View source for Antonov An-12

{{Short description|Soviet medium-range transport aircraft}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox aircraft
 |name= An-12
 |image= File:Antonov An-12BK, Russia - Air Force AN1879625.jpg
 |caption= An-12 of the [[Russian Air Force]]
 |type=Civil and [[military transport aircraft]]
 |design_group= [[Antonov]]
 |builder= 
 |first_flight= {{Start date|1957|12|16|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antonov.com/aircraft/antonov-gliders-and-airplanes/an-12?lang=en|title=Antonov official website|access-date=15 August 2009|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://timetravel.mementoweb.org/memento/2011/http://www.antonov.com/aircraft/antonov-gliders-and-airplanes/an-12?lang=en|archive-date=23 January 2018}}</ref>
 |introduction= 1959
 |retired=
 |status= In service
 |primary_user= [[Russian Aerospace Forces]]
 |more_users= [[Aeroflot]] <br />[[People's Liberation Army Air Force]]
 |produced= 1957–1973
 |number_built= 1,248
 |developed_from= [[Antonov An-10]]
 |developed_into= [[Shaanxi Y-8]]
}}

The '''Antonov An-12''' ([[Russian language|Russian]]: Антонов Ан-12; [[NATO reporting name]]: '''Cub''') is a four-engined [[turboprop]] [[Cargo aircraft|transport aircraft]] designed in the [[Soviet Union]]. It is the military version of the [[Antonov An-10]] and has many variants. For more than three decades, the An-12 was the standard medium-range cargo and paratroop transport aircraft of the Soviet air forces. A total of 1,248 aircraft were built.<ref name="AirInternational"/>

==Design and development==
[[File:Antonov An-12BP.jpg|thumb|Antonov An-12BP at China Aviation Museum, Beijing]]

Developed from the [[Antonov An-8]], the An-12 was a military version of the An-10 passenger transport. The first prototype An-12 flew in December 1957 and entered Soviet military service in 1959. Initially, the aircraft was produced at the State Aviation Factory in [[Irkutsk|Irkutsk, Siberia]]. From 1962, production was transferred to [[Tashkent]], where 830 were built. Later, production moved to [[Voronezh]] and [[Kazan]].<ref name="AirInternational"/>

In military use, the An-12 has capacity for up to 100 fully equipped paratroopers or {{cvt|20000|kg|lb}} of cargo, which is loaded through the rear loading ramp/door.<ref name="AirInternational"/>

In terms of configuration, size, and capability, the aircraft is similar to the United States-built [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} Soviet military and former-Soviet An-12s have a defensive tail gun turret.

===Chinese production===
{{Main|Shaanxi Y-8}}

In the 1960s, China purchased several An-12 aircraft from the Soviet Union, along with a license to assemble the aircraft locally. Due to the [[Sino-Soviet split]], the Soviet Union withdrew its technical assistance. The [[Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation|Xi'an Aircraft Company]] and Xi'an Aircraft Design Institute reverse-engineered the An-12 for local production, and the first flight of a Chinese-assembled An-12 was delayed until 1974 after USSR ceased production in 1973.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/airlift/y8.asp |title= Y8 Turboprop Transport Aircraft |publisher= Sino Defence |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080327011657/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/airlift/y8.asp |archive-date= 27 March 2008 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

In 1981, the Chinese version of the An-12, designated [[Shaanxi Y-8|Y-8]], finally entered production. Since then, the Y-8 has become one of China's most popular military and civilian transport/cargo aircraft, with many variants produced and exported. A [[Tu-16]]/[[Xian H-6|H-6 bomber]] navigator cockpit design was chosen for the Y-8 instead of the original An-12 shorter navigator cockpit design, as the H-6 bomber had been in serial production for some time.<ref name="AirForceWorld.com_Y8_navigator_cockpit">{{cite web |url=http://airforceworld.com/pla/y8-transporter-china.htm |title=Y8 navigator cockpit modification |work=AirForceWorld.com |access-date=8 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909125537/http://airforceworld.com/pla/y8-transporter-china.htm |archive-date=9 September 2011  }}</ref> Although the An-12 is no longer in use either in Russia or in Ukraine, the Y-8 is upgraded and produced in China. The latest Y8-F600 is a joint venture between the [[Shaanxi Aircraft Company]], [[Antonov Aeronautical Scientific Technical Complex]] (ASTC), and [[Pratt & Whitney Canada]]. The Y8-F600 has a redesigned fuselage, western avionics, [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100|PW150B]] turboprop engines with an R-408 propeller system, and a two-crew [[glass cockpit]].<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.shanfei.com/2005_english/Product/Y8F600.htm
 |title=Y8F600 aircraft
 |publisher=Shaanxi Aircraft Industry
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060521122248/http://www.shanfei.com/2005_english/Product/Y8F600.htm
 |archive-date=21 May 2006
}}</ref>

==Operational history==
[[File:Antonov An-12B P7-AirdropPlatform Krakau-Luftfahrtmuseum 20210907-2wp.jpg|thumb|P-7 airdrop platform for use with An-12 aircraft. Equipped with MKS-5-12P parachute system. Loaded weight 4000-4900 kg. First used at the October Storm exercises near Erfurt, GDR. Last dropped in Poland 1986.]]

===Soviet Air Forces===
The aircraft first took flight in 1957 and was produced in the USSR until 1973. It was used in a variety of roles from search and rescue operations to equipment transportation. Its most significant use was seen during the [[Soviet-Afghan War]]. Among Soviet soldiers, it was infamously known that the plane would take off from Afghanistan to [[Tashkent]] with "[[Cargo 200 (code name)|Cargo 200]]" or coffins with the bodies of deceased soldiers. To this regard, the aircraft was nicknamed "'''Black Tulip'''" ([[Russian language|Russian]]: «Чёрный тюльпан»); the origin of the nickname is unclear. There are quite a few monuments in Russia named {{ill|Black Tulip (monument)|lt=Black Tulip|ru|Памятник «Чёрный тюльпан»}} to commemorate the killed during the Afghan War.<ref name="«Чёрный тюльпан»: почему советские солдаты в Афганистане так назвали самолёт АН-12">{{cite web |url=https://russian7.ru/post/chyornyy-tyulpan-pochemu-sovetskie-so/ |title="Чёрный тюльпан": почему советские солдаты в Афганистане так назвали самолёт АН-12 |work= Русская Семёрка |access-date=7 April 2020 |url-status= live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408002824/https://zen.yandex.ru/media/russian7/chernyi-tiulpan-pochemu-sovetskie-soldaty-v-afganistane-tak-nazvali-samolet-an12-5d72bcd2aad43600adac70c1 |archive-date=8 April 2020  }}</ref>

===Russia===
During the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] Russia lost one An-12 on 1 June 2025 due to Ukraine's [[Operation Spider's Web]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2025/06/03/ukraine-attack-russian-bombers-damage/ |title=Ukraine's 'Operation Spiderweb' hit at least 13 planes, visuals show |first1=Sarah |last1=Cahlan |first2=Jonathan |last2=Baran |newspaper=Washington Post |date=2025-06-04 |access-date=2025-06-04}}</ref>

==Variants==
{{Main|List of Antonov An-12 variants}}
In addition to its basic cargo transport role, the An-12 was adapted as a platform for a wide variety of specialist tasks and some 30 different variants were produced. Upgrades included increased take-off weights and additional fuel capacity. The upgraded variant An-12BP became the standard [[Airlift|tactical transport]] of the Soviet and other air forces.<ref name="AirInternational"/> In 2019, it was announced at the military "Army-2019" Forum that Russia started working on an armed ground-attack and close air support variant of the An-12, similar to the American [[AC-130]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/6592791|title=Источник: аналог американской летающей батареи AC-130 разрабатывается в России |website=[[TASS]] |date=26 June 2019 |trans-title=Source: Analogue of the American flying battery AC-130 is being developed in Russia}}</ref> In 2021, it was announced that the [[gunship]] will not be based on the An-12 after all, as it did not meet the requirements for a "flying gunner."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lavrov |first1=Anton |last2=Kretzul |first2=Roman|url=https://iz.ru/1110121/anton-lavrov-roman-kretcul/arsenal-okhotnika-transportnyi-samolet-poluchit-upravliaemye-rakety|title = Арсенал "Охотника": транспортный самолет получит управляемые ракеты |website=[[Izvestia]] |date = 12 January 2021 |trans-title=Arsenal "Hunter": transport aircraft will receive guided missiles}}</ref>

==Operators==
Currently, the An-12 is popular with cargo operators, especially those in the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]], Africa and the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="Gordon An-12">Gordon, Yefim & Komissarov, Dmitry. Antonov An-12. Midland. Hinkley. 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-85780-255-9}} {{page needed|date=December 2015}}</ref>

===Civil operators===
[[File:001 An-12, Malmo Airport, Sweden.jpg|thumb|47-year-old An-12 still operational, seen at [[Malmö Airport]], Sweden]]
[[File:Vega Air Antonov An-12 JDK.jpg|thumb|An An-12A of Vega Air makes a smoky takeoff from [[Kastrup Airport]] in 2004]]

On 8 January 2009, following numerous incidents involving the An-12 in the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE), the [[General Civil Aviation Authority]] (GCAA) issued a temporary ban of the An-12 from UAE airspace.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ameinfo.com/181034.html
|title=GCAA issues temporary ban of Antonov An-12 from UAE airspace
|access-date=13 January 2009
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090201142826/http://www.ameinfo.com/181034.html| archive-date= 1 February 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> On 1 March 2010, the ban was made permanent after the An-12 failed a GCAA airworthiness evaluation.<ref>
{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/UAE-bans-ANTONOV-An-12-aircraft-from-its-airspace-/articleshow/5590592.cms|title=UAE bans ANTONOV An-12 aircraft from its airspace|access-date=19 February 2010|work=The Times of India|date=19 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221131050/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/UAE-bans-ANTONOV-An-12-aircraft-from-its-airspace-/articleshow/5590592.cms|archive-date=21 February 2010|url-status=live}}
</ref>
====Current====
;{{ARM}}
* [[Air Armenia]]
;{{BLR}}
* [[Ruby Star (airline)|Ruby Star Airways]]
;{{MEX}}
* Air One (Mexico)
;{{RUS}}
* [[ATRAN Cargo Airlines]]
* [[SAT Airlines]]
;{{THA}}
* [[Air People International]]
;{{UKR}}
* [[Aerovis Airlines]]
* [[Antonov Airlines]]
* [[Cavok Air]]
* Meridian
* [[Motor Sich Airlines]]
* [[Ukraine Air Alliance]]
* [[Volare Airlines (Ukraine)|Volare Airlines]]
;{{USA}}
* SRX<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srx.aero/services/charters/fleet/an12|title=SRX :: Fleet|access-date=26 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031014534/http://www.srx.aero/services/charters/fleet/an12|archive-date=31 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Former====
;{{ANG}}
* [[Alada]]
;{{BUL}}
* [[Balkan Bulgarian Airlines]]<ref>Endres 1979, p. 189.</ref>
* [[Air Sofia]]
;{{PRC}}
* [[CAAC Airlines]];<ref>Endres 1979, p. 15.</ref> see also [[Shaanxi Y-8]]
;{{EGY}}
* [[Egyptair]]
;{{IDN}}
* [[Asia Cargo Airlines]]
*Air Mark
;{{FRA}}
* Darta
;{{GUI}}:
* [[Air Guinee]]
;{{GHA}}:
* [[Ghana Airways]] – The sole An-12 was delivered in October 1961. Withdrawn from use in 1962 and returned to the Soviet Union in 1963.<ref>''Vintage Russian. Props and Jets of the Iron Curtain Airlines'', Airlife Publishing, Shrewsbury 1998, {{ISBN|1-85310-971-1}}.</ref>
;{{IRQ}}
* [[Iraqi Airways]]<ref>Endres 1979, p. 401–402.</ref>
'''{{NGA}}'''

* [[Fresh Air (airline)|Fresh Air]]
;{{PHI}}
* [[Interisland Airlines]]
;{{POL}}
* [[LOT Polish Airlines]]<ref>Endres 1979, p. 351.</ref>
;{{RUS}}
* [[Avial NV|Avial Aviation]]
;{{SRB}}
* [[United International Airlines]]
;{{flag|Sudan}}
* [[Azza Transport]]<ref name="african migs p244">{{harvnb|Cooper|Weinert|Hinz|Lepko|2011|page=244}}</ref>
* [[Badr Airlines]]<ref name="african migs p244" />
* [[Juba Air Cargo]]<ref name="african migs p244" />

===Military operators===
====Current====
;{{ANG}}
* [[People's Air and Air Defence Force of Angola]]<ref name="fiwaf15 p32">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 8–14 December 2015, p. 32.</ref>
;{{TCD}}
* [[Chadian Air Force]]<ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{cite web |last = |first = |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/reports/world-air-forces-directory-2022/146695.article|title = World Air Forces 2022|publisher= Flightglobal |year= 2022 |doi = |accessdate= 14 July 2022|url-access=registration}}</ref>
;{{ETH}}
* [[Ethiopian Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf15 p37">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 8–14 December 2015, p. 37.</ref>
;{{KAZ}}<ref name="fiwaf15 p41">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 8–14 December 2015, p. 41.</ref>
* [[Kazakh Air Defense Forces]]
;{{MYA}}
* [[Myanmar Air Force]]
;{{NGA}}
* [[Nigerian Air Force]] – 12 An-12s in service
;{{RUS}}
* [[Russian Aerospace Forces]]<ref name="fiwaf15 p46">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 8–14 December 2015, p. 46.</ref>
* [[Russian Naval Aviation]]<ref name="fiwaf15 p46"/>
;{{SUD}}
* [[Sudanese Air Force]]<ref name="fiwaf15 p48">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 8–14 December 2015, p. 48.</ref>
;{{UZB}}
* [[Uzbekistan Air and Air Defence Forces]]<ref name="fiwaf15 p53">Hoyle ''Flight International'' 8–14 December 2015, p. 53.</ref>

====Former====
;{{DZA}}
* [[Algerian Air Force]]
;{{ARM}}
* [[Armenian Air Force]]
;{{Flagcountry|Islamic State of Afghanistan}}
* The [[Afghan Air Force]] operated 12 from 1981 through 2001. One of their An-12s which defected to Pakistan is preserved at PAF Museum, Karachi
;{{BGD}}
* [[Bangladesh Air Force]] operated from 1973 to 1980s, now all retired
;{{CIV}}
* [[Cote d'Ivoire Air Force]]
;{{CZE}}
* [[Czech Air Force]]
;{{CZS}}
* [[Czechoslovak Air Force]]: Czechoslovakia's fleet numbering two was divided evenly between the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic upon split with Slovakia. All CzAF An-12s were phased out of active service in the 1990s.
;{{EGY}}
* [[Egyptian Air Force]] - 22 acquired<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|2017|page=11}}</ref>
;{{GEO}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geo-army.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=9&lang=en |title=Armament of the Georgian Army |publisher=Georgian Army |access-date=25 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309192408/http://geo-army.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=9&lang=en |archive-date=9 March 2012 }}</ref>
;{{IND}}
* The [[Indian Air Force]] inducted the first of these aircraft in 1961, when it raised [[No. 44 Squadron IAF|No.44 Squadron]] "The Himalayan Geese". Six of these aircraft soon took part in airlifting army reinforcements to Ladakh during the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962. The An-12 was subsequently used to raise [[No. 25 Squadron IAF|No.25 Squadron]]. The An-12s were also used as heavy bombers during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. All IAF An-12s were phased out of active service in the 1990s. One of them is preserved at the [[Indian Air Force Museum, Palam]], New Delhi.
;{{IDN}}
* [[Indonesian Air Force]] – Retired in 1970
;{{IRQ}}
* [[Iraqi Air Force]] – Retired in 2003
;{{JOR}}
* [[Royal Jordanian Air Force]]
;{{MNG}}
* [[Mongolian Air Force]] - Retired 12 An-12<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldairforces.com/countries/mongolia/mon.html |title=World Air Forces Mongolia Air Force |access-date=8 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025517/http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/mongolia/mon.html |archive-date=5 September 2012 }}</ref>
;{{POL}}
* [[Polish Air Force]] used two An-12B from 1966 until 1977 (crashed) and 1995<ref>Gołąbek, Adam: ''13. Pułk Lotnictwa Transportowego'' in: ''Lotnictwo z szachownicą'' nr. 9 and nr. 10</ref>
;{{SVK}}
* [[Slovak Air Force]] received one An-12BP registered 2209 in 1993. It was sold to Moldavia in 1999 and now serves with Angolan Air Force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forum.valka.cz/viewtopic.php/title/An-12BP-2209/t/52726|title=An-12BP 2209 :: An-12BP|author=Radek Havelka|work=valka|date=12 January 2010 |access-date=26 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226183049/http://forum.valka.cz/viewtopic.php/title/An-12BP-2209/t/52726|archive-date=26 December 2014|url-status=live}}{{verify source|this is a forum!|date=December 2015}}</ref>
;{{Flag|South Yemen}}
* [[Yemeni Air Force]]
;{{USSR}}
* The Soviet fleet was dispersed among many of the Soviet Union's successor states.
* [[Soviet Air Force]]
* [[Soviet Naval Aviation]]
;{{SYR}}
* [[Syrian Air Force]]
;{{TZA}}
* [[Tanzania Air Force Command]]
;{{TKM}}
[[Turkmenistan Air Forces]]
;{{UKR}}
* [[Ukrainian Air Force]]
* [[Ukrainian Naval Aviation]]
;{{YUG}}
* [[SFR Yugoslav Air Force]]

==Accidents and incidents==
{{Main|Accidents and incidents involving the An-12 family}}

==Specifications (An-12)==
[[File:Antonov An-12 Cub two-view silhouette.png|thumb|Antonov An-12]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Global Aircraft,<ref name=global>{{cite web | title=An-12 Cub | work=Global Aircraft | url=http://www.globalaircraft.org/planes/an-12_cub.pl | access-date=9 March 2006 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060219100727/http://www.globalaircraft.org/planes/an-12_cub.pl| archive-date= 19 February 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref> Airliners.net<ref name=airliners.net>{{cite web | title=The Antonov An-12 & Shaanxi Y8 | work=Airliners.net | url=http://www.airliners.net/info/stats.main?id=35 | access-date=9 March 2006 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060219080507/http://www.airliners.net/info/stats.main?id=35| archive-date= 19 February 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref>
|prime units?=met
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|crew=5 (two pilots, flight engineer, navigator, radio operator)
|capacity={{cvt|20000|kg|lb}} payload / 60 paratroopers / 2x [[BMD-1]] armoured vehicles
|length m=33.1
|length note=
|span m=38
|span note=
|height m=10.53
|height note=
|wing area sqm=121.7
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=<!--'''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>-->
|empty weight kg=28000
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=61000
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=4
|eng1 name=[[Ivchenko AI-20L]] or AI-20M
|eng1 type=[[turboprop]] engines
|eng1 shp=4000
|eng1 note=equivalent

|prop blade number=4
|prop name=constant-speed reversible-pitch propellers
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia note=
<!--
        Performance
-->
|max speed kmh=660
|max speed note=
|max speed mach=<!-- supersonic aircraft -->
|cruise speed kmh=570
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|minimum control speed note=
|range km=5700
|range note=with maximum fuel
:::: {{cvt|3600|km|mi nmi}} with maximum payload
|combat range km=
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=10200
|ceiling note=
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=10.2
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=
|more performance=<!--<br />
*'''Take-off run:''' {{cvt||m|0}}
*'''Take-off run to {{cvt|15|m|0}}:''' {{cvt||m|0}}
*'''Landing run:''' {{cvt||m|0}}
*'''Landing run from {{cvt|15|m|0}}:''' {{cvt||m|0}}-->
<!--
        Armament
-->
|guns=2× 23 mm (0.906 in) [[Nudelman-Rikhter NR-23]] [[autocannon|cannons]] in a tail turret (some aircraft)

|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent
|related=
* [[Antonov An-22]]
* [[Shaanxi Y-8]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules]]
* [[Transall C.160]]
|lists=
* [[List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS]]
|see also=
* [[Military transport aircraft]]
}}

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="AirInternational">{{cite magazine|last=Allport|first=Dave|title=Military Transport Aircraft Directory (Part 2)|journal=[[Air International]]|date=April 1996|volume= 50|issue= 4|pages= 237}}</ref>
}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |title=Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994 |date=2017 |publisher=Helion & Company Publishing |location=Solihull, UK |isbn=978-1-912174-23-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Tom |last2=Weinert |first2=Peter |last3=Hinz |first3=Fabian |last4=Lepko |first4=Mark |title=African MiGs, Volume 2: Madagascar to Zimbabwe |date=2011 |publisher=Harpia Publishing |location=Houston |isbn=978-0-9825539-8-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Endres| first=Günter G.|title=World Airline Fleets 1979|location= Hounslow, UK|publisher= Airline Publications and Sales Ltd.|year= 1979|isbn=978-0-905117-53-9}}.
* {{cite magazine|last=Hoyle|first=Craig|title=World Air Forces Directory|journal=[[Flight International]]|date=8–14 December 2015|volume= 188|issue= 5517|pages= 26–53|issn=0015-3710}}
*{{cite journal|title=Pentagon Over the Islands: The Thirty-Year History of Indonesian Military Aviation|journal=Air Enthusiast Quarterly |date=n.d. |issue=2 |pages=154–162 |issn=0143-5450}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Antonov An-12}}

{{Antonov aircraft}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Antonov An-012}}
[[Category:Antonov aircraft|An-012]]
[[Category:1950s Soviet cargo aircraft]]
[[Category:1950s Soviet military transport aircraft]]
[[Category:Four-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Four-engined turboprop aircraft]]
[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1957]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]