growing up with the sort of stuff that trickled onto the radio after Kurt's death, and it didn't take them long to figure out what was working and what wasn't. They copied Pearl Jam, which is not necessarily a bad idea, but they noticed that the artier stuff didn't sell as well as the heavy arena anthems of their first album. They copied Soundgarden, a fine pursuit on its own, but they failed to take into account the intricacies of that band's songs. These young musicians went on to form bands such as Creed and Nickelback, and listeners were stuck with a whole generation of flaccid wannabes carrying the torch for mediocrity. They sold millions but were as empty as the hair-metal bands their forefathers had fought so hard to vanquish.}}</ref>

==Critical perspectives==
[[Ethnomusicology|Ethnomusicologist]] Chris McDonald of [[Cape Breton University]] has argued that the label of a musical artist as "arena rock" and "old wave", done by music critics dismissively, originates from a background of [[Class discrimination|classism]] influenced by [[modernism]]. Thus, mass popularity is put forth as an argument ''against'' perceived artistic merit, through the eyes of critics focused on [[high culture]] while disdaining market forces, particularly given the white, [[working class]] to [[middle class]] makeup of the fans. Focusing on the Canadian trio [[Rush (band)|Rush]], McDonald stated that the panning of the group as "dazzling yet empty" due to the musicians' focus on rock spectacle is a consequence of critics' [[psychological distance]] from the "[[middlebrow]]" populace that listens to them.{{sfn|McDonald|2009|pp=54–56, 62–65, 196–206}}

The use of commercial sponsorship for the large-scale tours and concerts of the 1970s, a practice that continues, has caused the music to pick up the pejorative label of being "corporate rock".{{sfn|Reynolds|Webber|2004|p=24}}{{sfn|Smith|2006|pages=xviii, 54, 72–73, 82, 215}}{{sfn|Crystal|2014|p=220}} Writer Chris Smith argued that the style dehumanized listeners, setting them up as passive recipients rather than allowing them to truly engage with musicians, and additionally put different bands in a position akin to homogenized products.{{sfn|Smith|2006|pages=xviii, 54, 72–73, 82, 215}} It has also been regarded as essentially malign [[capitalism|capitalist]] propaganda.{{sfn|Reynolds|Webber|2004|p=24}} The distance between taste-makers' judgment of certain groups as "uncool" and their mass audience appeal had existed since the style's origins after the ending of the 1960s,{{sfn|Waksman|2009|pp=21–31}} and a wide variety of other dismissive terms have been used such as "dad rock".{{refn|group=nb|The term "dad rock" was invented by the ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'' music critic Rob Mitchum in his unhappy review of the album ''[[Sky Blue Sky]]'' by [[Wilco]] (2007). He later became opposed to the term.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zoladz |first1=Lindsay |title=I'm Not a Dad, but I Rock Like One |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/18/arts/music/dad-rock.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 June 2020 |access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref>}}{{sfn|Crystal|2014|p=220}}
 
Deliberately playing against criticism and claiming to represent the people against the elite has been used in musical marketing.{{sfn|Waksman|2009|pp=21–31}} The association of arena rock with the so-called "[[yuppie]]s" and their [[conspicuous consumption]] additionally has tied the style with a group often maligned in the media, subject to mocking [[caricature]]s and other kinds of ridicule. However, as pointed out by historian Gary A. Donaldson, the music eclipsed the waning genre of [[disco]] and related bands successfully toured across the world.{{sfn|Donaldson|2009|p=248}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Music}}
*[[1970s in music]]
*[[List of rock genres]]
**[[Heavy metal music|Heavy metal]]
**[[Hard rock]]
**[[Progressive rock]]
**[[Glam rock]]
**[[Power pop]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book|first=Andy|last=Bennett|year=2006|title=Access All Eras: Tribute Bands and Global Pop Culture|editor-first= Shane|editor-last=Homan|publisher=[[Hill International]]|chapter=Even better than the real thing? Understanding the tribute band phenomenon|isbn=0-335-21690-0}}
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*{{cite book|first=David Lee|last=Joyner|year=2008|title=American Popular Music|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0-07-352657-7}}
*{{cite book|first=Chris|last=McDonald|year=2009|title=Rush, Rock Music, and the Middle Class|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0-253-00404-8}}
*{{cite book|first1=Pete|last1=Prown|author-link=Pete Prown|first2=Harvey P.|last2=Newquist|author-link2=HP Newquist|year=1997|title=Legends of Rock Guitar: The Essential Reference of Rock's Greatest Guitarists|edition=4th|publisher=[[Hal Leonard Corporation]]|isbn=0-7935-4042-9}}
*{{cite book|first1=William M|last1=Reynolds|first2=Julie A|last2=Webber|year=2004|title=Expanding Curriculum Theory: Dis/positions and Lines of Flight|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=[[London]]|isbn=0-8058-4664-6}}
*{{cite book|first=Roy|last=Shuker|year=2002|title=Popular Music: the Key Concepts|edition=2nd|location=London|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=0-415-28425-2}}
*{{cite book|first=Chris|last=Smith|year=2006|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History: From Arenas to the Underground, 1974–1980|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]]|isbn=0-313-32937-0}}
*{{cite book|first=Steve|last=Waksman|year=2009|title=This Ain't the Summer of Love: Conflict and Crossover in Heavy Metal and Punk|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-25310-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/thisaintsummerof0000waks}}
{{refend}}

{{rock}}

[[Category:20th-century music genres]]
[[Category:Rock music genres]]
[[Category:Arena rock]]
[[Category:1970s in music]]