View source for Antonio Damasio

{{short description|Portuguese neuroscientist (born 1944)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=January 2011}}
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{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Antonio Damasio
| image             = António Damásio no Fronteiras do Pensamento Porto Alegre 2013 cropped.png
| image_size        = 
| alt               = 
| caption           = Damasio at the ''Fronteiras do Pensamento'' conference in 2013
| birth_date        = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1944|02|25}}
| birth_place       = [[Lisbon]], Portugal
| death_date        = 
| death_place       = 
| module            = {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes
|office1          = [[Council of State (Portugal)|Councilor of State]]
|term_start1      = 24 April 2017
|term_end1        = 14 February 2024
|president1       = [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]]
|predecessor1     = [[António Guterres]]
|successor1       = [[Joana Carneiro]]
}}
| residence         = 
| citizenship       = 
| fields            = [[Cognitive neuroscience]]
| workplaces        = [[University of Southern California]], [[University of Iowa]]
| alma_mater        = [[University of Lisbon]]
| thesis_title      = Perturbações neurológicas da linguagem e de outras funções simbólicas
| thesis_url        = 
| thesis_year       = 1974
| doctoral_advisor  = 
| academic_advisors = 
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students  = 
| known_for         =
| influences        = 
| influenced        = 
| awards            = [[Pessoa Prize]] (1992)<br />[[Golden Brain Award]] (1995)<br />[[Prince of Asturias Prize]] (2005)<br />[[Honda Prize]] (2010)<br />[[Grawemeyer Award]] in Psychology (2014)<br />
[[Paul D. MacLean]] Award (2019)
| signature         = <!--(filename only)-->
| signature_alt     = 
| footnotes         = 
| spouse            = [[Hanna Damasio]]
| children          = 
}}

'''Antonio Damasio''' ({{langx|pt|António Damásio}}; born 25 February 1944) is a Portuguese [[neuroscientist]]. He is currently the David Dornsife Chair in Neuroscience, as well as Professor of Psychology, Philosophy, and Neurology, at the [[University of Southern California]], and, additionally, an adjunct professor at the [[Salk Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dornsife.usc.edu/cf/faculty-and-staff/faculty.cfm?pid=1008328&CFID=5122787&CFTOKEN=50657460 |title=Faculty Profile |access-date=2012-10-10 |archive-date=2020-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522172737/https://dornsife.usc.edu/cf/faculty-and-staff/faculty.cfm?pid=1008328&CFID=12147730&CFTOKEN=38891488 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was previously the chair of neurology at the University of Iowa for 20 years.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://medicine.uiowa.edu/neurology/100-years-of-progress | title=Neurology at Iowa: 100 Years of Progress &#124; Department of Neurology| date=13 May 2025}}</ref> Damasio heads the [[Brain and Creativity Institute]], and has authored several books: his work, ''Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain'' (2010), explores the relationship between the brain and consciousness.<ref name="Block 2010">{{cite web | last=Block | first=Ned | title=Book Review - By Antonio Damasio | website=The New York Times | date=2010-11-26 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/28/books/review/Block-t.html | access-date=2016-11-08}}</ref> Damasio's research in neuroscience has shown that emotions play a central role in social cognition and decision-making.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/antonio_damasio |title = Antonio Damasio &#124; Speaker &#124; TED}}</ref>

== Life and work ==
{{Neuropsychology|expanded=People}}
During the 1960s, "Damasio studied medicine at the [[University of Lisbon]] Medical School, where he also did his neurological residency and completed his doctorate in 1974."<ref name="UIOWA_history"/> "For part of his studies, he researched [[behavioral neurology]] under the supervision of [[Norman Geschwind]] of the Aphasia Research Center in Boston."<ref name="UIOWA_history"/>

Damasio's main field is [[neurobiology]], especially the neural systems which underlie emotion, decision-making, memory, language and consciousness.

[[File:Science of Morality - World Science Festival - 92 St Y (2534904279).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Damasio in 2008 (2nd from right)]]

Damasio formulated the [[somatic marker hypothesis]],<ref>Damasio AR. "The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the pre-frontal cortex". ''Transactions of the Royal Society''. (London) 351:1413–1420. 1996.</ref> a theory about how emotions and their biological underpinnings are involved in decision-making (both positively and negatively, and often non-consciously). Emotions provide the scaffolding for the construction of [[social cognition]] and are required for the self processes which undergird consciousness.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}} "Damasio provides a contemporary scientific validation of the linkage between feelings and the body by highlighting the connection between mind and nerve cells&nbsp;... this personalized embodiment of mind."<ref>Lara Trout. ''The Politics of Survival'' (2010). p. 74.</ref>

The somatic marker hypothesis has inspired many [[neuroscience]] experiments carried out in laboratories in the U.S. and Europe, and has had a major impact in contemporary science and philosophy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Diener |first1=Ed |last2=Oishi |first2=Shigehiro |last3=Park |first3=Jungyeun |title=An incomplete list of eminent psychologists of the modern era |journal=Archives of Scientific Psychology |date=2014 |volume=2 |pages=20–31 |doi=10.1037/arc0000006 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Damasio has been named by the [[Institute for Scientific Information]] as one of the most highly cited researchers in the past decade. Current work on the biology of [[morality|moral]] decisions, [[neuro-economics]], [[social communication]], and drug-addiction, has been strongly influenced by Damasio's hypothesis.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}} An article published in the Archives of Scientific Psychology in 2014 named Damasio one of the 100 most eminent psychologist of the modern era. (Diener et al. ''Archives of Scientific Psychology'', 2014, 2, 20–32). The June–July issue of ''Sciences Humaines'' included Damasio in its list of 50 key thinkers in the human sciences of the past two centuries.

Damasio also proposed that emotions are part of [[Homeostasis|homeostatic regulation]] and are rooted in reward/punishment mechanisms. He recovered [[William James|William James']] perspective on feelings as a read-out of body states, but expanded it with an "as-if-body-loop" device which allows for the substrate of feelings to be simulated rather than actual (foreshadowing the simulation process later uncovered by [[mirror neurons]]). He demonstrated experimentally that the [[insular cortex]] is a critical platform for feelings, a finding that has been widely replicated, and he uncovered [[Cerebral cortex|cortical]] and [[wikt:subcortical|subcortical]] induction sites for human emotions, e.g. in [[ventromedial prefrontal cortex]] and [[amygdala]].<ref>Damasio AR, Grabowski TJ, Bechara A, Damasio H, Ponto LLB, Parvizi J, Hichwa RD. Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions" ''Nature Neuroscience'' 3:1049–1056. 2000</ref> He also demonstrated that while the insular cortex plays a major role in feelings, it is not necessary for feelings to occur, suggesting that brain stem structures play a basic role in the feeling process.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Damasio A, Damasio H, Tranel D | year = 2012 | title = Persistence of feelings and sentience after bilateral damage of the insula | journal = Cerebral Cortex | volume =  23| issue = 4| pages =  833–46| doi = 10.1093/cercor/bhs077 | pmid=22473895 | pmc=3657385}}</ref>

Damasio has continued to investigate the neural basis of feelings and demonstrated that although the insular cortex is a major substrate for this process it is not exclusive, suggesting that brain stem nuclei are critical platforms as well.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Damasio A, Damasio H, Tranel D | year = 2012 | title = Persistence of feelings and sentience after bilateral damage of the insula | journal = Cerebral Cortex | volume =  23| issue = 4| pages =  833–46| doi = 10.1093/cercor/bhs077 | pmid=22473895 | pmc=3657385}}</ref> He regards feelings as the necessary foundation of sentience.<ref>{{Cite book|title=How people learn: designing effective training to improve employee performance|last=Shackleton-Jones, Nick|isbn=978-0-7494-8471-2|location=London, United Kingdom|oclc=1098213554|date = 2019-05-03}}</ref>

In another development, Damasio proposed that the cortical architecture on which learning and recall depend involves multiple, hierarchically organized loops of [[axon]]al projections that converge on certain nodes out of which projections diverge to the points of origin of convergence (the [[convergence-divergence zone]]s). This architecture is applicable to the understanding of [[memory]] processes and of aspects of consciousness related to the access of mental contents.<ref>Damasio AR. Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: a systems level proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition" ''Cognition'' 33:25–62. 1989</ref>

According to the [[University of Iowa]]'s Department of Neurology's website, "Damasio's research depended significantly on establishing the modern [[human lesion method]], an enterprise made possible by [[Hanna Damasio]]'s structural [[neuroimaging]]/[[neuroanatomy]] work complemented by [[experimental neuroanatomy]] (with Gary Van Hoesen and Josef Parvizi), [[experimental neuropsychology]] (with Antoine Bechara, Ralph Adolphs, and [[Daniel Tranel|Dan Tranel]]) and [[functional neuroimaging]] (with Kaspar Meyer, Jonas Kaplan, and Mary Helen Immordino-Yang)."<ref name="UIOWA_history">{{Cite web| title = History |work=Department of Neurology| accessdate = 2023-09-29| url = https://medicine.uiowa.edu/neurology/about-us/history}}</ref> The experimental neuroanatomy work with Van Hoesen and Bradley Hyman led to the discovery of the disconnection of the hippocampus caused by neurofibrillary tangles in the [[entorhinal cortex]] of patients with Alzheimer's disease.<ref>Hyman B, Van Hoesen GW, Damasio A, Barnes C. Alzheimer's disease: cell-specific pathology isolates the hippocampal formation" ''Science'' 225:1168–1170. 1984</ref>

As a clinician, he and his collaborators have studied and treated disorders of [[behaviour]] and cognition, and [[movement disorder]]s.

Damasio is a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], the National Academy of Medicine, the [[European Academy of Sciences and Arts]]. He is the recipient of several prizes, amongst them the [[Grawemeyer Award]],<ref>{{cite web|title = Damasio wins Grawmeyer Psychology Award | date=3 December 2013| url=http://grawemeyer.org/damasio-wins-grawemeyer-psychology-award/}}</ref> the Honda Prize, the [[Prince of Asturias Award]] in Science and Technology{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} and the Beaumont Medal from the [[American Medical Association]], as well as honorary degrees from, most recently, the Sorbonne (Université Paris Descartes), shared with his wife [[Hanna Damasio]]. He has also received doctorates from the Universities of [[Aachen]], Copenhagen, [[Leiden]], Barcelona, [[Coimbra]], [[Leuven]] and numerous others.<ref name="António Damasio USC Dornsife faculty page">{{cite web|last= Damasio |first=António|title=USC faculty website|url=http://dornsife.usc.edu/cf/faculty-and-staff/faculty.cfm?pid=1008328&CFID=17919891&CFTOKEN=78480386}}</ref>

In 2013, the Escola Secundária António Damásio was dedicated in Lisbon.

Damasio says he writes in the belief that "scientific knowledge can be a pillar to help humans endure and prevail."<ref>António R. Damasio, ''Descartes' Error'' (New York 1994) p. 252</ref> He is married to [[Hanna Damasio]], a prominent neuroscientist and frequent collaborator and co-author, who is a professor of neuroscience at the University of Southern California and the director of the Dornsife Neuroimaging Center.

In 2017, he was designated member of the Council of State of [[Portugal]], replacing Antonio Guterres, the 9th Secretary-General of the United Nations. Damasio additionally serves on the board of directors of the [[Berggruen Institute]], and sits on the jury for the [[Berggruen Prize for Philosophy]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://berggruen.org/groups/board-of-directors |title = Board of Directors Archives}}</ref><ref>Stanley, Alessandra [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/17/business/the-billionaire-whos-building-a-davos-of-his-own.html "The Billionaire Who's Building a Davos of His Own"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 16, 2016. Accessed December 27, 2016.</ref>

== Literature ==

Damasio's books deal with the relationship between emotions and their brain substrates. His 1994 book, ''[[Descartes' Error]]: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain'', won the [[Science et Vie]] prize, was a finalist for the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' Book Award, and is translated in over 30 languages. It is regarded as one of the most influential books of the past two decades.<ref>In January 2010, Sciences Humaines named it one of the 20 books that changed the vision of the world. The book has been cited over 13,000 times</ref>

His second book, ''The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness'', was named as one of the ten best books of 2001 by the ''[[New York Times Book Review]]'', a ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' Best Book of the Year, a ''[[Library Journal]]'' Best Book of the Year, and has over 30 foreign editions.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}} On the basis of a single-case experiment, Damasio suggested emotions belong to the automatic vital processes of the body and thus can be recognized by a person without any form of memory.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Amanda|last1=Sati|url=https://gustavus.edu/neuroscience/brainbooks/The%20Feeling%20of%20What%20Happens%20Body%20and%20emotion%20in%20the%20making%20of%20consciousness.pdf|title=The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness, Antonio Damasio. Heinemann: London 1999 (Review)|format=doc|page=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609170117/https://gustavus.edu/neuroscience/brainbooks/The%20Feeling%20of%20What%20Happens%20Body%20and%20emotion%20in%20the%20making%20of%20consciousness.pdf|archive-date=June 9, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> In ''The Feeling of What Happens'', Damasio laid the foundations of the "enchainment of precedences": "the nonconscious [[neural]] [[Signal transduction|signaling]] of an individual organism begets the [[protoself]] which permits [[core self]] and [[core consciousness]], which allow for an [[autobiographical self]], which permits [[extended consciousness]]. At the end of the chain, [[extended consciousness]] permits conscience.<ref>{{cite book
 |last=Damasio
 |first=António
 |title=The Feeling of What Happens
 |isbn=978-0-15-100369-3
 |year=1999
 |publisher=Harcourt
 |url-access=registration
 |url=https://archive.org/details/feelingofwhathap00dama
 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=How people learn: designing effective training to improve employee performance|last=Shackleton-Jones, Nick|isbn=978-0-7494-8471-2|location=London, United Kingdom|oclc=1098213554|date = 2019-05-03}}</ref>

In 2003, this work was followed by the publication of ''Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain''. In it, Damasio suggested that the philosopher [[Baruch Spinoza]]'s thinking foreshadowed discoveries in biology and neuroscience views on the mind-body problem and that Spinoza was a protobiologist. 

Damasio's fourth book is ''Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain''. In it Damasio suggests that the self is the key to conscious minds and that feelings, from the kind he designates as primordial to the well-known feelings of emotion, are the basic elements in the construction of the protoself and core self. The book received the Corinne International Book Prize.<ref>{{cite web |last=Damasio |first=António |title=Self Comes to Mind |url=http://www.corine.de/chronik/index.php |access-date=2013-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201013/http://www.corine.de/chronik/index.php |archive-date=2013-10-29 }}</ref>

[[File:António Damásio no Fronteiras do Pensamento São Paulo 2013 (16929531365).jpg|thumb|Damasio at [[Fronteiras do Pensamento]] (Frontiers of Thought) in 2013]]

==Selected bibliography==

=== Books ===
*''[[Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain]]'', Putnam, 1994; revised Penguin edition, 2005
*''The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness'', Harcourt, 1999
*''Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain'', Harcourt, 2003
*''Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain'', Pantheon, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-5012-4695-1}}
*''The Strange Order of Things: Life, Feeling, and the Making of Cultures,''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Woolfson|first1=Adrian|title=The messy biological basis of culture|journal=Nature|date=30 January 2018|volume=554|issue=7690|pages=30|language=EN|doi=10.1038/d41586-018-01326-5|pmid=32094854 |bibcode=2018Natur.554...30W |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Banville|first1=John|title=The Strange Order of Things by Antonio Damasio review – why feelings are the unstoppable force|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/feb/02/strange-order-of-things-antonio-damasio-review|access-date=5 March 2018|work=The Guardian|date=2 February 2018|language=en}}</ref> Pantheon, 2018.
*''Feeling and Knowing: Making Minds Conscious'', Pantheon, 2021

=== Selected articles ===
*{{cite journal |author1=Fox G.R. |author2=Kaplan J. |author3=Damasio H. |author4=Damasio A. | year = 2015 | title = Neural correlates of gratitude | journal = Frontiers in Psychology | volume = 6 | issue = 1491| pages = 1491| doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01491 |pmid=26483740 |pmc=4588123 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |author1=Sachs M. |author2=Damasio A. |author3=Habibi A. | year = 2015 | title = The pleasures of sad music: a systematic review | journal = Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | volume = 9 | issue = 404| pages = 1–12 | doi = 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00404 |pmid=26257625 | pmc = 4513245 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |author1=Man K. |author2=Damasio A. |author3=Meyer K. |author4=Kaplan J.T. | year = 2015 | title = Convergent and invariant object representations for sight, sound, and touch | journal = Human Brain Mapping | volume = 36 | issue = 9| pages = 3629–3640 | doi = 10.1002/hbm.22867 |pmid=26047030 |pmc=6869094 }}
* {{cite journal |author1=Habibi A. |author2=Damasio A. | year = 2014 | title = Music, feelings and the human brain | journal = Psychomusicology: Music, Mind and Brain | volume = 24 | issue = 1| pages = 92–102 | doi = 10.1037/pmu0000033 }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Man K, Kaplan JT, Damasio H, Damasio A | title = Neural convergence and divergence in the mammalian cerebral cortex: from experimental neuroanatomy to functional neuroimaging | journal = [[Journal of Comparative Neurology]] | date = 28 October 2013 | doi = 10.1002/cne.23408 | pmid = 23840023 | volume=521 | issue = 18 | pages=4097–4111| pmc=3853095 }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Araujo HP, Kaplan JT, Damasio A | title = Cortical midline structures and autobiographical-self processes: an activation-likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis | journal = [[Frontiers in Human Neuroscience]] | date = 4 September 2013 |doi= 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00548 | pmid = 24027520 |volume=7| pages = 548 | pmc = 3762365 | doi-access = free }}
*{{Cite journal |pmid=23329161 |doi= 10.1038/nrn3403 |year=2013 |last1= Damasio |first1=A |last2=Carvalho |first2=GB |s2cid= 35232202 |title=The nature of feelings: Evolutionary and neurobiological origins|volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=143–52 |journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience}}
* {{cite journal |title=Persistence of feelings and sentience after bilateral damage of the insula |journal=Cerebral Cortex |year=2012 |doi= 10.1093/cercor/bhs077 |vauthors=Damasio A, Damasio H, Tranel D |volume=23|issue=4 |pages=833–46 |pmid=22473895 |pmc=3657385}}
* {{cite journal |title=The human amygdala and the induction and experience of fear |journal=Current Biology |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |year=2011 |vauthors=Feinstein J, Adolphs R, Damasio A, Tranel D |doi= 10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.042 |pmid=21167712|pmc=3030206|bibcode=2011CBio...21...34F }}
* {{cite journal|title=Seeing touch is correlated with content-specific activity in primary somatosensory cortex|journal=Cerebral Cortex|volume=21|pages=2113–2121|year=2011|vauthors=Meyer K, Kaplan JT, Essex R, Damasio H, Damasio A |doi=10.1093/cercor/bhq289|pmid=21330469|issue=9|pmc=3155604}}
* {{cite journal|title=Predicting visual stimuli based on activity in auditory cortices|journal=Nature Neuroscience|volume=13|pages=667–668|year=2010|vauthors=Meyer K, Kaplan JT, Essex R, Webber C, Damasio H, Damasio A |s2cid=8226089|issue=6|doi=10.1038/nn.2533|pmid=20436482}}
* {{cite journal|title=Convergence and divergence in a neural architecture for recognition and memory|journal=Trends in Neurosciences|volume=32|pages=376–382|year=2009|doi=10.1016/j.tins.2009.04.002|pmid=19520438|vauthors=Meyer K, Damasio A |s2cid=205403597|issue=7}}
* {{cite journal|title=Neural correlates of admiration and compassion|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=106|pages=8021–8026|year=2009|vauthors=Immordino-Yang MH, McColl A, Damasio H, Damasio A |issue=19|doi=10.1073/pnas.0810363106|pmid=19414310|pmc=2670880|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|title=Behind the looking glass|journal=Nature|volume=454|pages=167–168|year=2008|vauthors=Damasio A, Meyer K |s2cid=200767224|doi=10.1038/454167a|pmid=18615070|issue=7201|bibcode=2008Natur.454..167D|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|title=Neural connections of the posteromedial cortex in the macaque: Implications for the understanding of the neural basis of consciousness |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America| volume = 103 | issue = 5|pages=1563–1568|year=2006|vauthors=Parvizi J, Van Hoesen G, Buckwalter J, Damasio A |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507729103|pmid=16432221|pmc=1345704|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |title=Investment behavior and the negative side of emotion|journal=Psychological Science | volume = 16|issue=6 |pages=435–439|year=2005|vauthors=Shiv B, Lowenstein G, Bechara A, Damasio H, Damasio A | doi = 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01553.x|pmid=15943668 |s2cid=11590885 }}
* {{cite journal|title=Neuroanatomical correlates of brainstem coma |journal=Brain | volume = 126|pages=1524–1536|year=2003|vauthors=Parvizi J, Damasio AR |doi=10.1093/brain/awg166|pmid=12805123|issue=Pt 7|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|title=Consciousness and the brainstem |journal=Cognition | volume = 79|pages=135–160|year=2001|vauthors=Parvizi J, Damasio AR |s2cid=205872101 |doi=10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00127-X|pmid=11164026|issue=1–2}}
* {{cite journal|title=Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions|journal=Nature Neuroscience | volume = 3|pages=1049–1056|year=2000|vauthors=Damasio AR, Grabowski TJ, Bechara A, Damasio H, Ponto LL, Parvizi J, Hichwa RD |s2cid=3352415 |doi=10.1038/79871|pmid=11017179|issue=10}}
* {{cite journal |title=How the brain creates the mind|journal=Scientific American | volume = 281|pages=74–79|year=1999|author= Damasio AR. |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1299-112 |pmid=10614073 |issue=6|bibcode=1999SciAm.281f.112D }}
* {{cite journal|title=Investigating the biology of consciousness |journal= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences| volume = 353|issue=1377 |pages=1879–1882|year=1998|author= Damasio AR|doi=10.1098/rstb.1998.0339|pmid=9854259 |pmc=1692416}}
* {{cite journal|title=Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy|journal=Science | volume = 275|pages=1293–1294|year=1997|vauthors=Bechara A, Damasio H, Tranel D, Damasio AR |doi=10.1126/science.275.5304.1293|issue=5304|pmid=9036851|s2cid=4942279 }}
* {{cite journal|title=The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences| volume =  351|pages=1413–1420|year=1996|author= Damasio AR.|doi=10.1098/rstb.1996.0125|pmid=8941953|issue=1346|s2cid=1841280 }}
* {{cite journal|title=Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex|journal=Cognition |pages=7–15|year=1994|vauthors=Bechara A, Damasio AR, Damasio H, Anderson S |s2cid=204981454 |doi=10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3|volume=50|pmid=8039375|issue=1–3}}
* {{cite journal|title=Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala|journal=Nature | volume = 372|pages=669–672|year=1994|vauthors=Adolphs R, Tranel D, Damasio AR |s2cid=25169376 |doi=10.1038/372669a0|pmid=7990957|issue=6507|bibcode=1994Natur.372..669A }}
* {{cite journal|title=Nouns and verbs are retrieved with differently distributed neural systems|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=90|pages=4957–4960|year=1993|vauthors=Damasio AR, Tranel D |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.11.4957|pmid=8506341|issue=11|pmc=46632|bibcode=1993PNAS...90.4957D|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|title=Face agnosia and the neural substrates of memory|journal=Annual Review of Neuroscience | volume = 13|pages=89–109|year=1990|vauthors=Damasio A, Tranel D, Damasio H |doi=10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000513|pmid=2183687}}
* {{cite journal|title=Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: A systems level proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition|journal=Cognition | volume = 33|pages=25–62|year=1989|author= Damasio AR.|doi=10.1016/0010-0277(89)90005-X|pmid=2691184|issue=1–2|citeseerx=10.1.1.308.6140 |s2cid=34115898 }}
* {{cite journal|title=Knowledge without awareness: An autonomic index of facial recognition by prosopagnosics |journal=Science | volume = 228 | issue = 21 |pages=1453–1454 |year=1985 |vauthors=Tranel D, Damasio A|doi= 10.1126/science.4012303 |pmid=4012303 |bibcode=1985Sci...228.1453T }}
* {{cite journal |title=Alzheimer's disease: Cell-specific pathology isolates the hippocampal formation |journal=Science | volume=225 |pages=1168–1170 |year=1984 |vauthors=Hyman B, Van Hoesen GW, Damasio A, Barnes C |doi= 10.1126/science.6474172 |pmid=6474172 |issue=4667|bibcode=1984Sci...225.1168H }}
* {{cite journal |title=The neural basis of language |journal=Annual Review of Neuroscience |volume=7 |pages=127–147 |year=1984 |vauthors=Damasio A, Geschwind N|doi=10.1146/annurev.ne.07.030184.001015|pmid=6370077}}
* {{cite journal|title=Impairment of social and moral behaviour related to early damage in human prefrontal cortex|journal=Nature Neuroscience|pages=1032–1037|vauthors=Anderson SW, Bechara A, Damasio H, Tranel D, Damasio AR |s2cid=204990285|pmid=10526345|year=1999|volume=2|issue=11|doi=10.1038/14833}}

== See also ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Brain and Creativity Institute]]
*[[Damasio's theory of consciousness]]
*[[Insular cortex]]
*[[Hanna Damasio]]
*[[Joseph E. LeDoux]]
}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|António Damásio}}
{{wikiquote|António Damasio}}
* [http://dornsife.usc.edu/cf/faculty-and-staff/faculty.cfm?pid=1008328 USC Faculty page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070705085913/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/bci/ Brain and Creativity Institute]
* {{TED speaker}}
** [https://www.ted.com/talks/antonio_damasio_the_quest_to_understand_consciousness Antonio Damasio: The quest to understand consciousness (TED2011)]
<!-- not working *[http://www.uihealthcare.com/depts/med/neurology/neurologymds/damasioa.html Dept. of Neurology, University of Iowa ] -->
* [http://depts.washington.edu/schkatz/podcasts/katz0203_damasio.mp3 Audio of António Damasio 2003 lecture, "Emotion, Feeling, and Social Behavior: The Brain Perspective"] at [[Walter Chapin Simpson Center for the Humanities]]
* [http://www.hedweb.com/bgcharlton/damasioreview.html Ideas of António Damasio – JRSM book review]
* {{YouTube|id=K7kiNzZyVdo|t=61s|title=Antonio Damasio in conversation with Craig Calhoun}}

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