View source for Ardashir II

{{Short description|Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire from 379 to 383}}
{{About||the 13th-century Bavandid ruler in Mazandaran|Ardashir II (Bavandid ruler)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name        = Ardashir II<br>{{lang|pal|𐭠𐭥𐭲𐭧𐭱𐭲𐭥}}
| title       = [[King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians]]
| image       = Taq-e Bostan - Ardashir II.jpg
| caption     = Relief of Ardashir II in [[Taq-e Bostan]]
| succession   = King of [[Adiabene]]
| reign        = 344–376 
| predecessor  = Unknown
| successor    = Title abolished; Adiabene transformed into a province
| succession1  = [[List of shahanshahs of the Sasanian Empire|Shahanshah]] of the [[Sasanian Empire]]
| reign1       = 379–383
| predecessor1 = [[Shapur II]]
| successor1   = [[Shapur III]]
| royal house = [[House of Sasan]]
| father      = [[Hormizd II]]
| issue       =
| birth_date  = 309/10
| birth_place = 
| death_date  = 383
| death_place = 
| religion    = [[Zoroastrianism]]
}}
'''Ardashir II''' ({{langx|pal|𐭠𐭥𐭲𐭧𐭱𐭲𐭥|Ardašīr}}), was the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] [[King of Kings]] ({{lang|pal|[[shah]]anshah}}) of Iran from 379 to 383. He was the brother of his predecessor, [[Shapur II]] ({{reign|309|379}}), under whom he had served as vassal king of [[Adiabene]], where he fought alongside his brother against the [[Roman Empire|Romans]]. Ardashir II was appointed as his brother's successor to rule interimly till the latter's son [[Shapur III]] reached adulthood. Ardashir II's short reign was largely uneventful, with the Sasanians unsuccessfully trying to maintain rule over [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]].

Ardashir II was seemingly a strong-willed character, and is known in some sources by the epithet of ''nihoukar'' ("the beneficent").

==Name==
''Ardashir'' is the [[Middle Persian]] form of the [[Old Persian]] ''Ṛtaxšira'' (also spelled ''Artaxšaçā'', meaning "whose reign is through [[Asha|truth]]").{{sfn|Schmitt|1986|pp=654–655}}{{sfn|Wiesehöfer|1986|pp=371–376}} The [[Latin]] variant of the name is ''{{lang|la|Artaxerxes}}''.{{sfn|Schmitt|1986|pp=654–655}} Three kings of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] were known to have the same name.{{sfn|Schmitt|1986|pp=654–655}}

==Background==
Ardashir was the son of shah [[Hormizd II]] ({{reign|302|309}}), who was killed by the Iranian nobility whilst hunting. He was succeeded by [[Adur Narseh]], who, after a brief reign which only lasted a few months, was also killed by the nobles,{{sfn|Tafazzoli|1983|p=477}} who then proceeded to blind the second,{{sfn|Bosworth|1999|p=50}} and imprison the third ([[Hormizd (Constantinople)|Hormizd]], who later managed to escape to the [[Roman Empire]]).{{sfn|Shahbazi|2004|pp=461–462}} Ardashir's infant half-brother [[Shapur II]], who was only slightly older than him, was crowned as king by the nobles so that they could gain greater control of the empire, which they were able to do until Shapur II reached his majority at the age of 16.{{sfn|Daryaee|2009}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1999|p=50}}

Ardashir, before becoming king of the Sasanian Empire, was vassal king of [[Adiabene]] from 344 to 376. It is believed that during his tenure he took part in the defense of the Sasanian Empire with Shapur when it was [[Julian's Persian War|invaded]] by the Roman Emperor [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] ({{reign|361|363}}).{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|pp=380–381}} Ardashir is the last figure to be recorded as king of Adiabene, which implies that the kingdom was after his tenure transformed into a province (''shahr''), governed by a non-royal delegate (''[[marzban]]'' or ''[[Satrap|shahrab]]'') of the Sasanian shah.{{sfn|Marciak|2017|p=412}} In 379, Shapur II designated Ardashir as his successor, and made him vow to abdicate when Shapur's son, [[Shapur III]] reached adulthood.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|pp=380–381}} This led to some Armenian writers to wrongly state that Ardashir was Shapur's son.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|pp=380–381}}

==Reign==
[[Image:Armenian4thcenturies.gif|thumb|300px|Map of [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] and its surroundings]]
[[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]] had been constantly the source of war between the Roman and Sasanian Empires. In 378/9, Shapur II had achieved Iranian hegemony over the country after its regent [[Manuel Mamikonian]] submitted to him. A force 10,000 of Iranian soldiers led by general [[Surena (4th century)|Surena]] were dispatched to Armenia.{{sfn|Chaumont|1986|pp=418–438}}{{sfn|Lenski|2002|p=185}} Surena was given the title of ''[[marzban]]'' ([[margrave]]), which indicates that Armenia was now a Sasanian province.{{sfn|Chaumont|1986|pp=418–438}} But this did not work for long. During the early reign of Ardashir II,{{sfn|Lenski|2002|p=185 (see also note 172)}} a nobleman named [[Meruzhan Artsruni]] deliberately gave Manuel wrong information, informing him that [[commandant]] of the Iranian garrison desired to capture him. Enraged, Manuel fell upon the ten thousand Iranian soldiers stationed in Armenia and murdered them.<ref>Faustus of Byzantium, History of the Armenians, Book 5, Chapter 38–41</ref>

Ardashir responded by sending an army into Armenia, but Manuel defeated the invaders and killed their commander, Gumand Shapuh. A second Iranian force, led by Varaz, met the same fate as its predecessor. A third army, led by general Mrkhan, captured some Armenian territory before it too was massacred by Manuel and his forces. This new victory guaranteed Armenia seven years of peace.<ref>Faustus of Byzantium, History of the Armenians, Book 5, Chapter 38–42</ref> Ardashir was soon deposed or killed by the nobility, due to his continuation of Shapur II's policy of restricting the authority of power-hungry nobles. He was succeeded by [[Shapur III]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|pp=380–381}}

Ardashir II was seemingly a strong-willed character, and is known in some sources by the epithet of ''nihoukar'' ("the beneficent").{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|pp=380–381}}

== Coins ==
[[Image:Silver coin of Ardashir II.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient drachma|Drachma]] of Ardashir II.]]
The [[Sasanian coinage|coins]] minted under Ardashir imitates him wearing the same dome-shaped [[Sasanian crowns|crown]] worn by the first Sasanian shah, [[Ardashir I]] ({{reign|224|242}}). The reverse shows the traditional [[fire altar]] flanked by two attendants, but in some cases also shows the shah's head appearing from the fire, which may symbolize the royal [[Khvarenah|xwarra]] ("glory").{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|pp=380–381}} The inscription of his coins are usually "Ardashir, king of kings of the [[Iran (word)|Iranians]]" whilst rare instances of "and of [[Aniran|non-Iranians]]" also being part of the inscription.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|pp=380–381}}

== Rock relief ==
[[Image:Taq-e Bostan - High-relief of Ardeshir II investiture.jpg|thumb|280px|right|[[Coronation of Ardashir II|Rock relief at Taq-e Bostan]] of the investiture of Ardashir II, flanked by [[Mithra]] and [[Shapur II]].]]
Ardashir, like his forefathers, also had himself memorialized on reliefs. However, instead of using the sites of [[Pars (Sasanian province)|Pars]] (present-day [[Fars province]]) as a place for his relief, he instead had a relief carved in [[Taq-e Bostan]] in the province of [[Media (region)|Media]] (near present-day [[Kermanshah]]).{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|pp=380–381}} The relief shows three standing figures wearing [[regalia]]; Ardashir being in the middle, flanked by two male figures.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|pp=380–381}} The figure to the right, who is giving the [[diadem]] to Ardashir originally used to recognized as the [[Zoroastrian]] supreme god [[Ahura Mazda]], but is now agreed to be Shapur II due to the style of his crown, and which also fits well due to Shapur being the one designating Ardashir as shah to begin with.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|pp=380–381}}

The two shahs are standing on the body of a fallen enemy, unmistakably a Roman, whose crown indicates that he is an emperor.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|pp=380–381}} The fallen figure is most likely supposed to represent the Roman emperor [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]], who invaded Iran in 363 and was [[Battle of Samarra|killed]] west of the Sasanian capital of [[Ctesiphon]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|pp=380–381}} The figure standing to the far left, perceived by some to be the Zoroastrian prophet [[Zoroaster]], is most likely the angelic [[divinity]] [[Mithra]].{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|pp=380–381}} He is wearing a crown embellished with twelve rays of the sun, whilst holding a raised [[barsom]], thus sanctifying the investiture.{{sfn|Grenet|2006}}{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|pp=380–381}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
=== Ancient works ===
*[[Faustus of Byzantium]], ''History of the Armenians''.

=== Modern works ===
* {{The History of al-Tabari|volume=5}}	
* {{ODLA|last=Canepa|first=Matthew|title=Taq-e Bostan|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-4595#}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Armenia Iran ii. The pre-Islamic period | last = Chaumont | first = M. L. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-ii | encyclopedia  = Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. II, Fasc. 4 | pages = 418–438 | year = 1986 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = Šāpur II | last = Daryaee | first = Touraj | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shapur-ii | encyclopedia  = Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition | year = 2009 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Mithra ii. iconography in Iran and Central Asia | last = Grenet | first = Franz | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mithra-2-iconography-in-iran-and-central-asia | encyclopedia  = Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition | year = 2006 }}
* {{cite book|last=Lenski|first=Noel Emmanuel|title=Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman state in the fourth century A.D. |year=2002|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23332-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Marciak|first=Michał|title=Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West|date=2017|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|isbn=9789004350724|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwEtDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Pourshariati|first=Parvaneh|title=Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran|location=London and New York|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84511-645-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-xtAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Artaxerxes | last = Schmitt | first = R. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/artaxerxes-throne-name-of-several-persian-kings-of-the-achaemenid-dynasty | encyclopedia  = Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. II, Fasc. 6 | pages = 654–655 | year = 1986 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Ardašīr II | last = Shahbazi | first  = A. Shapur  | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ardasir-ii-sasanian-king-of-kings-a | encyclopedia  = Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. II, Fasc. 4 | pages = 380–381 | year = 1986 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Hormozd I | last = Shayegan | first = M. Rahim | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hormozd-i | encyclopedia  = Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. XII, Fasc. 5 | pages = 462–464 | year = 2004 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Hormozd (2) | last = Shahbazi | first = A. Shapur | author-link = Shapur Shahbazi | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hormozd-ormisdas | encyclopedia  = Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. XII, Fasc. 5 | pages = 461–462 | year = 2004 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Ādur Narseh | last = Tafazzoli | first = Ahmad | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/adur-narseh-son-of-the-sasanian-king-hormizd-ii-a | encyclopedia  = Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. I, Fasc. 5 | pages = 477 | year = 1983 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Ardašīr I i. History | last = Wiesehöfer | first = Joseph | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ardasir-i | encyclopedia  = Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. II, Fasc. 4 | pages = 371–376 | year = 1986 }}
* {{ODLA|last=Wiesehöfer|first=Josef|title=Ardashir II|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-401?rskey=9TAfnp&result=1}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Shahbazi | first  = A. Shapur  | title = Sasanian dynasty |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sasanian-dynasty | year = 2005 | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Iranica|edition=online | access-date = 30 March 2014}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian dynasty]]||{{circa|310}}||383}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Shapur II]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran]]|years=379–383}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Shapur III]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Sasanian Rulers}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:383 deaths]]
[[Category:4th-century Sasanian monarchs]]
[[Category:4th-century births]]
[[Category:People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars]]
[[Category:Shahnameh characters]]
[[Category:Governors of the Sasanian Empire]]
[[Category:Julian's Persian expedition]]
[[Category:Generals of Shapur II]]
[[Category:Kings of Adiabene]]