View source for Ardalan

{{Short description|Kurdish dynasty (14th century-1865/1868)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name            = {{lang|ckb|میرنشینی ئەردەڵان}}
| conventional_long_name = Principality of Ardalan
| common_name            = Ardalan
| era                    = 
| status                 = Independent emirate (13th century-1617), semi-independent (1617-1865/68)
| empire                 = [[Qajar]]
| government_type        = [[Principality]]
| event_start            = 
| date_start             = 
| year_start             = 14th century
| event_end              = 
| date_end               = 
| year_end               = 1865/68
| event1                 = 
| date_event1            = 
| event_pre              = 
| date_pre               = 
| event_post             = 
| date_post              = 
| p1                     = 
| flag_p1                = 
| image_p1               = 
| p2                     = 
| flag_p2                = 
| s1                     = Qajar Iran
| flag_s1                = State flag of Persia (1907–1933).svg
| image_s1               = 
| s2                     = 
| flag_s2                = 
| image_flag             = 
| flag_alt               = 
| image_flag2            = 
| flag_alt2              = 
| flag                   = 
| flag2                  = 
| flag_type              = 
| flag2_type             = 
| symbol_type            = 
| symbol_type_article    = 
| image_map_alt          = 
| image_map_caption      = 
| capital                = [[Sanandaj]]
| common_languages       = [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Gorani language|Gorani]], [[Sorani]]
| religion               = 
| demonym                = 
| currency               = 
| leader1                = [[Bani Ardalan]]
| leader2                = [[Amanollah Khan Ardalan]] {{small|(last)}}
| year_leader1           = ?-?
| year_leader2           = 1846–1848 1860–1867
| title_leader           = [[Wali]]
| today                  = [[Kordestan Province]]
}}
[[File:Amanollah Khan Ardalan.JPG|thumb|Amanollah Khan Ardalan, Wali of Ardalan (1846–1848, 1860–1867)]]
{{Kurds}}
'''Ardalan''' also known as '''Ardalanids''', '''house of Ardalan''', '''Ardalind dynasty''',<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Karimi |first=Sara Zandi |title=History of Ardalānids (1590–1810) by Sharaf al-Dīn bin Shams al-Dīn |date=2024-11-08 |work=Kurdish Studies Archive |pages=64–91 |url=https://brill.com/edcollchap-oa/book/9789004506152/BP000009.xml |access-date=2025-03-01 |publisher=Brill |language=en |isbn=978-90-04-50615-2}}</ref> ({{langx|ckb|میرنشینی ئەردەڵان}})<ref>{{cite journal|date=2002|title=میرنشینی ئەردەڵان، بابان، سۆران لە بەڵگەنامەکانی قاجاریدا 1799–1847|url=https://www.kurdipedia.org/files/books/2011/60719.PDF?ver=129815984768141971|language=ku|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref> was a [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary]] [[Kurds|Kurdish]] [[Emirate]] in western [[Iran]] from around the 14th century until 1865<ref>{{cite book |author1=David Mcdowall |title=The Kurds |date=1996 |publisher=Minority Rights Group International Report |page=20 |url=http://bnk.institutkurde.org/images/pdf/FR5LWJGXKM.pdf |access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref> or 1868<ref name="Abdulla-Ali">{{cite book |author1=Najat Abdulla-Ali |title=Empire, frontière et tribu Le Kurdistan et le conflit de frontière turco-persan (1843–1932) |date=2006 |page=159 |language=fr}}</ref> with [[Sanandaj]] as capital.<ref name="Gunter">{{cite book |author1=Michael M. Gunter |title=The A to Z of the Kurds |url=https://archive.org/details/tozkurdsatozguid00gunt |url-access=limited |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/tozkurdsatozguid00gunt/page/n50 10]|isbn=9780810868182 }}</ref> The Ardalan state was completely independent until 1617, when it was incorporated into the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid Empire]] as a semi-independent frontier province by the name of Ardalan.{{sfn|Oberling|1988|pp=693–694}} The territory corresponded roughly to present-day [[Kurdistan province]] of [[Iran]] and its rulers were loyal to [[Qajar Iran]]. [[Baban]] was its main rival. [[Gorani language|Gorani]] was its [[literary language]] and [[lingua franca]].<ref name="Gunter" /><ref name="Nebez">{{cite web|author1=Jemal Nebez|date=2000|title=The Kurdish Language from Oral Tradition to Written Language|url=http://www.kurdistanica.com/kval/english/articles/articles-012.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041221214711/http://www.kurdistanica.com/kval/english/articles/articles-012.html|archive-date=2004-12-21|access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref> When the Ardalan emirate fell, literary work in Gorani ceased.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maisel|first=Sebastian|title=The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society|year=2018|isbn=9781440842573|pages=166}}</ref>

==History==
===Origins===
The ruling family of Ardalan belonged to the Ardalan tribe, also known as Bani Ardalan tribe, whose name may has been suggested to have been acquired from a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] rank.{{sfn|Oberling|1988|pp=693–694}} The ruling family considered themselves to be descended from [[Saladin]] ({{reign|1174|1193}}), the founder of the [[Ayyubid dynasty]] (1171–1260/1341). Some Ardalan monarchs claimed descent from [[Ardashir I]], the founder of the [[Sasanian Empire]].<ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Frye|1960|p=626}} Other tribal folklore traced their foundation to the early [[Abbasid Caliphate]] (750–1258).{{sfn|Oberling|1988|pp=693–694}} According to [[Sharafkhan Bidlisi]], the renowned [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] historian, the earliest known leader of the tribe, Bani Ardalan, was a descendant of [[Nasr al-Dawla Ahmad ibn Marwan]], who was the ruler of [[Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)|Marwanid Emirate]] in 1011–1061 centered in [[Diyar Bakr]]. He settled down among the [[Guran (tribe)|Goran Kurds]] in [[Kurdistan]] and toward the end of the [[Mongol]] era took over the [[Sharazor]], where he established himself as an absolute ruler.{{sfn|Oberling|1988|pp=693–694}}{{sfn|Frye|1960|p=626}}

===Ardalan emirate===
The Ardalan emirate was independent from its foundation by [[Baba Ardalan]] until it became  Semi-independent in 1617, when Ahmad khan took the throne. From the Beginning of [[Khan Ahmad Khan Ardalan|Ahmad Khan's]] reign till Amanoallah Khan, the Ardalan emirate was mostly a Semi-independent acountry. They recognized [[Guarded Domains of Iran|Iranian]] or [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] hegemony according to the requirements of each period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiani |first=Mohammad Ghorban |date=2013 |title=The Role of Ardalan’s Dynasty in Iran’s Political Structure |url= |journal=International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences |volume=18 |pages=76–83 |doi= |issn=}}</ref>{{sfn|Oberling|1988|pp=693–694}}

During the Safavid hegemony, the Ardalans were deeply involved in the conflicts between the Iranian and Ottoman empires, they shifted their Allegiance to the Ottomans whenever it suited them.{{sfn|Oberling|1988|pp=693–694}} By 1736, [[Nader Shah]] had overthrown the [[Safavid dynasty]] and started expanding the borders of Iran both to the east and west. He fought numerous wars against the [[Ottoman Empire]] from the start of his reign until his death in June 1747. Some of the lands controlled by the Kurdish rulers were repeatedly transferred during these battles. The Ottomans and Nader Shah occupied Ardalan more than any other of those regions. In addition to these states, Ardalan was also invaded by the principalities of [[Mukriyan]], [[Baban]], and [[Shahrizor]].{{sfn|Atmaca|2021|p=64}}

Soon after Nader Shah's assassination, [[Karim Khan Zand]] became the new ruler of Iran. He gained control over most of the country, and before the winter of 1749, had launched a military operation against Ardalan. Its ruler, Hasan Ali, attempted to diffuse the conflict despite his lack of preparation, but failed. The Zand army destroyed his capital, Sanandaj. Kurdish rulers were never awarded important posts in the Zand dynasty's administrative hierarchy, such as the office of ''[[beglerbegi]]'' (governor-general). Hereditary positions required royal approval, and Karim Khan did not always acknowledge the rulers those who were in line to take over their inherited domains.{{sfn|Atmaca|2021|p=65}}

== Literature ==
Under [[Halo Khan Ardalan]] and his successor [[Khan Ahmad Khan Ardalan]], the towns of Ardalan were restored. They also supported writers and poets who wrote in Arabic, Persian, and especially [[Gorani language|Gorani]], a language that was far more spoken than it is now.{{sfn|Blau|2010|p=7}}

==See also==

* [[Soleyman Khan Ardalan]]
* [[List of Kurdish dynasties and countries]]
* [[List of Kurdish castles]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFOberling1988}}
* {{cite book|last1=Atmaca|first1=Metin|editor-first1=Hamit|editor-last1=Bozarslan|editor-first2=Cengiz |editor-last2=Gunes|editor-first3=Veli |editor-last3=Yadirgi|title=The Cambridge History of the Kurds|chapter=Negotiating Political Power in the Early Modern Middle East: Kurdish Emirates between the Ottoman Empire and Iranian Dynasties (Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries)|date=2021|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J07AzQEACAAJ|isbn=978-1108473354}}
* {{cite book|last1=Blau|first1=Joyce|authorlink=Joyce Blau|editor-last1=Kreyenbroek |editor-first1=Philip G. |editor-last2=Marzolph |editor-first2=Ulrich|title=Oral Literature of Iranian Languages Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Ossetic, Persian and Tajik|chapter=Written Kurdish literature|pages=1–31|date=2010|publisher=I.B. Tauris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uaWmDwAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1845119188}}
* {{cite book|last1=Floor|first1=Willem|authorlink=Willem Floor|title=Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri|date=2008|publisher=Mage Publishers|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-1933823232}}
* {{EI2|last=Frye|first=R.N.|authorlink=Richard N. Frye|volume=1|title=Ardalān|pages=626|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ardalan-SIM_0714}}
* {{cite book | title = Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan | year = 2011 | publisher = I.B.Tauris | location = | editor-last = | editor-first = | last = Matthee | first = Rudi | authorlink = Rudi Matthee | isbn = 978-0857731814 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fFaw4od7nfUC }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Matthee |first1=Rudi |title=Relations between the Center and the Periphery in Safavid Iran: The Western Borderlands v. the Eastern Frontier Zone |journal=The Historian |date=2015 |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=431–463 |doi=10.1111/hisn.12068|s2cid=143393018 }}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica | volume=3 | fascicle=7 | title = Banī Ardalān | last = Oberling | first = P. | url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bani-ardalan-a-kurdish-tribe-of-northwestern-iran-now-dispersed-in-sanandaj-senna-and-surrounding-villages | pages = 693–694 }}

[[Category:Ardalan| ]]
[[Category:History of Kurdistan province]]
[[Category:Former Kurdish states in Iran]]
[[Category:14th-century establishments in Asia]]