View source for Arba'in

{{Short description|Shia religious observance}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name  = Arba'in
| image         = Kerbela Hussein Moschee.jpg
| caption       = Congregation of worshippers on Arba'in in the [[Imam Husayn Shrine|shrine]] of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], [[Karbala]], Iraq
| official_name = 
| nickname      = {{Collapsible list
|title=Other languages|
*{{langx|az|İmamın Qırxı}}
*{{langx|bn|চল্লিশা|Chollishā}}
*{{langx|ku|Çilroj}}
*{{langx|fa|چهلم|Chehelom}}
*{{langx|sd|چاليهو|Chālīho}}
*{{langx|tr|Erbain}}
*{{langx|ur|چالیسواں|Chālīsvān}}
}}
| duration      = 1 day
| frequency     = annual ([[Islamic year]])
| observedby    = [[Shia Muslims]]
| date          = 20 [[Safar]]
| observances   = [[Arba'een Pilgrimage|Pilgrimage to the shrine of Husayn ibn Ali in Karbala]]
| significance  = Forty days after [[Ashura]], the death anniversary of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], grandson of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and the third [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia imam]]
| alt           = 
| litcolor      = 
| celebrations  = 
| begins        = 
| ends          = 
| weekday       = 
| month         = 
| scheduling    = 
| firsttime     = 
| startedby     = 
| relatedto     = 
| type          = Islamic
}}
{{Husayn}}{{Islamic Culture}}
In [[Shia Islam]], '''Arba'in''' ({{langx|ar|الأربعين||lit=fortieth}}) marks forty days after [[Day of Ashura|Ashura]], which is the martyrdom anniversary of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], grandson of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and the third [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia imam]]. Husayn was killed, alongside most of his relatives and his small retinue, in the [[Battle of Karbala]] on 10 [[Muharram]] 61 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] (680 [[Common Era|CE]]) against the army of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad caliph]] [[Yazid I|Yazid ibn Mu'awiya]] ({{Reign|680|683}}). The battle followed Husayn's refusal to pledge his allegiance to Yazid, who is often portrayed by [[Muslims|Muslim]] historians as impious and immoral. In Shia Islam, Karbala symbolizes the eternal struggle between good and evil, the pinnacle of self-sacrifice, and the ultimate sabotage of Muhammad's prophetic mission.

Arba'in coincides with the twentieth of [[Safar]], the second month of the [[Islamic calendar]], and its commemoration is rooted in early Islamic funerary traditions. Shia Muslims annually observe the day through mourning gatherings, dramatic reenactments of Karbala narratives, and charitable acts. Arba'in is also a day of [[Arba'een Pilgrimage|pilgrimage]] to the [[Imam Husayn Shrine|shrine of Husayn]] in [[Karbala]], [[Iraq]]. Pilgrims arrive there in large numbers, often on foot, and many from the city of [[Najaf]], some eighty kilometers away, home to the [[Imam Ali Shrine|shrine]] of [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], the first Shia imam. The Arba'in pilgrimage, banned under the Iraqi president [[Saddam Hussein]], has grown after his deposal in 2003 from two million participants in that year to around twenty million in 2014. As with Ashura, Arba'in can be an occasion for [[anti-Shi'ism|violence against Shia Muslims]].

==Significance in Shia Islam==
{{See also|Battle of Karbala|Mourning of Muharram|Ashura|Muharram}}
In the [[Islamic calendar]], twentieth of [[Safar]], known as Arba'in,{{Sfn|Chelkowski|1988}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=239}} marks forty days after [[Ashura]], tenth of [[Muharram]].{{Sfn|Ayoub|1986}} In turn, Ashura is the death anniversary of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], grandson of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and the third [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia imam]].{{Sfn|Aghaie|2013}} Husayn, alongside most of his male relatives and his small retinue, were killed on 10 Muharram 61 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] (10 October 680 [[Common Era|CE]]) in the [[Battle of Karbala]] against the army of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad caliph]] [[Yazid I|Yazid ibn Mu'awiya]] ({{Reign|680|683}}), having been surrounded for some days and deprived of the drinking water of the nearby [[Euphrates]] river. After the battle, the women and children in Husayn's camp were taken prisoner and marched to the Umayyad capital [[Damascus]] in [[Syria]]. The battle followed failed negotiations and Husayn's refusal to pledge his allegiance to Yazid, who is often portrayed by [[Muslims|Muslim]] historians as impious and immoral.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=28}}{{Sfn|Pinault|2000|p=70}}{{Sfn|Aghaie|2007|p=117}} The fight took place in the desert land of [[Karbala]], en route to the nearby [[Kufa]], whose residents had invited Husayn to lead them against Yazid.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}}

In [[Shia Islam]], Karbala symbolizes the eternal struggle between good and evil,{{Sfn|Aghaie|2004|p=9}}{{Sfn|Aghaie|2007|pp=|p=112}} the pinnacle of self-sacrifice,{{Sfn|Chelkowski|1985|p=19}} and the ultimate sabotage of Muhammad's prophetic mission.{{Sfn|Crow|2016}} Historically, the event served to crystallize the Shia community into a distinct sect and remains an integral part of their religious identity to date.{{Sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=77}}{{Sfn|Hyder|2006|p=9}} Ashura to Arba'in is thus a period of mourning for Shia Muslims,{{Sfn|Pinault|1992|p=188}} particularly the first ten days of Muharram and Arba'in.{{Sfn|Osman|2014|p=133}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|1986}}{{Sfn|Pakatchi|2021}} On the one hand, Shia mourners hope to share in the pain of Husayn to benefit from his intercession on the [[Judgement Day in Islam|Day of Judgement]].{{Sfn|Blank|2001|p=84}}{{Sfn|Munson|1988|p=24}} On the other hand, the Shia view mourning for Husayn as an act of protest against oppression, and as such a struggle for God ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jihad]]}}).{{Sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=|pp=142{{ndash}}143}}{{Sfn|Nakash|1993|p=165}}

== Arba'in in Shia tradition ==

Forty is a sacred number in [[Islam]],{{Sfn|Ayoub|1986}} and commemorating the dead forty days after their death is a long-standing Islamic tradition,{{Sfn|Haj Manouchehri|2008}}{{Sfn|Calmard|1987}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|1986}} dating back to the early Islamic period.{{Sfn|Haj Manouchehri|2008}} On the one hand, the fortieth ({{Transliteration|ar|arba'in}}, {{Transliteration|fa|chehellom}}) signifies the maturation of the soul of a deceased believer.{{Sfn|Haj Manouchehri|2008}} It is thus said that [[Cain]] learned on the fortieth of [[Abel]] to dispose of his body by burying him, that the ascension of [[Jesus]] took place on his fortieth, and that the gates of heaven open for a righteous person forty days after their death.{{Sfn|Haj Manouchehri|2008}} On the other hand, the fortieth marks the end of the period of grief in Islamic tradition. It is thus said that Heaven grieves the death of a righteous person for forty days, that [[Fatima]] mourned for forty days the death of her father, the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and that son wept for forty days for [[John the Baptist]], whose head was cut off and placed on a dish.{{Sfn|Haj Manouchehri|2008}}

In Shia Islam, similar traditions are linked to Arba'in, the fortieth of Husayn. Thus the earth and skies are said to have wept for Husayn for forty days after his death, and the sun became unusually red in that period at dawn and dusk.{{Sfn|Haj Manouchehri|2008}} By some accounts, the body of Husayn, who was decapitated, was reunited with his head and buried in Karbala on Arba'in.{{Sfn|Rahimi|2012|p=203}}{{Sfn|Haj Manouchehri|2008}} Yet it is commonly thought that Husayn and his companions were buried by residents of nearby al-Ghadiriyya village when the Umayyad army left Karbala.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=33}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=152}} Probably by combining the accounts available to him,{{Sfn|Haj Manouchehri|2008}} the Shia scholar [[Sayyed Ibn Tawus|Ibn Tawus]] ({{Died in|1266}}) reports another Karbala narrative, according to which Husayn's relatives chose to return via Karbala to their hometown of [[Medina]] when they were freed from captivity in Damascus. Upon arrival in Karbala on Arba'in,{{Sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=152}}{{Sfn|Calmard|2004}} they met [[Jabir ibn Abd Allah]] ({{Died in|697}}), a companion of Muhammad,{{Sfn|Haj Manouchehri|2008}} who had learned about the death of Husayn through a divine sign.{{Sfn|Ayoub|1986}} This story was repeated by many authors after Ibn Tawus, even though several scholars before Ibn Tawus report only the Arba'in pilgrimage of Jabir.{{Sfn|Haj Manouchehri|2008}} The veracity of Ibn Tawus' account has therefore been questioned by some, including the Shia scholar [[Mirza Husain Noori Tabarsi|Husain Noori Tabarsi]] ({{Died in|1902}}) and the Islamicist [[Mahmoud M. Ayoub]] ({{Died in|2021}}).{{Sfn|Haj Manouchehri|2008}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|1986}} Ayoub adds that Arba'in is not mentioned in {{Transliteration|ar|[[Kamil al-Ziyarat|Kamil al-ziyarat]]}}, an early and authoritative hadith collection by the Shia traditionist [[Ibn Qulawayh]] ({{Died in|{{circa|978}}}}).{{Sfn|Ayoub|1986}} Whatever the case, such narratives may have helped establish Arba'in in Shia culture.{{Sfn|Haj Manouchehri|2008}}

Risking the Umayyads' wrath, commemoration of Karbala was initially small and private.{{Sfn|Hussain|2005|p=81}}{{Sfn|Hyder|2006|p=20}} In particular, pilgrimage to Karbala remained limited and precarious in this period.{{Sfn|Nakash|1993|p=167}} Soon after the Umayyads fell, however, Shia imams worked to institutionalize the Ashura and Arba'in pilgrimages to the tomb of Husayn. This attempt is reflected in some of the traditions ascribed to the imams. For instance, the Shia imam [[Hasan al-Askari]] ({{Died in|{{circa|874}}}}) is reported to have listed the Arba'in pilgrimage among the five signs of a true believer.{{Sfn|Haj Manouchehri|2008}}

==Arba'in rituals==
{{See also|Arba'een Pilgrimage|Ziyarat of Arba'een}}

Arba'in is a day of pilgrimage to the [[Imam Husayn Shrine|shrine of Husayn]] in Karbala, [[Iraq]]. Pilgrims arrive there in large numbers, often on foot. The most popular route is [[Najaf]] to Karbala, as many pilgrims first travel to Najaf and then walk from there to Karbala, some eighty kilometers away, which usually takes three days on foot. Along the way, volunteers provide the pilgrims with free meals and services. Indeed, some have considered generosity and hospitality to be the main features of the Arba'in pilgrimage. When they finally reach the shrine of Husayn in Karbala, pilgrims recite the [[Ziyarat of Arba'een|{{Transliteration|ar|ziyara}} of Arba'in]], a supplication for this occasion.{{Sfn|Szanto|2018|p=14}} As with other Shia rituals of Karbala,{{Sfn|Gordon Melton|2010|pp=211{{ndash}}212}} the Arba'in pilgrimage was banned by the Iraqi president [[Saddam Hussein]] ({{Reign|1979|2003}}),{{Sfn|Nasr|2007|pp=18{{ndash}}19}} who favored the Sunni community there,{{Sfn|Gordon Melton|2010|pp=211{{ndash}}212}} and viewed large Shia rituals as a political threat.{{Sfn|Nasr|2007|pp=18{{ndash}}19}} The pilgrimage was revived soon after the deposal of Saddam in 2003,{{Sfn|Nasr|2007|pp=18{{ndash}}19}} with numbers growing from two million participants in that year to around twenty million in 2014.{{Sfn|Nasr|2007|pp=18{{ndash}}19}}<ref name="IBtimes-2">{{cite news |last1=Piggott |first1=Mark |title=20 Million Shia Muslims Brave Isis by Making Pilgrimage to Karbala for Arbaeen |agency=IBtimes |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/20-million-shia-muslims-brave-isis-by-making-pilgrimage-karbala-arbaeen-1476618 |url-status=live |access-date=6 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032349/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/20-million-shia-muslims-brave-isis-by-making-pilgrimage-karbala-arbaeen-1476618 |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Arba'in is also commemorated through mourning gatherings, dramatic reenactments of Karbala narratives, and charitable acts.{{Sfn|Haj Manouchehri|2008}} As with Ashura,{{Sfn|Gordon Melton|2010}} Arba'in can be an occasion for [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] violence against Shia Muslims.<ref>{{cite web |author=uberVU – social comments |date=5 February 2010 |title=Friday: 46 Iraqis, 1 Syrian Killed; 169 Iraqis Wounded – Antiwar.com |url=http://original.antiwar.com/updates/2010/02/05/friday-46-iraqis-1-syrian-killed-168-iraqis-wounded/ |access-date=30 June 2010 |publisher=Original.antiwar.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 February 2010 |title=Powerful Explosions Kill More Than 40 Shi'ite Pilgrims in Karbala &#124; Middle East |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/blast-kills-27-in-iraqi-shiite-city-of-karbala-83628687/111949.html |access-date=30 June 2010 |publisher=.voanews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hanun |first=Abdelamir |date=5 February 2010 |title=Blast in crowd kills 41 Shiite pilgrims in Iraq |publisher=News.smh.com.au |url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/blast-in-crowd-kills-41-shiite-pilgrims-in-iraq-20100205-nivg.html |access-date=30 June 2010}}</ref>

==Arba'in in the Gregorian calendar==
Arba'in, twentieth of Safar in the [[Islamic calendar]], corresponds to a different day every year in the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name="vangent">{{cite web |last=Gent |first=R.H. van |title=The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia |url=https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm |website=webspace.science.uu.nl}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Islamic calendar<!--Please only list last year's, this year's and next year's dates-->'''
|1447
|1448
|1449
|-
!'''Gregorian calendar'''
|14 August 2025<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hijri to Gregorian Date Converter - Islamic Date Converter |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/islamic-date-converter/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=IslamicFinder |language=en}}</ref>
|3 August 2026<ref name=":0" />
|24 July 2027<ref name=":0" />
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:پیاده روی اربعین.jpg|Arba'in pilgrims
File:پیاده روی اربعین 32.jpg|alt=
File:پیاده روی اربعین 46.jpg|alt=
File:پیاده روی اربعین حسینی.jpg|alt=
File:The clergymen on the arbane hike روحانیت در پیاده روی اربعین 13.jpg|alt=
</gallery>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Ashura]]
* [[Tasu'a]]
* [[List of largest peaceful gatherings in history]]
}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|20em}}

== References ==

{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |title=The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran |author-first=K.S. |author-last=Aghaie |url=https://archive.org/details/martyrsofkarbala0000agha/mode/2up |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=0295984554}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofislam0000unse_r7b1/mode/2up |url-access=registration |title=Voices of Islam |volume=2 |editor-first=V.J. |editor-last=Cornell |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0275987343 |year=2007 |chapter=The Passion of 'Ashura in Shiite Islam |author-first=K.S. |author-last=Aghaie |pages=111{{ndash}}124 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofislam0000unse_r7b1/page/110/mode/2up}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2013 |title='Āshūrā' (Shī'ism) |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23855 |editor1-last=Fleet |editor1-first=K. |edition=Third |isbn=9789004252684 |author-last=Aghaie |author-first=K.S. |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23855 |editor2-first=G. |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=D. |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=J. |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=D.J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book |title=Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism |author-first=M.M. |author-last=Ayoub |author-link=Mahmoud M. Ayoub |year=1978 |isbn=9789027979438 |publisher=De Gruyter}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|volume= II/3|pages= 275{{ndash}}276|year=1986|author-first=M.M.|author-last=Ayoub|title=Arba'in|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arbain-fortieth-day-after-asura-q}}
* {{cite book|title=Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras|author-first=J.|author-last= Blank|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2001|isbn= 9780226056760}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia Iranica|author-first=J.|author-last=Calmard|year=1987|volume=III/2|pages=174{{ndash}}177|title='Azādārī|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azadari}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume= XII/5|pages= 498{{ndash}}502|author-last=Calmard|author-first=J.|year=2004|title=Ḥosayn b. 'Ali ii. In Popular Shi'ism|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-ii}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|editor-first=J.E.|editor-last=Campo|year=2009|publisher=Facts on File|isbn=9780816054541|title=Funerary Rituals|pages=250{{ndash}}252|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopedia-of-islam_202006/page/318/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite journal|author-last=Chelkowski|author-first=P.| title=Shia Muslim Processional Performances|journal= The Drama Review|volume= 29/3|year= 1985|issue=3 |pages=18–30|doi=10.2307/1145650 |jstor=1145650 |url= https://doi.org/10.2307/1145650|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book|title=Shi'ism: Doctrines, Thought, and Spirituality|editor1-first=S.H.|editor1-last=Nasr|editor2-first=H.|editor2-last=Dabashi|editor3-first=S.V.R|editor3-last=Nasr|editor1-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr|editor2-link=Hamid Dabashi|editor3-link=Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/shiismdoctrinest0000unse/page/262/mode/2up|url=https://archive.org/details/shiismdoctrinest0000unse/mode/2up|url-access=registration|publisher=State University of New York Press, Albany|year=1988|isbn=0887066909|chapter=Diverse Religious Practices|author1-first=P.|author1-last=Chelkowski|pages=262{{ndash}}268}}
* {{cite book|title=Shi'ism|year=2016|isbn=9781351900287|publisher=Taylor & Francis|editor-first=E.|editor-last= Kohlberg|chapter=The Death of al-Ḥusayn b. 'Ali and Early Shī'ī Views of the Imamate|author-first=D.K.|author-last=Crow|pages=}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices|edition=Second|isbn= 9781598842043|editor1-first=J.|editor1-last= Gordon Melton|editor2-first= M.|editor2-last= Baumann|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2010|title=Ashura|pages=210{{ndash}}212|author-first=J.|author-last=Gordon Melton|author-link=J. Gordon Melton}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-first=F. |author-last=Haj Manouchehri |translator-first=F. |translator-last=Negahban |title=Arba'īn |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |year=2008 |doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0291 |editor-first=F. |editor-last=Daftary |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0291 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal |year=2005 |title=The Mourning of History and the History of Mourning: The Evolution of Ritual Commemoration of the Battle of Karbala |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/185346 |journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=78{{ndash}}88 |url-access=subscription |author-first=A.J. |author-last=Hussain|doi=10.1215/1089201X-25-1-78 |s2cid=143516655 }}
* {{cite book|title=Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory|author-first=S.A.|author-last= Hyder|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195373028|url=https://archive.org/details/RelivingKarbalaSyedAkbarHyder/mode/2up|url-access=registration|year=2006}}
* {{cite book|title=The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century|edition=Third|url=https://archive.org/details/the-prophet-and-the-age-of-the-caliphates-the-islamic-near-east-from-the-sixth-t/mode/2up|url-access=registration|author-first=H.|author-last= Kennedy|author-link=Hugh N. Kennedy|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781138787612|year=2016}}
* {{cite book|title=The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran|author-first=C.|author-last= Kurzman|year=2009|isbn=9780674039834|publisher=Harvard University Press}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Ḥosayn b. 'Ali i. Life and Significance in Shi'ism |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-i |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |volume=XII/5 |pages=493–498 |author-first=W. |author-last=Madelung}}
* {{cite book |author-last=Momen |author-first=M. |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1985 |isbn=9780300035315 |author-link=Moojan Momen}}
* {{cite book|title=Islam and Revolution in the Middle East|url=https://archive.org/details/islamrevolutioni00muns/mode/2up|url-access=registration|author-first=H.|author-last=Munson|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1988|isbn= 0300046049}}
* {{cite journal|author-last=Nakash|author-first= Y.|title= An Attempt to Trace the Origin of the Rituals of 'Āshūrā'|journal= Die Welt des Islams|year=1993|pages= 161{{ndash}}181|jstor= 1570949|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570949}}
* {{cite book|title=Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam will Shape the Future|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2007|author-first=S.V.R.|author-last=Nasr|author-link=Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr|isbn= 9780393329681|url=https://archive.org/details/shiarevivalhowco0000nasr/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|author-first=A.|author-last= Pakatchi|translator-first= D.|translator-last= Mohammad Poor|title=Calendar |chapter=Events of Festivity and Mourning|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica|year=2021|doi= 10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_05000065|editor-first=F.|editor-last=Daftary|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_05000065|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book |title=The Shiites: Ritual and Popular Piety in a Muslim Community |url=https://archive.org/details/shiitesritualpop0000pina/mode/2up |url-access=registration |author-first=D. |author-last=Pinault |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=0312079532 |year=1992}}
* {{cite book |author-last=Pinault |author-first=D. |title=Women in the Medieval Islamic World: Power, Patronage, and Piety |publisher=Macmillan |year=2000 |isbn=9780333800355 |editor-last=Hambly |editor-first=G. |chapter=Zaynab bin 'Ali and the Place of the Women of the Households of the First Imāms in Shī'īte Devotional Literature}}
* {{cite book|title=Theater State and the Formation of Early Modern Public Sphere in Iran: Studies on Safavid Muharram Rituals, 1590{{ndash}}1641 CE|author-first=B.|author-last= Rahimi|year=2012|isbn= 9789004209794|publisher=Brill|chapter=A History of (Safavid) Muharram Rituals|pages=199–234 |doi=10.1163/9789004207561_006 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004207561_006|url=https://brill.com/display/title/14335|url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite book |author-last=Szanto |author-first=E. |year=2018 |chapter=Shi'a Islam in Practice |editor1-last=Woodward |editor1-first=M. |editor2-last=Lukens-Bull |editor2-first=R. |title=Handbook of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Lives |pages=1–15 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-73653-2_8-2 |isbn=978-3-319-73653-2 |s2cid=158107119 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73653-2_8-2 |url-access=subscription |url=https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-3-319-73653-2}}
* {{cite book|title=Female Personalities in the Qur'an and Sunna: Examining the Major Sources of Imami Shi'i Islam|author-first=R.|author-last= Osman|publisher=Routledge|year= 2014|isbn= 9781315770147}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=(al-)Ḥusayn b. 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0304 |author-link=Laura Veccia Vaglieri |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. |edition=Second |isbn=9789004161214 |author1-last=Veccia Vaglieri |author1-first=L. |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0304 |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |url-access=subscription}}
{{refend}}

{{Muslimholidays}}
{{Portal bar|Iraq|Shia Islam|Islam}}

[[Category:Shia Islam]]
[[Category:Islamic festivals]]
[[Category:Mourning of Muharram]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:History of Shia Islam]]