View source for Architecture of the Netherlands

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{one source|date=November 2018}}
[[File:Moinho Parque Historico Carambei.jpg|250px|thumb|View of the [[Carambeí]] Historical Park mill and houses in Dutch architecture on the left]]

'''Dutch architecture''' has played an important role in the international discourse on architecture in three eras. The first of these was during the 17th century, when the [[Dutch empire]] was at the height of its power. The second was in the first half of the 20th century, during development of modernism. The third is not concluded and involves many contemporary Dutch architects who are achieving global prestige.

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==Examples==
{{Dutch architecture}}
<!--don't forget the Dutch Colonial architecture of the Hudson River valley and NYC, please. Examples include the Wyckoff House and other farmhouses, as well as many a bygone structure. Dutch architects/builders were also active in cities across Baltic Sea in 16/17th centuries (e.g. Gdansk). -->

==Renaissance and Baroque==
[[File: Haarlem Vleeshal1.jpg|thumb|The [[Vleeshal]] in [[Haarlem]], dating from 1603]]
{{See also|Dutch Baroque architecture}}
The [[Dutch Golden Age]] roughly spanned the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web|last=dianamuir|title=Diana Muir Appelbaum » Blog Archive » Miracle of the Dutch Republic|url=http://www.dianamuirappelbaum.com/?p=583|access-date=2021-12-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Due to the thriving economy, cities expanded greatly. New town halls and storehouses were built, and many new canals were dug out in and around various cities such as [[Delft]], [[Leiden]], and [[Amsterdam]] for defense and transport purposes. Many wealthy merchants had new houses built along these canals. These houses were generally very narrow and had ornamented façades that befitted their new status. In the countryside, new country houses were built, though not in the same numbers.

Of [[Italian Renaissance]] architecture, primarily visual characteristics such as pillars, pilasters, pediments, and rustication were adopted, since many Dutch architects were unable to read the theoretical substantiation, which was often written down in Italian or Latin. Horizontal lines were emphasized, contrasting with the vertical emphasis of [[Gothic architecture]]. For instance, light-coloured bands were embedded into facades to emphasize this horizontal character. Another common application in [[Renaissance in the Low Countries|Dutch Renaissance architecture]], particularly in Amsterdam, was the [[Crow-stepped gable|stepped gable]], which was meant to hide the diagonal lines of the gable behind the straight lines of the façade.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.architectenweb.nl/aweb/archipedia/archipedia.asp?id=3470 |title=Hollandse renaissance |website=architectenweb.nl |language=nl |access-date=22 December 2014}}</ref>

The architecture of the first republic in Northern Europe was marked by sobriety and restraint, and was meant to reflect democratic values by quoting extensively from [[classical antiquity]]. It found its impetus in the designs of [[Hendrick de Keyser]], who was instrumental in establishing a [[Venetian Renaissance architecture|Venetian-influenced style]] into early 17th-century architecture through new buildings like the [[Noorderkerk]] ("Northern church", 1620–1623) and [[Westerkerk]] ("Western church", 1620–1631) in Amsterdam. In general, architecture in the [[Low Countries]], both in the [[Counter-Reformation]]-influenced [[Spanish Netherlands|south]] and [[Protestantism|Protestant]]-dominated north, remained strongly invested in northern Italian Renaissance and [[Mannerism|Mannerist]] forms that predated the [[Rome|Roman]] [[Baroque architecture|High Baroque]] style of [[Borromini]] and [[Bernini]]. Instead, the more austere form practiced in the Dutch Republic was well suited to major building patterns: palaces for the [[House of Orange]] and new civic buildings, uninfluenced by the Counter-Reformation style that made some headway in [[Antwerp]].

[[File:Koninklijk Paleis Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|left|[[Royal Palace of Amsterdam|Town Hall]] of [[Amsterdam]], built in 1665]]
The major exponents of the mid-17th century, [[Jacob van Campen]] and [[Pieter Post]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pieter Post {{!}} Dutch architect {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pieter-Post|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> adopted de Keyser's forms for such eclectic elements as giant-order pilasters, gable roofs, central pediments, and vigorous steeples. Brought together in a coherent combination, these stylistic developments anticipated [[Christopher Wren|Wren]]'s Classicism. The most ambitious constructions of the period included the [[town hall|seats of self-government]] in Amsterdam (1646) and [[Maastricht]] (1658), designed by Campen and Post, respectively. On the other hand, the residences of the House of Orange are closer to a typical burgher mansion than to a royal palace. Two of these, [[Huis ten Bosch]] and [[Mauritshuis]], are symmetrical blocks with large windows, stripped of ostentatious Baroque flourishes. The same austerely geometrical effect is achieved without great cost or pretentious effects at the stadholder's summer residence of [[Het Loo]].

Another of the designs used by the Dutch was the use of warm colors such as red or dark orange. They also were roughly textured and had tended to be darkened due to the rough texturing. The use of architectural symmetrical balance was part of their habits as well.

==Modernism==
[[File:Rietveld-SchroderhuisUtrechttheNetherlands.jpg|thumb|[[Rietveld Schröder House]] (1924), designed by [[Gerrit Rietveld]]]]
During the 20th century, Dutch architects like [[Hendrik Petrus Berlage|Berlage]], [[Theo van Doesburg|Van Doesburg]], [[Cornelis van Eesteren|Van Eesteren]], [[Gerrit Rietveld|Rietveld]], [[J. J. P. Oud|Oud]] and [[Van der Vlugt]] played a leading role in the development of [[modern architecture]] in the Netherlands, as well as internationally.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Architect Hans van Heeswijk on The Pioneers of the Dutch Modern House|url=https://www.iconichouses.org/news/ihc20-hans-van-heeswijk-on-the-pioneers-of-dutch-modern-house|access-date=2021-12-14|website=iconichouses.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dijk |first=Hans van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVhP4V9TEBwC&q=craftsmanship+&pg=PA6 |title=Twentieth-century Architecture in the Netherlands |date=1999 |publisher=010 Publishers |isbn=978-90-6450-347-4 |language=en}}</ref>

Crucial for the development of modern architecture in the Netherlands has been the work of [[H. P. Berlage|Hendrik Petrus Berlage]], architect of the [[Beurs van Berlage]]. He propagated [[Rationalism (architecture)|Rationalist architecture]], while simultaneously embracing craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berlage |first=Hendrik Petrus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CrpDAgAAQBAJ&dq=berlage+arts+crafts&pg=PP1 |title=Hendrik Petrus Berlage: Thoughts on Style, 1886-1909 |date=1996-01-01 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-0-89236-333-9 |language=en}}</ref> Berlage has also received critical acclaim for [[Plan Zuid]], an urban plan for [[Amsterdam-Zuid]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stieber |first=Nancy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mac9vGpFMgsC&dq=plan+zuid+berlage+influence&pg=PP15 |title=Housing Design and Society in Amsterdam: Reconfiguring Urban Order and Identity, 1900-1920 |date=1998-07-20 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-77417-6 |language=en}}</ref> which became a model for social housing developments in the Netherlands and abroad.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=明 |first=越沢 |date=1991 |title=アムステルダムの都市計画の歴史-1917年のベルラーへの南郊計画とアムステルダム派の意義 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/journalhs1990/11/0/11_0_155/_article/-char/ja/ |journal=土木史研究 |volume=11 |pages=155–166 |doi=10.2208/journalhs1990.11.155|doi-access=free }}</ref> Berlage inspired different movements, and different groups and schools were established accordingly, during the 1910s-1930s, each with their own view on which direction modern architecture should take. 

* [[Expressionist architecture|Expressionist architects]] like [[Michel de Klerk]] and [[Piet Kramer]] were associated with the [[Amsterdam School]], a modern movement that emphasized the importance of craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rovinelli |first=H. Paul |date=1984-10-01 |title=H. P. Berlage and the Amsterdam School, 1914-1920: Rationalist as Expressionist |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/jsah/article/43/3/256/57854/H-P-Berlage-and-the-Amsterdam-School-1914-1920 |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |language=en |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=256–264 |doi=10.2307/990006 |jstor=990006 |issn=0037-9808|url-access=subscription }}</ref> A direct relationship can be observed in [[Plan Zuid]].

* Another group established [[De Stijl]], based on the eponymous magazine (1917–1932).<ref>{{Citation |last1=Doorman |first1=Maarten |title=Innovation in Painting and Architecture: De Stijl |date=2003 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46mz0k.9 |work=Art in Progress |pages=81–114 |access-date=2023-12-18 |series=A Philosophical Response to the End of the Avant-Garde |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-5356-585-8 |last2=Marx |first2=Sherry|jstor=j.ctt46mz0k.9 }}</ref> Prominents architects of this multidisciplinary artistic movement were [[Jacobus Oud|J.J.P. Oud]], [[Jan Wils]], and [[Gerrit Rietveld]]. These architects would later build in a functionalist style.

* A third group, partly developing out of De Stijl, consisted of [[Functionalism (architecture)|functionalist architects]] ([[Nieuwe Zakelijkheid]] or Nieuwe Bouwen), such as [[Mart Stam]], [[Leendert van der Vlugt]], and [[Jan Duiker|Johannes Duiker]]. Theye were part of the international modernist group [[Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne|CIAM]]. Berlage, however, criticized this movement for its lack of emotion.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grüttemeier |first1=Ralf |title=Neue Sachlichkeit and avant-garde |last2=Beekman |first2=Klaus Detlef |last3=Rebel |first3=Ben |date=2013 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-3640-6 |location=Amsterdam}}</ref> It was nevertheless very influential, also, and especially after WWII, in both architecture and town planning, through the work of, among other, [[Lotte Stam-Beese]] and [[Cornelis van Eesteren]]. Their work also informed planning theory and practice abroad.

* A more traditionalist current also developed out of Berlage's architecture, especially taking inspiration from its crafsmenship. This developed into the [[Traditionalist School (architecture)|Traditionalist School]], which included the [[Delft School (architecture)|Delftse School]], headed by [[Marinus Jan Granpré Molière]]. Traditionalist architects rejected the main (industrial) principles of functionalism, and came to the fore in the 1930s. As a movement, traditionalist architecture lasted until well after 1945. 

Several cross-connections existed between the schools and movements, as can be observed in the work of [[Willem Marinus Dudok|Willem Dudok]]; some of his designs have traditionalist features, while others are landmarks of functionalism. In the (late) 1930s, various modern architects advocated a return to (certain) traditional artistic principles, instead of following a machine aesthetics, among them [[J. J. P. Oud|J.J.P Oud]] and [[Sybold van Ravesteyn]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grüttemeier |first1=Ralf |title=Neue Sachlichkeit and avant-garde |last2=Beekman |first2=Klaus Detlef |last3=Rebel |first3=Ben |date=2013 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-3640-6 |location=Amsterdam}}</ref> although the reverse happened as well, especially in the 1950s-1960s (e.g. J.F. Berghoef<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koningsberger |first=Victorien |title=Verslag Van eesterengesprek #13: Architect J.F. Berghoef 'Traditionalist of modernist?' |publisher=Van Eesteren Museum |year=2012 |location=Amsterdam |language=nl}}</ref>). The different movements and schools, together with their disputes, would inform the development of Dutch architecture in the second half of the 20th century,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Searing |first=Helen |date=1981 |title=Review of S. van Ravesteyn; Auke Komter/architect |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/989746 |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=159–161 |doi=10.2307/989746 |jstor=989746 |issn=0037-9808|url-access=subscription }}</ref> which also witnessed the emergence of new (modern) movements, [[Structuralism (architecture)|structuralism]] being an important one, with architects such as [[Aldo van Eyck]], [[Herman Hertzberger]], and [[Piet Blom]].

== Dutch colonial architecture ==
{{Main|Dutch colonial architecture}}

==See also==
*[[Cape Dutch architecture]]
*[[Colonial architecture of Indonesia]]
*[[Dutch colonial architecture]]
*[[List of protected buildings in Sint Eustatius]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.architectureguide.nl Architectureguide.nl], Online guide to Modern Architecture in The Netherlands

{{Netherlands topics}}
{{Architecture of Europe}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Architecture of the Netherlands}}
[[Category:Architecture in the Netherlands| ]]