View source for Antonov An-10

{{Short description|Soviet medium-range airliner with 4 turboprop engines, 1957}}
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{{Infobox aircraft
 |name=An-10 Ukraina
 |image= СССР-11205 Ан-10.jpg
 |caption=
 |type=[[Airliner]]
 |manufacturer=[[Antonov]]
 |designer=N. S. Trunchenkov &  V. N. Ghel'prin<ref name="Gordon An-12">{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Yefim |last2=Komissarov |first2=Dmitry |title=Antonov An-12 : the Soviet Hercules |date=2007 |publisher=Midland |location=Hinkley |isbn=978-1-85780-255-9}}</ref>
 |first_flight=7 March 1957<ref name="Gordon An-12"/>
 |introduction=1959<!--dead link<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aviation.ru/An/ |title=Antonov |work=Aviation.ru |date=2004-05-24 |access-date=2006-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624152555/http://www.aviation.ru/An/ |archive-date=24 June 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>-->
 |retired=1974
 |status=Retired
 |primary_user=[[Aeroflot]]
 |more_users=
 |produced=
 |number_built=104<ref name="Gordon An-12"/>
 |unit cost=
 |variants= 
 |developed_into = [[Antonov An-12]]
}}

The '''Antonov An-10 Ukraina''' ({{langx|uk|Антонов Ан-10 Україна||Ukraine}}; [[NATO reporting name]]: '''Cat''') is a four-engined [[turboprop]] passenger transport aircraft designed in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="Gordon An-12"/>

==Design and development==
[[File:СССР-11185 Ан-10.jpg|thumb|left|Antonov An-10A]]
[[File:1958 CPA 2194.jpg|thumb|An-10 on a 1958 Soviet postage stamp]]
Development of a four-engined airliner intended for use on routes from {{convert|500|to|2000|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} began at the end of 1955. Inspired by the '''Izdeliye N''' (''Izdeliye'' – article or product) passenger version of the [[Antonov An-8]], the Antonov design bureau developed the '''Izdeliye U''' ("U" for "Universal"), a four-engined aircraft with a similar layout to the An-8, but with increased dimensions and a circular-section pressurised fuselage.<ref name="Gordon An-12"/> Early in the design process the choice of engines was between the [[Kuznetsov NK-4]] and the [[Ivchenko AI-20]], and despite superior performance the Kuznetsov NK-4 was eliminated and the Ivchenko AI-20 selected, partly due to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, which wanted as many as possible produced in Ukraine, where the Ivchenko factory was.<ref name="Gordon An-12"/>

The first prototype flew on 7 March 1957, revealing poor directional stability which led to a taller vertical fin, and later to hexagonal auxiliary fins at the tips of the tailplane. Entering production at Zavod (factory) No.64, [[Voronezh]] in 1957, the initial three aircraft were delivered with Kuznetsov NK-4 engines, due to non-availability of the Ivchenko AI-20 engines. From 1958, production aircraft were delivered with the Ivchenko AI-20A engines which boasted a longer service life and  performance comparable to the Kuznetsov engines.<ref name="Gordon An-12"/> The new aircraft was displayed to the public for the first time in July 1957; the design was approved for mass production after testing was completed in June 1959.<ref name="Gordon An-12"/> [[Aeroflot]] began operations with the An-10 from 22 July 1959 on the Moscow – [[Simferopol International Airport|Simferopol]] route.

Configured with 85 seats, the cabin was spacious and well-appointed with comfortable seats widely spaced, giving plenty of legroom, but due to the low cabin floor and wide diameter, there was much unusable space which limited baggage and cargo volume. The inefficient use of cabin volume contributed greatly to the low payload/TOW ratio which was much lower than that of the contemporary [[Ilyushin Il-18]], but which was still higher than the [[Tupolev Tu-104]]. A later production version, the '''An-10A''', addressed some of the efficiency concerns by increasing the number of seats from 85 to 89 and 100 (in the two versions of the An-10A), then to 117–118 and finally 132 through reducing seat pitch and changing the cabin layout.<ref name="Gordon An-12"/> Powered by Ivchenko AI-20K engines the An-10A demonstrated superior performance and an increased maximum payload of 14.5 Tonnes (31,970&nbsp;lb). The auxiliary endplate fins eventually gave way to improved splayed ventral fins under the rear fuselage. The directional stability was better and the new ventral fins also improved longitudinal stability at high g and on landing approach, as well as delaying the onset of Mach buffet to M0.702. Due to being placed in an area of flow separation, the new ventral fins caused unpleasant vibrations. Following results of flight tests and at least two fatal crashes, an effective tailplane deicing system was retrofitted to all remaining aircraft.<ref name="Gordon An-12"/>

==Operational history==
[[File:An-10 CCCP-11213 (14237037554).jpg|thumb|Antonov An-10 at [[Central Air Force Museum]]]]
A total of 104 aircraft were built, including the prototype and static test airframes, entering service with the [[Ukrainian Civil Aviation Directorate]] of [[Aeroflot]] from 27 April 1959,<ref name="Gordon An-12"/> proving popular due to large cargo volume (when fitted with reduced seating) and excellent field performance, making the aircraft suitable for use on small undeveloped airfields. The Antonov Bureau simultaneously developed and produced the [[Antonov An-8]] medium military transport, the An-10 civil airliner and military paratroop transport, as well as the [[Antonov An-12]] military cargo transport.<ref name="Gordon An-12"/>

On 16 November 1959 CCCP-11167 crashed on final approach near [[Lviv Danylo Halytskyi International Airport|Lviv]] due to icing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monday 16 November 1959 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19591116-0 |website=aviation-safety.net |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref>

On 22 April 1962 an An-10A piloted by A. Mitronin achieved a world record 500&nbsp;km closed loop speed record averaging {{convert|730.6|km/h|mph}}.<ref name="Gordon An-12"/>

On 26 February 1960, at Lviv Danylo Halytskyi International Airport, CCCP-11180 crashed due to reduced longitudinal stability and control authority caused by icing of the tailplane.<ref name="Gordon An-12"/>

Military use of the An-10 was fairly extensive with 45 '''An-10TS''' built for the VTA, 16 flown exclusively by military units and the remaining 38 loaned to the Ministry of Civil Aviation, as well as the flyable aircraft remaining after withdrawal from Aeroflot service.<ref name="Gordon An-12"/>

On 18 May 1972, while descending to [[Kharkiv International Airport]] an An-10 [[Aeroflot Flight 1491|crashed]], killing eight crew and 113 passengers. An investigation revealed [[metal fatigue|fatigue cracking]] of the wing centre section stringers on many of the remaining aircraft. Following this accident, Aeroflot ceased operating the An-10.<ref name="Gero">{{cite book |title=Aviation Disasters Second Edition |last1=Gero |first1=David |publisher=Patrick Stephens Limited |year= 1996 |page=105 }}</ref>

After withdrawal from Aeroflot service on 27 August 1972, 25 An-10A aircraft which were in good condition were transferred to the VVS ([[Soviet Air Force]]) and other MAP (Ministry of Aircraft Production) units,<ref name="Gordon An-12"/> until retired by 1974. The type's very last flight was completed by 1983.  

A few examples have been preserved as exhibits in museums, and several have been converted into children's theatres (at Kyiv, Samara and Novocherkassk).{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

==Operators==
; {{USSR}}
* [[Aeroflot]]
* [[Soviet Air Force]]

==Variants==
* '''Izdeliye U''' – The in-house designation of the four-engined passenger aircraft derived from the '''Izdeliye N''' An-8 project.<ref name="Gordon An-12"/>
* '''An-10''' – The designation of the prototype and initial production versions fitted with Kuznetsov NK-4 or Ivchenko AI-20A engines.<ref name="Gordon An-12"/>
* '''An-10A''' – Production aircraft from December 1959 with increased seating, decreased empty weight/increased payload and Ivchenko AI-20K engines.<ref name="Gordon An-12"/>
* '''An-10AS''' – Several aircraft modified for small package cargo transport with no seats.<ref name="Gordon An-12"/>
* '''An-10B''' (first use of designation) – Version with improved avionics and seating for 118 passengers.
* '''An-10B''' (second use of designation) – An An-10A configured to carry 132 passengers. This was achieved by increasing the number of seats in a row to seven and adding two more rows in the middle cabin. Seats in the front and middle sections reclined for passenger comfort. The tail was also modified. Extra fuel tanks were also fitted to increase range. One aircraft built in 1962.
* '''An-10D''' – Projected version with range increased to {{convert|3650|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} with fuel tanks in the wing torsion box and seating for 124 passengers. The engines were moved {{convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} outward and fiberglass propeller blades fitted to reduce noise and increase efficiency. Production of a prototype was planned for 1960.
* '''An-10KP''' – (''Komandny Punkt'' – command post) A single aircraft (CCCP-11854) modified as an airborne command post for use at [[Sperenberg Airfield]], near Berlin in the [[East Germany|DDR]].<ref name="Gordon An-12"/>
* '''An-10TS''' – (''Transport/Sanitarny'' – transport/ambulance) 45 aircraft ordered for the VTA (''Voyenno-Transportnaya Aviatsiya'' – transport air arm), with 38 loaned to the Ministry of Civil Aviation.<ref name="Gordon An-12"/>
* '''An-10V''' (later An-16) – An-10A lengthened by {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} and wider fuselage to carry 174 passengers at a range of {{convert|1600|km|mi|abbr=on}} or 128 passengers at a range of {{convert|3000|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Development began in 1963, but the aircraft was never built.
* '''An-16''' – An-10 lengthened by {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} to carry 130 passengers. Development began in 1957, but following an order for another variant, the aircraft was never built.

==Accidents and incidents==
Over its life, the An-10 experienced 15 accidents,<ref name="ASN">{{cite web |last1=Ratner |first1=Harro |title=Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety Database > Aircraft type index > Antonov An-10 > Antonov An-10 Statistics |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/types/Antonov-10/statistics |website=aviation-safety.net |access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref> with 373 fatalities. The An-10 carried more than 35 million passengers and 1.2 million tons of cargo.

*On 29 April 1958, an An-10 (CCCP-Л7256) of MAP Voronezh AZ crashed at Pridacha Airport during a test flight following double engine failure, killing one of five crew. Shortly after takeoff, engine number one overheated and failed due to prolonged operation in takeoff mode; the engine control system reduced power to engine number four to avoid asymmetric thrust. Engine number three later overheated and failed and power was reduced to engine number two. With only two engines, the aircraft could not maintain altitude and the crew decided to make a gear-down forced landing in a field, but the aircraft crashed during the attempt.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= CCCP-L7256|id= 19580429-0|accessdate=24 August 2021}}</ref>
*On 16 November 1959, [[Aeroflot Flight 315 (1959)|Aeroflot Flight 315]], an An-10 (CCCP-11167), entered a nosedive and crashed near Snilow Airport due to tail icing, killing all 40 on board. It was found that the An-10 was vulnerable in icing conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident Antonov An-10 CCCP-11167 Lviv-Snilow Airport (LWO) |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19591116-0 |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref>
*On 26 February 1960, [[Aeroflot Flight 315 (1960)|Aeroflot Flight 315]], an An-10A (CCCP-11180), entered a nosedive while on approach to Snilow Airport due to tail icing. Although the crew were able to regain control, the aircraft went into another nosedive and crashed, killing 32 of 33 on board. In the wake of this accident and the crash of An-10 CCCP-11167 in 1959, ice protection systems for the stabilizer were improved and pilots could not select more than 15 degrees of flaps in known icing conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident Antonov An-10A CCCP-11180 Lviv-Snilow Airport (LWO) |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19600226-1 |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref>
*On 27 January 1962, an Aeroflot An-10 (CCCP-11148) crashed near Baratayevka Airport during a test flight after the number four propeller reversed, killing 13 of 14 on board.<ref>{{ASN accident|title=CCCP-11148 |id= 19620127-0|accessdate=24 August 2021}}</ref>
*On 28 July 1962, [[Aeroflot Flight 415]], an An-10A (CCCP-11186), struck a mountain 13&nbsp;mi southeast of Adler/Sochi Airport while on approach due to ATC errors, killing all 81 on board.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident Antonov An-10A CCCP-11186 Adler/Sochi Airport (AER) |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19620728-0 |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref>
*On 8 February 1963, an Aeroflot An-10A (CCCP-11193) stalled and crashed near [[Syktyvkar]] during a training flight following triple engine failure due to ice ingestion, killing the seven crew.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= CCCP-11193|id= 19630208-1|accessdate=24 August 2021}}</ref>
*On 8 August 1968, an Aeroflot An-10A (CCCP-11172) crashed on landing at Mirny Airport after the left main landing gear fell off while the landing gear was lowered; there were no casualties.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= CCCP-11172|id= 19680808-0|accessdate=24 August 2021}}</ref>
*On 12 October 1969, an Aeroflot An-10 (CCCP-11169) ran into a trench after landing on a snow-covered runway at Mirny Airport; no casualties.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= CCCP-11169|id= 19691012-0|accessdate=24 August 2021}}</ref>
*On 15 May 1970, an Aeroflot An-10 (CCCP-11149) lost control and crashed at Kishinev (now [[Chișinău]]) while performing a two-engined go-around during a training flight, killing the 11 crew.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= CCCP-11149|id= 19700515-1|accessdate=24 August 2021}}</ref>
*On 8 August 1970, Aeroflot Flight 888, an An-10A (CCCP-11188), force-landed in a field 24&nbsp;mi north of Kishinev Airport following an in-flight fire caused by an uncontained engine failure, killing one of 114 on board.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= CCCP-11188|id= 19700808-1|accessdate=24 August 2021}}</ref>
*On 31 March 1971, [[Aeroflot Flight 1969]], an An-10 (CCCP-11145), crashed on approach to Voroshilovgrad (now [[Luhansk]]) following an unexplained wing separation, killing all 65 on board.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident Antonov An-10 CCCP-11145 Voroshilovgrad Airport (VSG) |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19710331-3 |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref>
*On 12 October 1971, an Aeroflot An-10 (CCCP-11137), suffered landing gear collapse on landing at Kishinev; no casualties.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= CCCP-11137|id= 19711012-1|accessdate=24 August 2021}}</ref>
*In February 1972, an Aeroflot An-10 (CCCP-11142) burned out in a fire at ARZ-412 at Rostov Airport.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= CCCP-11142|id= 19720299-1|accessdate=24 August 2021}}</ref>
*On 30 April 1972, an Aeroflot An-10 (CCCP-11159) suffered severe damage after a heavy landing at Vnukovo Airport; no casualties.<ref>{{ASN accident|title= CCCP-11159|id= 19720430-0|accessdate=24 August 2021}}</ref>
*On 18 May 1972, [[Aeroflot Flight 1491]], an An-10A (CCCP-11215), crashed on approach to Kharkov Airport after both wings separated due to fatigue failure in the center wing panel, killing all 122 on board. Aeroflot retired the An-10 following this accident.

==Specifications (An-10A)==
[[File:Antonov An-10 Cat two-view silhouette.png|thumb]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Soviet Transport Aircraft since 1945,<ref name="Stroud">{{cite book |last1=Stroud |first1=John |title=Soviet transport aircraft since 1945 |date=1968 |publisher=Putnam |location=London |isbn=0-370-00126-5 |page=63}}</ref> Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1970–71<ref name="JAWA70-71">{{cite book |title=Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1970–71 |year=1970 |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & Company |location=London |isbn=978-0-354-00067-3 |editor1-last=Taylor |editor1-first=John W.R. |page=480}}</ref>
|prime units?=met
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|crew=4 flight crew +cabin crew
|capacity=100 or 130 pax / {{cvt|14500|kg}}
|length m=34
|span m=38
|upper span m=
|mid span m=
|lower span m=
|width m=
|height m=9.83
|volume m3=222
|volume note=cabin volume
*'''Underfloor hold volume:''' {{cvt|32|m3}}

|wing area sqm=120
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=
|gross weight kg=
|max takeoff weight kg=55100
|fuel capacity={{cvt|13000|L|USgal impgal}} ({{cvt|10250|kg}})
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=4
|eng1 name=[[Ivchenko AI-20K]]
|eng1 type=[[turboprop]] engines
|eng1 hp=4000
|eng1 note= (equivalent)

|prop blade number=4
|prop name=AV-68 reversible-pitch constant-speed propellers
|prop dia m=4.5
|prop dia ft=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia note=
<!--
        Performance
-->
|max speed kmh=715
|max speed mach=<!-- supersonic aircraft -->
|cruise speed kmh=680
|cruise speed note=maximum at {{cvt|10000|m}}
*'''Economical cruise speed:''' {{cvt|630|km/h|mph kn}} at {{cvt|10000|m}}
*'''Take-off speed:''' {{cvt|190|-|210|km/h|mph kn}}
|stall speed kmh=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|range km=1200
|range note=with max payload + 60 minutes reserve fuel<br />
::::{{cvt|4075|km}} with max fuel {{cvt|8440|kg}} payload and no reserves
|combat range km=
|ferry range km=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=10200
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=
|time to altitude=
|wing loading kg/m2=430
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass={{cvt|7.2|lb/hp|kg/kW|order=flip}}
|thrust/weight=
|more performance=
*'''Landing run:''' {{cvt|500|-|650|m}} with reverse pitch
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent
|related=
* [[Antonov An-12]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[Bristol Britannia]]
* [[Ilyushin Il-18]]
* [[Lockheed L-100 Hercules]]
* [[Vickers Vanguard]]
|lists=
* [[List of airliners]]
|see also=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last=Gunston |first=Bill |title=The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995 |year=1995 |publisher=Osprey |location=London |isbn=1-85532-405-9 |pages=23–24}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Antonov An-10}}
*{{cite web |title=AirDisaster.Com Accident Database » AirDisaster.Com » Accident Database » Aircraft Crash Details » Antonov AN-10 |url=http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi_bin/aircraft_detail.cgi?aircraft=Antonov+AN-10 |website=airdisaster.com |access-date=30 March 2019 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040903112740/http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi_bin/aircraft_detail.cgi?aircraft=Antonov+AN-10 |archive-date=3 September 2004}}

{{Antonov aircraft}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Antonov An-010}}
[[Category:Antonov aircraft|An-010]]
[[Category:1950s Soviet airliners]]
[[Category:Four-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Four-engined turboprop aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1957]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]