View source for Apollo 11 missing tapes

{{Short description|Lost NASA telemetry data tapes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
[[File:Apollo11TV5.jpg|thumb|The original slow-scan television signal from the [[Apollo TV camera]], photographed at [[Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station|Honeysuckle Creek]] on July 21, 1969]]

The '''Apollo 11 missing tapes''' were those that were recorded from [[Apollo 11]]'s [[slow-scan television]] (SSTV) telecast in its raw format on [[telemetry]] data tape at the time of the first [[Moon landing]] in 1969 and subsequently [[Lost television broadcast|lost]]. 

The data tapes were used to record all transmitted data (video as well as telemetry) for backup.

To broadcast the SSTV transmission on standard television, NASA ground receiving stations performed real-time [[scan conversion]] to the [[NTSC]] television format. The moonwalk's converted video signal was broadcast live around the world on July 21, 1969 (2:56 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). At the time, the NTSC broadcast was recorded on many [[videotape]]s and [[kinescope]] films. Many of these low-quality recordings remain intact. As the real-time broadcast worked and was widely recorded, preservation of the backup video was not deemed a priority in the years immediately following the mission.{{sfnp|O'Neal|2009c|}} In the early 1980s, NASA's [[Landsat program]] was facing a severe data tape shortage and it is likely the tapes were erased and reused at this time.{{sfnp|Nafzger|2009|p=13}}

A team of retired NASA employees and contractors tried to find the tapes in the early 2000s but was unable to do so. The search was sparked when several still photographs appeared in the late 1990s that showed the visually superior raw SSTV transmission on ground-station monitors. The research team conducted a multi-year investigation in the hopes of finding the most pristine and detailed video images of the moonwalk. If copies of the original SSTV format tapes were to be found, more modern digital technology could make a higher-quality conversion, yielding better images than those originally seen. The researchers concluded that the tapes containing the raw unprocessed Apollo 11 SSTV signal were [[Degaussing#Magnetic data storage media|erased]] and reused by NASA in the early 1980s, following standard procedure at the time.{{sfnp|O'Neal|2009c|}}{{sfnp|Perlman|2009|}}{{sfnp|Sarkissian|2006|p=14}} 

Although the researchers never found the telemetry tapes, they did discover the best visual quality NTSC videotapes as well as [[Super 8 mm film|Super 8 movie film]] taken of a video monitor in Australia, showing the SSTV transmission before it was converted. These visual elements were processed in 2009, as part of a NASA-approved restoration project of the first moonwalk. At a 2009 news conference in [[Washington, D.C.]], the research team released its findings regarding the tapes' disappearance. They also partially released newly enhanced footage obtained during the search. [[Lowry Digital]] completed the full moonwalk restoration project in late 2009.

== Background ==
[[File:Ap11-S69-31575HR.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The television camera, as it was positioned on the Apollo [[Lunar Module Eagle|Lunar Module ''Eagle'']] at the start of the first lunar EVA ([[Extravehicular Activity]])]]
[[Apollo 11]] was the spaceflight that landed the first two people on the Moon. [[Neil Armstrong]] became the first person to step onto the lunar surface on July 21, 1969, at 02:56 UTC; [[Buzz Aldrin]] joined him 19 minutes later. Only limited radio bandwidth was available to transmit the video signal from the lunar landings, which needed to be [[multiplexing|multiplexed]] with other communication and telemetry channels beamed from the [[Lunar Module Eagle|Lunar Module ''Eagle'']], back to Earth.{{sfnp|Coan|1973|pp=1–2}} Therefore, Apollo 11's moonwalk video was transmitted from the [[Apollo TV camera]] in a monochrome [[slow-scan television|SSTV]] format at 10 frames per second (fps) with 320 lines of resolution, [[progressive scan|progressively scanned]].{{sfnp|Lebar|Hoffman|1967|p=3}} These SSTV signals were received by [[radio telescope]]s at [[Parkes Observatory]] in [[Australia]], the [[Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex|Goldstone]] [[tracking station]] in [[California]], and [[Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station|Honeysuckle Creek]] tracking station, also in Australia.{{sfnp|MacKellar|2005|p=2}} The camera's video format was incompatible with existing [[NTSC]], [[PAL]], and [[SECAM]] broadcast television standards. It needed to be converted before it could be shown on broadcast television networks. This live [[scan conversion|conversion]] was crude, essentially using a video camera pointing at a high-quality {{convert|10|in|cm|adj=on}} TV monitor.

===Video signal processing===
Since the camera's scan rate was much lower than the approximately 30 fps for NTSC video,{{refn|group="Note"|For the purposes of clarity and simplicity in this article, 60 fields and 30 frames per second are used. NTSC actually runs at 60/1.001 ≅ 59.94 fields per second, and 30/1.001 ≅ 29.97 frames per second. Two [[Interlaced video|interlaced fields]] create one complete video frame.}} the television standard used in North America at the time, a real-time [[scan conversion]] was needed to be able to show its images on a regular TV set. NASA selected a scan converter manufactured by [[RCA]] to convert the black-and-white SSTV signals from the Apollo 7, 8, 9 and 11 missions.{{sfnp|Steven-Boniecki|2010|p=129}}

When the Apollo TV camera radioed its images, the ground stations received its raw unconverted SSTV signal and split it into two branches. One signal branch was sent unprocessed to a 14-track analog [[data]] [[tape recorder]], where it was recorded onto {{convert|14|in|cm|adj=on}} diameter reels of one-inch-wide ({{convert|1|in|mm|disp=out}}) [[analog signal|analog]] [[Magnetic tape data storage|magnetic data tapes]] at {{convert|120|in|m}} per second.{{sfnp|Sarkissian|2006|p=8}} The other raw SSTV signal branch was sent to the RCA scan converter, where it was processed into an NTSC broadcast television signal.{{sfnp|Sarkissian|2006|p=8}}

The RCA scan converter operated on an optical conversion principle.{{sfnp|Sarkissian|2006|p=6}} The conversion process started when the signal was sent to a high-quality {{convert|10|in|cm|adj=on}} video monitor, where a conventional RCA TK-22 television camera—using the NTSC broadcast standard of 525 scanned lines [[interlaced video|interlaced]] at 30 fps—merely re-photographed its screen. The monitor had persistent phosphors that acted as a primitive [[framebuffer]].{{sfnp|Wood|2005|pp=5–6}} An analog disk recorder, based on the [[Ampex#HS-100 .26 HS-200 .22slo-mo.22 disc recorder|Ampex HS-100 model]], was used to record the first field from the camera.{{sfnp|Wood|2005|pp=5–6}} It then fed that field, and an appropriately time-delayed copy of the first field, to the NTSC Field Interlace Switch (encoder). The combined original and copied fields created the first full 525-line interlaced frame and the signal was then sent to Houston.{{sfnp|Wood|2005|pp=5–6}} The disk recorder repeated this sequence five more times, until the camera imaged the next SSTV frame.{{sfnp|Wood|2005|pp=5–6}} The converter then repeated the whole process with each new frame downloaded from space in real time.{{sfnp|Sarkissian|2006|p=6}} In this way, the RCA converter produced the extra 20 frames per second needed to produce flicker-free images to the world's television broadcasters.{{sfnp|Steven-Boniecki|2010|p=129}}

{{Multiple image
| total_width = 400
| image1 = Apollo11A.jpg
| image2 = Apollo11b.jpg
| footer = Photograph of the original SSTV signal of Aldrin and Armstrong at the foot of ''Eagle'' (left)—its conversion for broadcast (right) significantly degraded its image quality
}}
This live conversion was crude compared to early-21st-century electronic digital conversion techniques. Image degradation was unavoidable with this system as the monitor and camera's optical limitations significantly lowered the original SSTV signal's [[contrast (vision)|contrast]], [[brightness]] and [[Display resolution|resolution]]. If the scan converter's settings were incorrectly set, as they were at the Goldstone station during the first few minutes of Apollo 11's moonwalk, the negative impact on the image could be very obvious.{{sfnb|Wood|2005|pp=22–24}} When Armstrong first came down the Lunar Module's ladder, he was barely visible because the contrast and the vertical phase were not set correctly by the scan converter operator.{{sfnb|Wood|2005|pp=22–24}} The video seen on home television sets was further degraded by the very long and noisy analog transmission path.{{sfnp|Von Baldegg|2012|}} The converted signal was sent by satellite from the three receiving ground stations to Houston. Then the network [[Press pool|pool feed]] was sent by microwave relay to New York, where it was broadcast live to the United States and the world.{{sfnp|Steven-Boniecki|2010|p=130}} Because all of these links were analog, each one added additional noise and distortion to the signal.{{sfnp|Steven-Boniecki|2010|p=130}}

===NTSC broadcast tapes===
This low-quality optical conversion of the Apollo 11 moonwalk video images—made with a TV camera taking pictures of a video monitor—is what was widely recorded in real-time onto [[kinescope]] film and NTSC broadcast-quality [[Quadruplex videotape|two-inch quadruplex videotape]]. Recordings of this conversion were not lost and have long been available to the public (along with much higher-quality video from later [[Apollo program|Apollo]] missions). If the one-inch ({{convert|1|in|mm|disp=out}}) data tapes, containing the raw unprocessed Apollo 11 SSTV signals, were to be found, modern digital technology would allow for significantly better conversion and processing.{{sfnp|O'Neal|2009c|}}{{sfnp|MacKellar|2009|}} The quality would be similar to that viewed by a few technicians and others at SSTV-receiving ground stations before the video was converted to NTSC.{{sfnp|MacKellar|2005|}}

In 2005, an amateur [[Super 8 film|Super 8]] movie with about 15 minutes of Apollo 11 images was rediscovered. The footage had been taken by Ed von Renouard at Honeysuckle Creek tracking station during or immediately after the Apollo 11 moonwalk. The images show mainly the scan converted monitor and briefly the slow-scan monitor.{{sfnp|MacKellar|2008|}} This is some of the best quality recording of brief segments of the Apollo 11 moonwalk available.{{sfnp|MacKellar|2009|}} The images are available on DVD.{{sfnp|MacKellar|2006|}}

== Search for the missing tapes ==
{{Wikinews|Erroneous newspaper report garners publicity for Moon landing tapes}}
News that these analog data tapes were missing emerged on August 5, 2006, when the print and online versions of ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' published a story with the title ''One giant blunder for mankind: how NASA lost moon pictures''.{{sfnp|Macey|2006a|}} The missing tapes were among over 700 boxes of magnetic data tapes recorded throughout the Apollo program that have not been found.{{sfnp|Sarkissian|2006|pp=11–12}} On August 16, 2006 NASA announced its official search, saying, "The original tapes may be at the [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] ... or at another location within the NASA archiving system" and "NASA engineers are hopeful that when the tapes are found they can use today's digital technology to provide a version of the moonwalk that is much better quality than what we have today."{{sfnp|Macey|2006b|}} NASA also had ongoing research reasons for finding these higher-resolution tapes, as the [[Constellation program]] shared some similar tasks with the original Apollo program.{{sfnp|Wheeler|2006|}}

The Goddard Center's Data Evaluation Laboratory has the only known surviving piece of equipment that can read the missing tapes and was set to be closed in October 2006, causing some fear that, even if the tapes were later found, there would be no ready way to read and copy them.{{sfnp|Hansen|2006}} However, equipment that could read the tapes was maintained.{{sfnp|O'Neal|2009c|}}

On November 1, 2006, [[Cosmos (Australian magazine)|''Cosmos'']] magazine reported that some NASA telemetry tapes from the Apollo project era had been found in a small marine science laboratory in the main physics building at [[Curtin University]] in [[Perth|Perth, Western Australia]]. One of these tapes was sent to NASA for analysis.{{sfnp| Amalfi |2006|}} It carried no video but did show that if any of the tapes are ever found, data could likely be read from them.{{sfnp|Nafzger|2009|p=6}}

== NASA news conference ==
NASA held a news conference at the [[Newseum]], in Washington, D.C. regarding the missing tapes on July 16, 2009—the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11's launch from Cape Kennedy.{{sfnp|Perlman|2009|}} The multinational research team looking into the missing tapes—mostly retired engineers who had worked on the original broadcast in 1969—was represented at the event by Richard Nafzger from the Goddard Space Flight Center and Stanley Lebar, the former lead engineer at Westinghouse who developed the Apollo Lunar Camera and the Apollo Color Camera.{{sfnp|Von Baldegg|2012|}} They concluded that the data tapes—with the SSTV signal—were shipped from Australia to Goddard and then erased and reused by NASA in the early 1980s in order to be reused in the Landsat program, which was facing a severe data tape shortage at that time.{{sfnp|Nafzger|2009|p=13}}{{sfnp|Perlman|2009|}}

Australian backup tapes were also erased after Goddard received the reels,{{sfnp|O'Neal|2009c|}} following the procedures established by NASA.{{sfnp|Sarkissian|2006|p=14}} The SSTV signal was recorded on telemetry data tapes mostly as a backup in case the real-time conversion and broadcast around the world failed. Since the real-time broadcast conversion worked, and was widely recorded on both videotape and [[kinescope|film]], the backup video was not deemed important at the time.{{sfnp|O'Neal|2009c|}}

There was also documentation that the Apollo 11 moonwalk SSTV was recorded at the Parkes, Australia facility on modified Ampex two-inch helical scan VTRs.{{sfnp|O'Neal|2009c|}}{{sfnp|Nafzger|2009|p=14}} The VTRs were modified by Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Labs to record 320-line slow-scan video directly to the videotape without converting it.{{sfnp|O'Neal|2009c|}}{{sfnp|Nafzger|2009|p=13}} It was confirmed that these tapes were shipped to [[Johns Hopkins University]], but they could not be found by the search team.{{sfnp|O'Neal|2009c|}}

Nafzger stated that the team did find several post-conversion copies of the broadcast that were of higher quality than what had been previously seen by the public.{{sfnp|Perlman|2009|}} Their findings included a videotape recorded in Sydney after the conversion but before the satellite transmission around the world, videotape from [[CBS News]] archives (direct from NASA, without commentary) and kinescopes at [[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center|Johnson Space Center]].{{sfnp|Perlman|2009|}} At the news conference, it was mentioned that Lowry Digital would complete enhancing and restoring the tapes.{{sfnp|Perlman|2009|}} Mike Inchalik, president of Lowry Digital, mentioned that his company would only restore the video and would not remove defects (such as reflections that looked like flag poles).{{sfnp|O'Neal|2009c|}} A few short clips were shown at the news conference, showing their improved quality.{{sfnp|Perlman|2009|}} NASA released some partially restored samples on its website after the news conference.{{sfnp|Jacobs|Hess|2009|}} The full restoration of the footage, about three hours long, was completed in December 2009.{{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}

Some other footage from Australian ground-station feeds showing SSTV video of Armstrong's descent and first steps surfaced through John Sarkissian's efforts.{{sfnp|SPACE.com Staff|2010|}} Highlights of this fully enhanced video were shown to the public for the first time at the Australian Geographic Society Awards on October 6, 2010, where [[Buzz Aldrin]] was the guest of honor.{{sfnp|Barry|2010|}}{{sfnp|AG Staff|2010|}}

== Subsequent events ==
On July 6, 2019, [[Sotheby's]] announced that they would have available for sale, on July 20, three {{convert|2|in|mm|adj=on|round=5}} video tape reels—out of a total of 1,150 reels—bought at a government surplus auction in 1976, at a price of $218 [[US dollars]]. The three reels were said to be first-generation recordings of the Apollo 11 EVA video,<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 15, 2019|title=Last remaining moon landing video tapes bought by NASA intern for $218 could sell for millions|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/apollo-11-moon-landing-video-nasa-intern-auction-sothebys-a9006081.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/apollo-11-moon-landing-video-nasa-intern-auction-sothebys-a9006081.html |archive-date=May 7, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|website=The Independent}}</ref> but were not the missing {{convert|1|in|mm|adj=on}} telemetry data tapes.<ref name="Sacramento Bee">{{cite web |last1=Lebar |first1=Scott |title=Moon tapes auction is expected to fetch big bucks. NASA clarifies what they are. |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/nation-world/article232663442.html |website=The Sacramento Bee |access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref> The tapes had been purchased in 1976 at a [[General Services Administration]] auction, by Gary George, then an engineering student at [[Lamar University]]. George had learned about these "government surplus" auctions while an intern at the [[Johnson Space Center]].<ref name=RGJ>{{cite news |newspaper=Reno Gazette-Journal |author=Ed Komenda |date=2019-07-23 |access-date=2020-02-18 |title=Las Vegas man almost tossed the Apollo 11 moonwalk tapes he sold for $1.8 million |url=https://www.rgj.com/story/news/2019/07/23/apollo-11-moonwalk-tapes-sold-million-las-vegas-man-history/1798072001/   }}</ref> On July 20, 2019, the fiftieth anniversary of the first moonwalk, the three tapes were sold to an undisclosed buyer for 1.82 million USD, according to Sotheby's.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/moon-walk-video-auction-sothebys-style/index.html |title=3 original NASA moon landing videos sell for $1.82 million at auction |date=2019-07-23 |access-date=2020-02-18 |website=CNN |author=Theresa Waldrop  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/07/22/original-apollo-11-landing-videotapes-sell-for-1-8m/   |website=TechCrunch |author=Devin Coldewey |date=2019-07-22 |access-date=2020-02-18 |title=Original Apollo 11 landing videotapes sell for $1.8M  }}</ref> Although Sotheby's described these tapes as "the best surviving NASA videotape recordings of the historic Apollo 11 Moon Landing" and "the earliest, sharpest and most accurate surviving video images of man's first steps on the moon",<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/one-small-step-one-rare-recording-see-the-moon-landing-like-never-before?locale=en |title=One Small Step, One Rare Recording: See the Moon Landing Like Never Before |publisher=Sotheby's |author=Halina Loft |date=2019-06-28 |access-date=2020-02-18 }}</ref> a statement from NASA said these tapes "contain no material that hasn't been preserved at NASA".<ref name=RGJ/>

== See also ==
* [[British television Apollo 11 coverage]], much of which is also missing
* [[Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project]]
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="Note"<!-- |colwidth=50em -->}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite news
 |author      = AG Staff
 |title       = Exclusive moonwalk video revealed
 |work        = Australian Geographic
 |location    = Sydney
 |date        = October 6, 2010
 |url         = http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/exclusive-moonwalk-video-revealed.htm
 |access-date  = 2016-07-06
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20101009072801/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/exclusive-moonwalk-video-revealed.htm
 |archive-date = 2010-10-09
 |url-status  = dead
}}
* {{cite news 
 |last=Amalfi 
 |first=Carmelo 
 |title=Space Week: Lost Moon landing tapes discovered 
 |work=COSMOS and The Science of Everything 
 |location=Toorak, Victoria, Australia 
 |date=November 1, 2006 
 |url=http://cosmosmagazine.com/features/lost-moon-landing-tapes-discovered/ 
 |access-date=2014-07-16 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722230608/http://cosmosmagazine.com/features/lost-moon-landing-tapes-discovered/ 
 |archive-date=July 22, 2014 
 |url-status=dead 
 |df=mdy 
 }}
* {{cite news 
 |last=Barry 
 |first=Carolyn 
 |title=Australian Geographic to screen lost Moon footage 
 |work=Australian Geographic 
 |date=September 30, 2010 
 |location=Sydney <!-- Not the one in Nova Scotia ;-)  --> 
 |url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2010/09/australian-geographic-to-screen-lost-moon-footage/ 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721070436/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2010/09/australian-geographic-to-screen-lost-moon-footage/ 
 |archive-date=July 21, 2014 
 |url-status=dead 
 |df=mdy 
 |access-date=July 16, 2014 
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* {{Citation 
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 |chapter=Apollo Experience Report – Television System 
 |date=November 1973 
 |editor-last=Jones 
 |editor-first=Eric M. 
 |editor2-last=Glover 
 |editor2-first=Ken 
 |title=Apollo Lunar Surface Journal 
 |publisher=NASA 
 |location=Washington, DC 
 |publication-date=1996–2013 
 |chapter-url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/LC-SOW.pdf 
 |access-date=2013-10-20 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002052809/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/NASA_TN_D-7476.pdf 
 |archive-date=October 2, 2014 
 |url-status=live 
 |quote=Originally published by NASA HQ as NASA Technical Note TN-A7476. 
 |df=mdy 
 }}
* {{cite news 
 |last=Hansen 
 |first=Kathryn 
 |title=Missing tapes could reveal clearer moon 
 |journal=Geo Times 
 |date=October 2006 
 |url=http://www.geotimes.org/oct06/NN_Moon.html 
 |access-date=2014-07-15 
 |publisher=The American Geosciences Institute 
 |location=Alexandria, Virginia 
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 |archive-date=July 26, 2014 
 |url-status=live 
 |df=mdy 
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* {{cite press release 
 |last1=Jacobs 
 |first1=Bob 
 |last2=Hess 
 |first2=Mark 
 |title=NASA Releases Restored Apollo 11 Moonwalk Video 
 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2009/jul/HQ_09_166_Apollo_11_Moonwalk_Video.html 
 |access-date=2014-07-16 
 |work=NASA Press Release Archives 
 |date=July 16, 2009 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122175439/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2009/jul/HQ_09_166_Apollo_11_Moonwalk_Video.html 
 |archive-date=November 22, 2013 
 |url-status=live 
 |location=Washington, D.C. 
 |df=mdy 
 }}
* {{Citation 
 |last1=Lebar 
 |first1=Stanley 
 |last2=Hoffman 
 |first2=Charles P. 
 |chapter=TV show of the century: A travelogue not atmosphere 
 |date=March 6, 1967 
 |editor-last=Jones 
 |editor-first=Eric M. 
 |editor2-last=Glover 
 |editor2-first=Ken 
 |title=Apollo Lunar Surface Journal 
 |publisher=NASA 
 |location=Washington, DC 
 |publication-date=1996–2013 
 |chapter-url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/Electronics-670306.pdf 
 |access-date=2013-10-20 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002052901/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/Electronics-670306.pdf 
 |archive-date=October 2, 2014 
 |url-status=live 
 |quote=Originally published in ''ELECTRONICS'', published by McGraw Hill (1967). 
 |df=mdy 
 }}
* {{cite news 
 |last1=Macey 
 |first1=Richard 
 |title=One giant blunder for mankind: how NASA lost moon pictures 
 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald 
 |date=August 5, 2006a 
 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/science/one-giant-blunder-for-mankind-how-nasa-lost-moon-pictures/2006/08/04/1154198328978.html 
 |access-date=2014-07-15 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923155610/http://www.smh.com.au/news/science/one-giant-blunder-for-mankind-how-nasa-lost-moon-pictures/2006/08/04/1154198328978.html 
 |archive-date=September 23, 2014 
 |url-status=live 
 |df=mdy 
 }}
* {{cite news 
 |last1=Macey 
 |first1=Richard 
 |title=NASA orders search for missing moonwalk tape 
 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald 
 |date=August 17, 2006b 
 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/nasa-puts-a-rocket-up-hunt-for-missing-moonwalk-tape/2006/08/16/1155407886860.html 
 |access-date=2014-07-15 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924202131/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/nasa-puts-a-rocket-up-hunt-for-missing-moonwalk-tape/2006/08/16/1155407886860.html 
 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 
 |url-status=live 
 |df=mdy 
 }}
* {{cite web 
 |last=MacKellar 
 |first=Colin 
 |title=Comparison photographs of the Apollo 11 Lunar Television as seen at Goldstone, Honeysuckle Creek, Parkes and Houston 
 |publisher=honeysucklecreek.net 
 |location=Sydney <!-- Not the one in Nova Scotia  --> 
 |year=2005 
 |url=http://www.honeysucklecreek.net/Apollo_11/Apollo_11_TV_comparisons.pdf 
 |access-date=2014-07-15 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031142/http://www.honeysucklecreek.net/Apollo_11/Apollo_11_TV_comparisons.pdf 
 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 
 |url-status=live 
 |df=mdy 
 }}
* {{cite web 
 |last=MacKellar 
 |first=Colin 
 |title=The Moonwalks as seen at Honeysuckle Creek 
 |publisher=honeysucklecreek.net 
 |location=Sydney <!-- Not the one in Nova Scotia  --> 
 |year=2006 
 |url=http://www.honeysucklecreek.net/dvds/dvd2.html 
 |access-date=2016-07-05 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801174855/http://www.honeysucklecreek.net/dvds/dvd2.html 
 |archive-date=August 1, 2016 
 |url-status=dead 
 |df=mdy 
 }}
* {{cite web 
 |last=MacKellar 
 |first=Colin 
 |title=The Honeysuckle Creek Super 8 footage 
 |publisher=honeysucklecreek.net 
 |location=Sydney <!-- Not the one in Nova Scotia  --> 
 |year=2008 
 |url=http://www.honeysucklecreek.net/Apollo_11/Honeysuckle_Super_8_notes.pdf 
 |access-date=2016-07-05 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315103830/http://www.honeysucklecreek.net/Apollo_11/Honeysuckle_Super_8_notes.pdf 
 |archive-date=March 15, 2016 
 |url-status=live 
 |df=mdy 
 }}
* {{cite web 
 |last=MacKellar 
 |first=Colin 
 |title=The search for the Apollo 11 TV Tapes 
 |publisher=honeysucklecreek.net 
 |location=Sydney <!-- Not the one in Nova Scotia  --> 
 |year=2009 
 |url=http://www.honeysucklecreek.net/Apollo_11/tapes/index.html 
 |access-date=2014-07-15 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202220750/http://www.honeysucklecreek.net/Apollo_11/tapes/ 
 |archive-date=December 2, 2014 
 |url-status=live 
 |df=mdy 
 }}
* {{Citation 
 |last=Nafzger 
 |first=Richard 
 |title=The Apollo 11 Telemetry Data Recordings: A Final Report 
 |date=November 2, 2009 
 |publisher=NASA 
 |location=Washington, DC 
 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Apollo_11_Tapes_Report.pdf 
 |access-date=2014-07-16 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802233214/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/398311main_Apollo_11_Report.pdf 
 |archive-date=August 2, 2014 
 |url-status=live 
 |df=mdy 
 }}
* {{cite news 
 |last=O'Neal 
 |first=James E. 
 |title=Search for Missing Recordings Ends 
 |newspaper=TV Technology 
 |url=http://www.tvtechnology.com/feature-box/0124/search-for-missing-recordings-ends/202982 
 |date=August 6, 2009c 
 |publisher=NewBay Media 
 |location=New York 
 |access-date=2013-10-18 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019101737/http://www.tvtechnology.com/feature-box/0124/search-for-missing-recordings-ends/202982 
 |archive-date=October 19, 2013 
 |url-status=dead 
 |df=mdy 
 }}
* {{cite news 
 |last=Perlman 
 |first=Robert Z. 
 |title=NASA Erased First Moonwalk Tapes, But Restores Copies 
 |work=Space.com 
 |location=New York 
 |date=July 17, 2009 
 |url=http://www.space.com/6994-nasa-erased-moonwalk-tapes-restores-copies.html 
 |access-date=2014-07-15 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727105800/http://m.space.com/6994-nasa-erased-moonwalk-tapes-restores-copies.html 
 |archive-date=July 27, 2014 
 |url-status=live 
 |df=mdy 
 }}
* {{cite web 
 |last=Sarkissian 
 |first=John 
 |url=http://www.honeysucklecreek.net/Apollo_11/tapes/Search_for_SSTV_Tapes.pdf 
 |title=The search for the Apollo 11 SSTV tapes 
 |publisher=[[Parkes Observatory|CSIRO Parkes Observatory]] 
 |date=May 21, 2006 
 |access-date=2013-10-15 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512010157/http://www.honeysucklecreek.net/Apollo_11/tapes/Search_for_SSTV_Tapes.pdf 
 |archive-date=May 12, 2012 
 |url-status=live 
 |df=mdy 
 }}
* {{cite news 
 |author1=SPACE.com Staff 
 |title='Lost' Footage of First Moonwalk to Screen in Australia 
 |work=Space.com 
 |date=September 28, 2010 
 |location=New York 
 |url=http://www.space.com/9211-lost-footage-moonwalk-screen-australia.html 
 |access-date=2014-07-15 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727110852/http://m.space.com/9211-lost-footage-moonwalk-screen-australia.html 
 |archive-date=July 27, 2014 
 |url-status=live 
 |df=mdy 
 }}
* {{cite book
   | last      = Steven-Boniecki
   | first     = Dwight
   | title     = Live TV From the Moon
   | year      = 2010
   | publisher = Apogee Books
   | location  = Burlington, Ontario
   | isbn      = 978-1-926592-16-9
}}
* {{cite news 
 |last=Von Baldegg 
 |first=Kasia Cieplak-Mayr 
 |title=1 Small Step for a Cam: How Astronauts Shot Video of the Moon Landing 
 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/video/index/260122/1-small-step-for-a-cam/ 
 |access-date=2013-10-16 
 |newspaper=The Atlantic 
 |date=July 20, 2012 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014163617/http://www.theatlantic.com/video/archive/2012/07/1-small-step-for-a-cam-how-astronauts-shot-video-of-the-moon-landing/260122/ 
 |archive-date=October 14, 2013 
 |location=Washington, DC 
 |url-status=live 
 |df=mdy 
 }}
* {{cite web 
 |last=Windley 
 |first=Jay 
 |title=Technology: TV Quality 
 |url=http://www.clavius.org/tvqual.html 
 |work=Moon Base Clavius 
 |publisher=Clavius.org 
 |access-date=2011-12-09 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103073006/http://www.clavius.org/tvqual.html 
 |archive-date=January 3, 2012 
 |location=Salt Lake City, Utah 
 |year=2011 
 |url-status=live 
 |df=mdy 
 }}
* {{cite news 
 |last=Wheeler 
 |first=Larry 
 |title=NASA hopes archives have map to Moon 
 |work=Florida Today 
 |location=Brevard County, Florida 
 |date=September 24, 2006 
 |url=http://www.floridatoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060924/NEWS02/609240331/1007 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016001255/http://www.floridatoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20060924%2FNEWS02%2F609240331%2F1007 
 |archive-date=October 16, 2006 
 }}       
* {{Citation
 |last             = Wood
 |first            = Bill
 |chapter          = Apollo Television
 |year             = 2005
 |editor-last      = Jones
 |editor-first     = Eric M.
 |editor2-last     = Glover
 |editor2-first    = Ken
 |title            = Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
 |publisher        = NASA
 |location         = Washington, DC
 |publication-date = 1996–2013
 |chapter-url              = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/ApolloTV-Acrobat7.pdf
 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book
   | last             = Attivissimo
   | first            = Paolo
   | title            = Moon Hoax: Debunked!
   | year             = 2013
   | pages            = 155–56
   | publisher = Lulu
   | isbn      = 978-1-291-59157-6
   | url       = http://MoonHoaxDebunked.com
}}
* {{cite book
   | last             = Lebar
   | first            = Stanley
   | chapter          = Lunar TV Camera: Statement of Work (Final Draft)
   | date             = August 15, 1966
   | editor-last      = Jones
   | editor-first     = Eric M.
   | editor2-last     = Glover
   | editor2-first    = Ken
   | title            = Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
   | publisher        = NASA
   | location         = Washington, DC
   | publication-date = 1996–2013
   | url              = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/LC-SOW.pdf
   | access-date       = 2013-10-20
   | archive-url       = https://web.archive.org/web/20141002052824/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/LC-SOW.pdf
   | archive-date      = 2014-10-02
   | url-status          = live
   }}
* {{cite news
   | last             = Lebar
   | first            = Stanley
   | title            = The Color War goes to the Moon
   | url              = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/Invent-Tech1997.pdf
   | access-date       = 2013-10-18
   | work             = Invention and Technology
   | date             = Summer 1997
   }}
* {{cite news
 |last        = Letton
 |first       = Andrew
 |title       = 'Lost' Apollo 11 Moonwalk tapes restored
 |work        = COSMOS and The Science of Everything
 |location    = Toorak, Victoria, Australia
 |date        = October 26, 2010
 |url         = http://cosmosmagazine.com/news/lost-apollo-tapes-restored-and-broadcast/
 |access-date  = 2014-07-15
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20140720193330/http://cosmosmagazine.com/news/lost-apollo-tapes-restored-and-broadcast/
 |archive-date = July 20, 2014
 |url-status     = dead
 |df          = mdy
}}
* {{cite news 
 |last=O'Neal 
 |first=James E. 
 |title=TV's Longest Remote 
 |newspaper=TV Technology 
 |url=http://www.tvtechnology.com/feature-box/0124/tvs-longest-remote/202657 
 |date=July 6, 2009a 
 |publisher=NewBay Media 
 |location=New York 
 |access-date=2013-10-18 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019101731/http://www.tvtechnology.com/feature-box/0124/tvs-longest-remote/202657 
 |archive-date=October 19, 2013 
 |url-status=dead 
 |df=mdy 
 }}
* {{cite news 
 |last=O'Neal 
 |first=James E. 
 |title=Equipping Apollo for Color Television 
 |newspaper=TV Technology 
 |url=http://www.tvtechnology.com/feature-box/0124/equipping-apollo-for-color-television/202793 
 |date=July 21, 2009b 
 |publisher=NewBay Media 
 |location=New York 
 |access-date=2013-10-18 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019101734/http://www.tvtechnology.com/feature-box/0124/equipping-apollo-for-color-television/202793
 |archive-date=October 19, 2013
 |url-status=dead
 |df=mdy 
 }}
* {{cite book
   | last                 = Peltzer
   | first                = K. E.
   | chapter              = Apollo Unified S-Band System
   | year                 = 1966
   | editor-last          = Jones
   | editor-first         = Eric M.
   | editor2-last         = Glover
   | editor2-first        = Ken
   | title                = Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
   | publisher            = NASA
   | location             = Washington, DC
   | publication-date     = 1996–2013
   | url                  = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/TM-X55492.pdf
   | access-date           = 2013-10-20
   | archive-url           = https://web.archive.org/web/20141002052923/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/TM-X55492.pdf
   | archive-date          = 2014-10-02
   | url-status              = live
   }}
* {{cite journal
 |last=Sarkissian 
 |first=John M. 
 |title=On Eagle's Wings: The Parkes Observatory's Support of the Apollo 11 Mission 
 |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 
 |year=2001 
 |volume=18 
 |issue=3 
 |pages=287–310 
 |url=http://www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/news_events/apollo11/pasa/on_eagles_wings.pdf 
 |access-date=2013-10-17 
 |publisher=CSIRO Publishing 
 |location=Melbourne 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512235109/http://www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/news_events/apollo11/pasa/on_eagles_wings.pdf
 |archive-date=May 12, 2013
 |url-status=live
 |doi=10.1071/as01038 
 |df=mdy 
|bibcode=2001PASA...18..287S 
 |doi-access=free 
 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.honeysucklecreek.net/Apollo_11/tapes/ Honeysuckle Creek station] – Main search website
* [http://www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/news_events/apollo11/The_Apollo11_SSTV_Tapes_Search.pdf The Search for the Apollo 11 SSTV Tapes] – CSIRO Parkes Observatory
* [http://vimeo.com/45069330 Comparison of four sources]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9HdPi9Ikhk Restored Apollo 11 EVA, published on July 17, 2014 by NASA on YouTube]

;Restored post-conversion video
* [http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=10451 Restored video in various formats]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Hq0HueNltE&feature=SeriesPlayList&p=77D8267CE5EC5575 Armstrong down ladder]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzzhGOrTGUo&feature=SeriesPlayList&p=77D8267CE5EC5575&index=1 Aldrin down ladder]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xlXpAw0Q-hk Setting up the flag]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AxL3XkR1nVw Astronauts talk with President Nixon]

{{Project Apollo}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Apollo 11 Missing Tapes}}
[[Category:Lost works]]
[[Category:Apollo 11|Missing tape]]