View source for Aos Sí

{{Short description|Supernatural race in Irish and Scottish mythology}}
{{Redirect|Sidhe}}
{{Italic title}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2015}}
[[File:Riders of th Sidhe (big).jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|''[[The Riders of the Sidhe|Riders of the Sidhe]]'' (1911), painting by [[John Duncan (painter)|John Duncan]]]]
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}

The '''''{{lang|ga|aos sí}}''''' ({{IPA|ga|iːsˠ ˈʃiː|pron}}; English approximation: {{IPAc-en|i:|s|_|ˈ|ʃ|i:}} {{respell|eess|_|SHEE}}; older form: '''{{lang|ga|aes sídhe}}''', '''{{lang|ga|áes sídhe}}'''<ref name="mackillop-aessidhe"/> {{IPA|ga|eːsˠ ˈʃiːə|}}) is a [[supernatural]] race in [[Irish folklore]], similar to [[elf|elves]]. They are said to descend from the [[Tuatha Dé Danann]] or the gods of [[Irish mythology]].<ref name="croker">{{cite book |last=Croker |first=T. Crofton |editor=Thomas Wright |date=2001 |title=Fairy Legends and the Traditions of the South of Ireland |publisher=Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=0-8201-1535-5}}</ref>

The name ''aos sí'' means "folk of the ''sí''"; these are the [[burial mound]]s in which they are said to dwell, which are seen as portals to an [[Celtic Otherworld|Otherworld]]. Such abodes are referred to in English as 'shee', 'fairy mounds', 'elf mounds' or 'hollow hills'. The ''aos sí'' interact with humans and the human world. They are variously said to be the ancestors, the spirits of nature, or goddesses and gods.<ref name="Wentz">[[Walter Evans-Wentz|Evans Wentz, W. Y.]] (1966, 1990) [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/ffcc/ The Fairy-Faith in Celtic Countries]. Gerrards Cross, Colin Smythe Humanities Press {{ISBN|0-901072-51-6}}</ref>

In modern Irish, they are also called '''{{lang|ga|daoine sidhe}}'''<ref name="oDuilearga1928"/>{{efn|Phoneticized as "Dhinny Shee",<ref name="holland1924"/> or "Deena Shee"<ref name="joyce_pw1914"/>}} ('''{{lang|ga|daoine sídhe}}''') or '''{{lang|ga|daoine sí}}'''; in Scottish Gaelic '''{{lang|gd|daoine sìth}}'''<ref>{{cite book |last=Dwelly |first=Edward |title=Faclair Gàidhlìg air son nan sgoiltean: Le dealbhan, agus a h-uile facal anns na faclairean Gàidhlig eile |date=1902 |place=Herne Bay |publisher=E. MacDonald |page=846 |url=https://archive.org/details/faclairgidhl03dweluoft |access-date=29 August 2022}}</ref> ('folk of the fairy mounds').<ref>James MacKillop, ''A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), s.v. ''daoine sídhe''.</ref>

==Etymology==
In the [[Irish language]], ''aos sí'', earlier ''aes sídhe'', means "folk of the fairy mounds". In [[Old Irish]], it was ''áes síde''.<ref name="DIL">[[Dictionary of the Irish Language]]: ''[http://www.dil.ie/37441 síd, síth]''</ref> The word ''sí'' or ''sídh'' in Irish means a fairy mound or ancient burial mound, which were seen as portals to an [[Celtic Otherworld|Otherworld]]. It is derived from [[proto-Celtic]] ''*sīdos'' ('abode'), and is related to the English words 'seat' and 'settle'.<ref name="Williams 30">{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Mark |title=Ireland's Immortals: A History of the Gods of Irish Myth |year=2018 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9781400883325 |oclc=1100668003 |pages=30–31}}</ref>

David Fitzgerald conjectured that the word ''sídh'' was synonymous with "immortal" and is compared with words such as ''sídsat'' ("they wait/remain"), ''síthbeo'' ("lasting"), ''sídhbuan'' ("perpetual"), and ''sídhbe'' ("long life"). In most of the tales concerning the ''sí'', a great age or long life is implied.<ref name="sidhe">{{cite book |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=David |title=Popular Tales of Ireland |date=1880 |publisher=Revue Celtique |pages=174–176 |url=https://archive.org/details/revueceltiqu04pari/page/174/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref>

==In medieval literature==
In medieval Irish literature, the names ''aes síde'' and ''fír síde'' (folk of the ''síd'') are equivalent to the terms ''[[Tuath Dé]]'' and ''Tuatha Dé Danann''. The only difference is that ''Tuath Dé'' tends to be used in contexts of legendary history and mythology.<ref name="Carey">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Tuath Dé |encyclopedia=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |year=2006 |last=Carey |first=John |author-link=John Carey (Celticist) |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=John T. |editor-link=John T. Koch |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |isbn=9781851094400 |oclc=62381207 |pages=1693–1697}}</ref>

Writing in the 7th century, the Irish bishop [[Tírechán]] described the ''sídh'' folk as "earthly gods" ({{langx|la|dei terreni}}).<ref name="Carey"/> The 8th century ''Fiacc's Hymn'' says that the Irish adored the ''sídh'' folk before the coming of [[Saint Patrick]].<ref name="Carey"/>

==In Irish folklore==
Due to the oral nature of Irish folklore, the exact origins of the fairies are not well defined. There are enough stories to support two possible origins. The fairies could either be [[fallen angel]]s or the descendants of the [[Tuatha Dé Danann]]; in the latter case, this is equivalent with ''aos sí''.<ref>{{cite book| last = Yeates| first = W. B.| year = 1977| title = Fairy and Folk Tales of Ireland| publisher = Collin Smythe Gerrards Cross| location = Buckinghamshire| isbn = 0-900675-59-4}}</ref> In the former case, it is said that the fairies are angels who have fallen from heaven, but whose sins were not great enough to warrant hell.<ref name="croker" />

In many [[Gael]]ic tales, the ''aos sí'' are later literary versions of the [[Tuatha Dé Danann]] ("People of the [[Danu (Irish goddess)|Goddess Danu]]")—the deities and deified ancestors of [[Irish mythology]]. Some sources describe them as the survivors of the Tuatha Dé Danann who retreated into the [[Otherworld]] when fleeing the mortal Sons of [[Míl Espáine]] who, like many other early invaders of Ireland, came from Iberia. As part of the terms of their surrender to the [[Milesians (Irish)|Milesians]], the [[Tuatha Dé Danann]] agreed to retreat and dwell underground.

In folk belief and practice, the ''aos sí'' are often appeased with offerings and care is taken to avoid angering or insulting them. Often, they are not named directly, but rather spoken of as "The Good Neighbours", "The Fair Folk", or simply "The Folk". The most common names for them, ''aos sí'', ''aes sídhe'', ''daoine sídhe'' (singular ''duine sídhe'') and ''daoine sìth'' mean, literally, "people of the mounds" (referring to the ''sídhe''). The ''aos sí'' are generally described as stunningly beautiful, though they can also be terrible and hideous.

''Aos sí'' are seen as fierce guardians of their abodes—whether a fairy hill, a [[fairy ring]], a special tree (often a [[Crataegus monogyna|whitethorn]]) or a particular [[loch]] or wood. It is believed that infringing on these spaces will cause the ''aos sí'' to retaliate in an effort to remove the people or objects that invaded their homes. Many of these tales contribute to the [[changeling]] myth in [[Western Europe|west European]] [[folklore]], with the ''aos sí'' kidnapping trespassers or replacing their children with changelings as a punishment for transgressing. The ''aos sí'' are often connected to certain times of year and hours; as the [[Tír na nÓg|Gaelic Otherworld]] is believed to come closer to the mortal world at the times of dusk and dawn, the ''aos sí'' correspondingly become easier to encounter. Some festivals such as [[Samhain]], [[Bealtaine]] and [[Midsummer]] are also associated with the ''aos sí.''

===The ''sídhe''===
A ''sídh'' (anglicized 'shee') is burial mound ([[Tumulus#Ireland|tumuli]]) associated with the ''aos sí''. In modern Irish, the word is ''sí'' (plural ''síthe''); in Scottish Gaelic it is ''sìth'' (plural ''sìthean''); in Old Irish it is ''síd'' (plural ''síde'').<ref name="DIL" /> These ''sídhe'' are referred to in English as 'fairy mounds', 'elf mounds' or 'hollow hills'.<ref name="Williams 30"/>

In some later English-language texts, the word ''sídhe'' is incorrectly used both for the mounds and the people of the mounds. For example, [[W. B. Yeats]], writing in 1908, referred to the ''aos sí'' simply as "the ''sídhe''".<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Collected Works in Verse and Prose of William Butler Yeats|last=Yeats|first=William Butler|author-link=W. B. Yeats|year=1908|page=3|publisher=Shakespeare Head|place=Stratford-on-Avon, UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pcnAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA227 }}</ref> However, ''sidh'' in older texts refers specifically to "the palaces, courts, halls or residences" of the otherworldly beings that supposedly inhabit them.<ref>O'Curry, E., Lectures on Manuscript Materials, Dublin 1861, p. 504, quoted by Evans-Wentz 1966, p. 291</ref>

===Other names in Irish folklore===
The ''Aos sí'' are known by many names in Ireland, among them:<ref name="sidhe" />
* ''Aingil Anúabhair'': "Proud angels"
* ''Daoine Uaisle'': "The noble folk"
* ''Daoine maithe'': "Good people"
* ''Deamhan Aerig'': "Air demons"
* ''Dream Anúabhair'': "Excessively proud [people]"
* ''Sídhfir'': "fairy men"
* ''Sídheógaídhe'': "Young Moundlings"
* ''Slúagh Cille'':  "Host of the churchyard"
* ''Slúagh na Marbh'': "Host of the dead"
* ''Slúagh Sídhe'': "Mound host"
* ''Slúagh-Sídhe-Thúatha-Dé-Danann'': "Mound host of the Túatha Dé Danann"
* ''na Uaisle'': "The noble" or "The gentry"

==Types==
The [[banshee]] or ''bean sídhe'' (from {{langx|sga|ban síde}}), which means "woman of the ''sídhe''",<ref>[[Dictionary of the Irish Language]]: ''[http://www.dil.ie/37441 síd, síth]'' and ''[http://www.dil.ie/5644 ben]''</ref> has come to indicate any supernatural woman of Ireland who announces a coming death by wailing and [[keening]]. Her counterpart in [[Scottish mythology]] is the ''bean sìth'' (sometimes spelled ''bean-sìdh''). Other varieties of ''aos sí'' and ''daoine sìth'' include the Scottish ''[[bean-nighe]]'' (the washerwoman who is seen washing the bloody clothing or [[armour]] of the person who is doomed to die), the ''[[leanan sídhe]]'' (the "fairy lover"), the ''[[cat-sìth]]'' (a fairy cat), and the ''[[cù-sìth]]'' (a fairy dog).

The ''[[Sluagh|sluagh sídhe]]''—"the fairy host"—is sometimes depicted in Irish and Scottish lore as a crowd of airborne spirits, perhaps the cursed, evil or restless dead. The ''siabhra'' (anglicised as "sheevra"), may be a type of these lesser spirits, prone to evil and mischief.<ref>MacKillop, James (2004) ''[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O70-sabair.html Dictionary of Celtic Mythology]''</ref><ref>Joyce, P.W. [https://archive.org/details/asocialhistorya00joycgoog/page/n301 <!-- pg=271 --> ''A Social History of Ancient Ireland''], Vol. 1, p. 271</ref> However, an [[Ulster]] folk song also uses "sheevra" simply to mean "spirit" or "fairy".<ref>[http://my.montana.net/aliceflynn/gartan.html "The Gartan Mother's Lullaby"] published 1904 in ''The Songs of Uladh'', lyrics by Seosamh MacCathmhaoil (Joseph Campbell)</ref>

===List===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Abarta]] 
* [[Abhartach]]
* [[Joint-eater|Alp-luachra]]
* ''[[Bean-nighe]]''/[[Caoineag]]
* [[Banshee]]
* ''[[Cat-sìth]]''
* ''[[Cù-sìth]]''
* [[Changeling]]
* [[Clíodhna]]
* [[Clurichaun]]
* [[Dobhar-chú]]
* [[Dullahan]]
* [[Ellén Trechend]]
* [[Fachan]]
* [[Far darrig]]
* [[Fear gorta]]
* ''[[Am Fear Liath Mòr]]''
* [[Fetch (folklore)|Fetch]]
* [[Fuath]]
* [[Gancanagh]]
* [[Ghillie Dhu|Ghillie Dhu / Gille Dubh]]
* [[Glaistig]]/[[Glashtyn]]
* [[Leanan sídhe]]
* [[Leprechaun]]
* [[Merrow]]
* [[Oilliphéist]]
* [[Púca]]
* [[Selkie]]
* [[Sluagh]]
{{div col end}}

==''Creideamh Sí''==
[[File:Crataegus monogyna - Common hawthorn.jpg|thumb|right|[[Crataegus monogyna|Hawthorn]] tree, considered in local Irish lore (and [[Irish mythology|Celtic folklore]] in general) to be sacred to the ''aos sí'']]
''Creideamh Sí'' is [[Irish language|Irish]] for the "Fairy Faith", a term for the collection of beliefs and practices observed by those who wish to keep good relationships with the ''aos sí'' and avoid angering them.<ref name="Wentz" /> General belief in the Celtic otherworld, the existence of ''aos sí'' and the ability of the ''aos sí'' to influence the local area and its people are all beliefs characteristic of the ''Creideamh Sí''. It is characterised as an aspect of Irish popular religion and exists syncretically with folk Christianity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Ó Giolláin|first1=Diarmuid|date= 1991 |title= The fairy belief and official religion in Ireland|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=hsPXQIYAAAAJ&citation_for_view=hsPXQIYAAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C |journal=The Good People: New Fairylore Essays|pages= 199–214|access-date= 2024-04-09}}</ref>

Effort is made by those who believe to appease local ''aos sí'' through food and drink. The custom of offering milk and traditional foods—such as baked goods, apples or berries—to the ''aos sí'' has survived through the Christian era into the present day in parts of Ireland, Scotland and the diaspora.<ref name="Wentz" /> Those who maintain some degree of belief in the ''aos sí'' also are careful to leave their sacred places alone and protect them from damage through road or housing construction.<ref name="Wentz" /><ref>{{cite book| last = Lenihan| first = Eddie|author2=Carolyn Eve Green| title = ''Meeting the Other Crowd; The Fairy Stories of Hidden Ireland''| publisher = Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin| year = 2004| location = New York| isbn = 978-1585423071| no-pp = true| page = chapter comments}}</ref>

==See also==
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
*[[Edmund Lenihan]]
*[[Enchanted Moura]]
*[[Fairy riding]]
*[[Fir Bolg]]
*[[Jinn]] (Arab mythical being)
*[[Kami]]
*[[Otherworld]]
*[[Seiðr]]
*[[Strontian]]

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|28e|refs=
<ref name="holland1924">{{cite book|last=Holland |first=Norah M. |author-link=Norah M. Holland |chapter=The Quicken Boughs |title=When Half Gods Go: And Other Poems |location= |publisher=Macmillan |year=1924 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhRLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA78 |at=p. 78, note†}}</ref>

<ref name="joyce_pw1914">{{cite book|last=Joyce |first=Patrick Weston |author-link=Patrick Weston Joyce  |title=Old Celtic Romances: Translated from the Galic |edition=3 |location= |publisher=Longmans, Green |year=1914 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCpLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA456 |page=456}}</ref>

<ref name="mackillop-aessidhe">{{harvp|MacKillop|1998}} s.v. "áes sídhe, áes sí, aos sídhe ", p. 5</ref>

<ref name="oDuilearga1928">{{cite journal|last=Ó Duilearga|first=Séamus  |authorlink=Séamus Ó Duilearga|title=Ó'n Eagarthóir |trans-title=From the Editor |journal=Béaloideas |volume=1 |number=4|date=1928 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGgBaFga4HgC&pg=PA417 |page=417<!--416–418--> |jstor=20521525}}</ref>

}}

===Primary sources===
* ''[[Lebor Gabála Érenn]]'' (''The Book of Invasions'') in ''[[Book of Leinster|Lebor Laignech]]'' (''The Book of Leinster'')
* ''[[Annals of the Four Masters|Annála na gCeithre Máistrí]]'' (''The Annals of the Four Masters'')
* ''[[Book of Ballymote|Leabhar Bhaile an Mhóta]]'' (''The Book of Ballymote'')
* ''[[Lebor na hUidre]]'' (''The Book of the Dun Cow'')
* ''[[Yellow Book of Lecan|Leabhar Buidhe Lecain]]'' (''The Yellow Book of Lecan'')
* ''[[Great Book of Lecan|Leabhar (Mór) Leacain]]'' (''The Great Book of Lecan'')

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* [[Gerald Griffin|Griffin, Gerald]] (1842) ''Tales of the Jury-Room in Three Volumes. Vol.3'' London Maxwell and Co. Publishers Retrieved from University of Illinois Library via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/talisqualisortal03grif 10 April 2018]
* [[Gerald Griffin|Griffin, Gerald]] (1827) ''Tales of the Munster Festivals in Three Volumes. Vol.1'' London Saunders and Otley Retrieved from University of Illinois Library via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/talesofmunsterfe01grif 10 April 2018]
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* [[Gerald Griffin|Griffin, Gerald]] (1827) ''Tales of the Munster Festivals in Three Volumes. Vol.3'' London Saunders and Otley Retrieved from University of Illinois Library via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/talesofmunsterfe03grif 10 April 2018]
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* [[Patrick Weston Joyce|Joyce, Patrick Weston]]. (1879).''Old Celtic Romances'' London: C. Kegan Paul and Co., Retrieved from Harvard University Library via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/oldcelticromanc00joycgoog 22 November 2017] 
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* [[Patrick Kennedy (folklorist)|Kennedy, Patrick]] (1870). ''Fireside Stories of Ireland'', London: M'Glashan and Gill and Patrick Kennedy. Retrieved from University of California Library via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/firesidestorieso00kennrich 18 November 2017] 
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* [[Liam O'Flaherty|O'Flaherty, Liam]] (1927). ''The Fairy Goose and Two Other Stories'', London: Crosby Gaige. Retrieved [https://books.google.com/books?id=91oWAQAAMAAJ&q=The+Fairy+Goose+and+Two+Other+Stories 27 November 2017] .
* [[Michael Scott (Irish author)|Scott, Michael]] (1988) ''Green and Golden Tales: Irish Hero Tales'' Dublin: Sphere Books Limited {{ISBN|0-85342-868-9}}; {{ISBN|978-0-85342-868-8}}
* [[Michael Scott (Irish author)|Scott, Michael]] (1989) ''Green and Golden Tales: Irish Animal Tales'' Dublin: Sphere Books Limited {{ISBN|0-85342-867-0}}; {{ISBN|978-0-85342-867-1}}
* [[Michael Scott (Irish author)|Scott, Michael]] (1989). ''Irish Folk and Fairy Tales Omnibus''. London Sphere Books {{ISBN|0-7515-0886-1}}; {{ISBN|978-0-7515-0886-4}}
* [[Michael Scott (Irish author)|Scott, Michael]] (1995) ''Magical Irish Folk Tales'' Dublin: Sphere Books Limited {{ISBN|1-85635-110-6}}; {{ISBN|978-1-85635-110-2}}
* [[Michael Scott (Irish author)|Scott, Michael]] (1988). ''Green and Golden Tales: Irish Fairy Tales'', Dublin: Sphere Books Limited,{{ISBN|0-85342-866-2}}; {{ISBN|978-0-85342-866-4}}. 
* [[Sheridan Le Fanu|Sheridan Le Fanu, Joseph]], (5 February 1870) ''The Child That Went with the Fairies''  ''[[All the Year Round]]'' pp.&nbsp;228–233 Retrieved from Prelinger Library via Archive.org [https://archive.org/stream/allyearround03charrich#page/228/mode/2up 10 April 2018] Republished in [[Sheridan Le Fanu|Sheridan Le Fanu, Joseph]] (1923) ''Madam Crowl's Ghost and Other Tales of Mystery'' [[M. R. James|James, Montague Rhodes]] (ed.) London: George Bell & Sons, Retrieved from Project Gutenberg [https://gutenberg.ca/ebooks/lefanu-crowl/lefanu-crowl-00-h.html#twelve 10 April 2018]
* [[James Stephens (author)|Stephens, James]] (1920) ''[[Irish Fairy Tales]]''. London, MacMillan & Company, Retrieved from Project Gutenberg [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2892/2892-h/2892-h.htm 5 November 2017] 
* [[Jane Wilde|Wilde, Lady Francesca Speranza]] (1888).''Ancient Legends, Mystic Charms, and Superstitions of Ireland'' London: Ward and Downey, Retrieved from Cornell University Library via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/cu31924074445770 5 November 2017] 
* [[W. B. Yeats|Yeats, William Butler]]. (1888).''Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry'' London: Walter Scott, Retrieved from University of Toronto Library via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/fairyfolktalesof00yeatuoft 20 November 2017] 
* [[W. B. Yeats|Yeats, William Butler]]. (1888).''Irish Fairy Tales'' London: T. Fisher Unwin, Retrieved from University of California Library via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/fairytalesirish00yeatrich 20 November 2017] 
* [[Ella Young|Young, Ella]]. (1910).''Celtic Wonder Tales Book'' Dublin: Maunsel & Company LTD, Retrieved from University of California Library via Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/celticwondertale00younrich 22 November 2017]

{{Irish mythology (mythological)}}
{{Fairies}}

{{Ireland topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aos Si}}
[[Category:Aos Sí| ]]
[[Category:Fairies]]
[[Category:Irish folklore]]
[[Category:Irish legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Scottish mythology]]
[[Category:Tuatha Dé Danann|*]]
[[Category:Irish fairy tales]]
[[Category:Irish mythology]]