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{{Short description|Greek goddess}}
{{Redirect|Aphaea|the genus of clams|Trapezidae}}

[[File:Temple of Aphaia in February 2005 13.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Temple of Aphaea|Temple of Aphaia]] on the island of [[Aegina]].]]
'''Aphaia''' ({{langx|grc|Ἀφαία}}, ''Aphaía'') was a [[Greek mythology|Greek goddess]] who was worshipped almost exclusively at a single sanctuary on the island of [[Aegina]] in the [[Saronic Gulf]].

== Cult and worship ==
She originated as early as the 14th century BCE as a local deity associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle.<ref>Pilafidis-Williams argues that the character and relative proportions of the finds leads to the conclusion that the deity worshiped was a female fertility/agricultural goddess and dates her cult to the 14th century BCE.  The cult certainly was in operation in the 7th century BCE.</ref> Under the later Athenian [[hegemony]] she came to be identified with the goddesses [[Athena]] and [[Artemis]] and with the nymph [[Britomartis]] as well, by the 2nd century CE, the time of [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]]:
<blockquote>
On ''Aegina'' as one goes toward the mountain of Zeus, god of all the Hellenes, the sanctuary of ''Aphaia'' comes up, for whom [[Pindar]] composed an ode at the behest of the Aeginetans. The Cretans say (the myths about her are native to Crete) that [[Euboulos]] was the son of [[Carmanor (of Crete)|Kharmanor]], who purified [[Apollo]] of the killing of the Python, and they say that Britomartis was the daughter of Zeus and Kharme (the daughter of this Euboulos). She enjoyed races and hunts and was particularly dear to Artemis. While fleeing from [[Minos]], who lusted after her, she cast herself into nets cast for a catch of fish. [[Artemis]] made her a goddess, and not only the Cretans but also the Aeginetans revere her. The Aeginetans say that Britomartis showed herself to them on their island. Her epithet among the Aeginetans is ''Aphaia'', and it is ''Diktynna of the Nets'' on Crete.
[[Description of Greece]] 2.30.3
</blockquote>
<!-- This semi-literal translation is my own, done for Wikipedia. User:Nefasdicere -->

The remains of the Late Archaic period [[Temple of Aphaia]] are located within a sanctuary complex on a 160 meter peak at the northeastern end of the island: 37°45'14.82"N, 23°32'0.24"E. The extant temple was built at around 500 BCE on the site of an earlier temple that had burned around 510 BCE.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

An inscribed potsherd of the 5th century BCE found in the precinct of the Temple of [[Apollo]] at [[Bassae]] in [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]] is inscribed with what may be a dedication to Aphaia. If so, it would be the first known inscribed dedication to this goddess outside Aegina.<ref>Cooper accepts the identification with Aphaia, although the inscription simply reads ΑΦΑΙ, and he draws out certain parallels between the two sanctuaries.</ref>

== Notes ==
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{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==
*Bankel, Hansgeorg. 1993. ''Der spätarchaische Tempel der Aphaia auf Aegina. Denkmäler antiker Architektur 19''. Berlin; New York: W. de Gruyter.
*[[Paul Cartledge|Cartledge, Paul]], Ed. 2002. ''The Cambridge Illustrated History of Ancient Greece'', Cambridge University Press, p.&nbsp;273.
*Cook, R. M.  1974.  "The Dating of the Aegina Pediments."  ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'' '''94''' pp.&nbsp;171.
*Cooper, Frederick A. 1996. ''The Temple of Apollo Bassitas: The architecture''. Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DSf3_deQfJkC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64 pp. 63-64].
*Diebold, William J.  1995.  "The Politics of Derestoration: The Aegina Pediments and the German Confrontation with the Past"  ''Art Journal'', '''54'''.2 pp.&nbsp;60–66.
*[[Adolf Furtwängler|Furtwängler, Adolf]], Ernst R. Fiechter and Hermann Thiersch. 1906. ''Aegina, das Heiligthum der Aphaia''. Munich: Verlag der K. B. Akademie der wissenschaften in Kommission des G. Franz’schen Verlags (J. Roth).
*Furtwängler, Adolf. 1906. ''Die Aegineten der Glyptothek König Ludwigs I, nach den Resultaten der neuen Bayerischen Ausgrabung''. Munich: Glyptothek: in Kommission bei A. Buchholz.
*Glancey, Jonathan. 2006. ''Architecture'', Doring Kindersley, Ltd., p.&nbsp;96.
*Invernizzi, Antonio. 1965. ''I frontoni del Tempio di Aphaia ad Egina''. Turin: Giappichelli.
*Ohly, Dieter. 1977. ''Tempel und Heiligtum der Aphaia auf Ägina''. Munich: Beck.
*Pilafidis-Williams, Korinna. 1987.  ''The Sanctuary of Aphaia on Aigina in the Bronze Age.'' Munich: Hirmer Verlag.
*Schildt, Arthur. 1895. ''Die Giebelgruppen von Aegina''. Leipzig : [H. Meyer].
*Schwandner, Ernst-Ludwig. 1985. ''Der ältere Porostempel der Aphaia auf Aegina''. Berlin: W. de Gruyter.
*Webster, T. B. L.  1931. "The Temple of ''Aphaia'' at Aegina."  ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'' '''51'''.2 pp.&nbsp;179–183.

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Aphaea}}
*[http://www.antike-am-koenigsplatz.mwn.de Pedimental Sculpture]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/schumata/tags/aphaia/ Temple of Aphaia Photographs]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140203215127/http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=2354 (Hellenic Ministry of Culture) Archaeological site of Aphaia on Aigina]
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Aegina}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070807065227/http://www.unil.ch/esag/page26236.html Ferdinand Pajor, "Cockerell and the 'Grand Tour'"]
*[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/architindex?entry=Aegina,Temple+of+Aphaia Perseus website: "Aegina, Temple of Aphaia"] Extensive photo repertory.
*[http://www.stiftung-archaeologie.de/index.html Adolf Furtwängler on the temple's polychromy, 1906]

{{Greek mythology (deities)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Greek goddesses]]
[[Category:Agricultural goddesses]]
[[Category:Fertility goddesses]]
[[Category:Aeginetan mythology]]
[[Category:Epithets of Artemis]]