View source for Anti-inflammatory

{{Short description|Substance that reduces or suppresses inflammation}}
{{Lead too short|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
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'''Anti-inflammatory''' is the property of a substance or treatment that reduces [[inflammation]], [[fever]] or [[Swelling (medical)|swelling]]. Anti-inflammatory [[drug]]s, also called '''anti-inflammatories''', make up about half of [[analgesic]]s.{{Not verified in body|date=June 2025}} These drugs reduce pain by inhibiting mechanisms of inflammation, as opposed to [[opioids]], which affect the [[central nervous system]] to block pain.{{Not verified in body|date=June 2025}}

Common anti-inflammatory drugs include [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s (NSAIDs),<ref name="loo">{{cite web |vauthors=Ghlichloo I, Gerriets V |title=Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547742/ |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=25 May 2025 |date=1 May 2023}}</ref> [[corticosteroid]]s, [[antileukotriene]]s, and [[monoclonal antibodies]].

==Drugs==
===Clinically approved===
====Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs====
{{main|Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug}}
NSAIDs alleviate pain by counteracting the [[cyclooxygenase]] (COX) enzyme involved in pain mechanisms.<ref name=loo/><ref name="pmid22111779">{{cite journal|vauthors = Knights KM, Mangoni AA, Miners JO|title = Defining the COX inhibitor selectivity of NSAIDs: implications for understanding toxicity|journal = Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol|volume = 3|issue = 6|pages = 769–76|date = November 2010|pmid = 22111779|doi = 10.1586/ecp.10.120|s2cid = 207209534}}</ref>

Some common examples of NSAIDs are [[aspirin]], [[ibuprofen]], and [[naproxen]].<ref name=loo/> 
Selective [[Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor|COX-2 inhibitors]], such as [[celecoxib]], block the enzymatic conversion of [[arachidonic acid]] into [[prostaglandin]], inhibiting inflammation and pain.<ref name="dua">{{cite web |vauthors=Qureshi O, Dua A |title=COX inhibitors |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549795/ |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=25 May 2025 |date=28 February 2024}}</ref>

[[Analgesic]]s commonly associated with anti-inflammatory drugs, such as [[paracetamol]] (acetaminophen), have no peripheral anti-inflammatory effects.<ref name="gerriets">{{cite web |vauthors=Gerriets V, Anderson J, Patel P, Nappe TM |title=Acetaminophen |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482369/ |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine |access-date=25 May 2025 |date=11 January 2024|pmid=29493991 }}</ref> High, short-term doses of NSAIDs may become [[Toxicity|toxic]], causing gastric erosions, [[stomach ulcers]], internal bleeding, [[hepatotoxicity]], or [[kidney disease]].<ref name=gerriets/> 

The risk of death as a result of GI bleeding caused by the use of NSAIDs is 1 in 12,000 for adults aged 16–45.<ref name=Bandolier>{{cite web|title=Table 7| url=http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/painpag/nsae/nsae.html#Heading20 |work=NSAIDs and adverse effects|publisher=Bandolier|access-date=December 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218152243/http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/painpag/nsae/nsae.html#Heading20|archive-date=February 18, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The risk increases almost twentyfold for those over 75.<ref name=Bandolier /> Apart from aspirin, frequent or high doses of prescription and over-the-counter NSAIDs may increase the risk of [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] and [[stroke]].<ref name=BMJ2011>{{cite journal|doi=10.1136/bmj.c7086|last=Trelle|first=Sven|author2=Reichenbach, Stephan|author3=Wandel, Simon|author4=Hildebrand, Pius|author5=Tschannen, Beatrice|author6=Villiger, Peter M.|author7=Egger, Matthias|author8= Jüni, Peter|title=Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis|journal=British Medical Journal|date=11 January 2011| volume=342 |pages=c7086 |pmid=21224324|pmc=3019238}}</ref>

====Corticosteroids====
Corticosteroids, specifically [[glucocorticoid]]s or [[glucocorticoid receptor]] [[agonist]]s, are powerful anti-inflammatory agents, but they are also powerful [[immunosuppressant]]s and are associated with various [[toxicity|toxicities]], which constrain their use.<ref name="IngawaleMandlik2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ingawale DK, Mandlik SK | title = New insights into the novel anti-inflammatory mode of action of glucocorticoids | journal = Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 59–73 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32070175 | doi = 10.1080/08923973.2020.1728765 | url = }}</ref><ref name="Escoter-TorresCarattiMechtidou2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Escoter-Torres L, Caratti G, Mechtidou A, Tuckermann J, Uhlenhaut NH, Vettorazzi S | title = Fighting the Fire: Mechanisms of Inflammatory Gene Regulation by the Glucocorticoid Receptor | journal = Front Immunol | volume = 10 | issue = | pages = 1859 | date = 2019 | pmid = 31440248 | pmc = 6693390 | doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01859 | doi-access = free | url = }}</ref>

====Antileukotrienes====
Antileukotrienes are anti-inflammatory agents which function as [[leukotriene]]-related [[enzyme inhibitor]]s ([[arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase]]) or leukotriene [[receptor antagonist]]s ([[cysteinyl leukotriene receptor]]s), and consequently oppose the function of these inflammatory mediators. Although they are not used for [[analgesic]] benefits, they are widely used to treat diseases related to inflammation of the lungs, such as [[asthma]] and [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]], as well as [[Paranasal sinuses|sinus]] inflammation in [[allergic rhinitis]].<ref name="pmid16799104">{{cite journal|vauthors = Dvorak J, Feddermann N, Grimm K|title = Glucocorticosteroids in football: use and misuse|journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine|volume = 40|pages = i48–54|date = July 2006| issue=Suppl 1 |pmid = 16799104|pmc = 2657490|doi = 10.1136/bjsm.2006.027599}}</ref><ref name="Antileukotriene">{{cite journal|vauthors=Scott JP, Peters-Golden M|title = Antileukotriene agents for the treatment of lung disease|journal = Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.|volume = 188|issue = 5|pages = 538–544|date = September 2013|pmid = 23822826|doi = 10.1164/rccm.201301-0023PP}}</ref> Examples include [[montelukast]] and [[zileuton]].

====Monoclonal antibodies====
Monoclonal antibodies, for instance against [[pro-inflammatory cytokine]]s like [[interleukin-6]] ([[anti-interleukin-6]]) and [[tumor necrosis factor α]] (TNFα) ([[TNF inhibitor]]s), are approved and used in the treatment [[autoimmune disease]]s and other [[inflammatory condition]]s.<ref name="LaiDong2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lai Y, Dong C | title = Therapeutic antibodies that target inflammatory cytokines in autoimmune diseases | journal = Int Immunol | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 181–188 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26545932 | pmc = 4889878 | doi = 10.1093/intimm/dxv063 | url = }}</ref><ref name="LiZhengChen2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li P, Zheng Y, Chen X | title = Drugs for Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases: From Small Molecule Compounds to Anti-TNF Biologics | journal = Front Pharmacol | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 460 | date = 2017 | pmid = 28785220 | pmc = 5506195 | doi = 10.3389/fphar.2017.00460 | doi-access = free | url = }}</ref><ref name="YooChung2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yoo SM, Chung SH | title = Targets of monoclonal antibodies for immunological diseases | journal = Arch Pharm Res | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 293–304 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30426387 | doi = 10.1007/s12272-018-1087-2 | url = }}</ref>

===Investigational and off-label===
====Omega-3 fatty acids====
[[Omega-3 fatty acid]]s may have anti-inflammatory effects, although clinical studies show that possible effects have been inconsistent, requiring further research.<ref name="ods">{{cite web |title=Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals |url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/ |publisher=Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health |access-date=25 May 2025 |date=17 December 2024}}</ref> A 2017 review indicated that omega-3 fatty acids may benefit [[rheumatoid arthritis]],<ref name="Calder2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Calder PC | title = Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man | journal = Biochem Soc Trans | volume = 45 | issue = 5 | pages = 1105–1115 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 28900017 | doi = 10.1042/BST20160474 | url = }}</ref> although another analysis indicated no consistent effect.<ref name=ods/> There is no good evidence that use of omega-3 fatty acids provides relief in [[retina|retinal]] inflammation or in [[dry eye syndrome]].<ref name=ods/>

====''N''-Acetylcysteine====
[[N-Acetylcysteine|''N''-Acetylcysteine]] (NAC) has been found to possess anti-inflammatory effects and has been clinically studied in the treatment of conditions involving inflammation.<ref name="SantusSignorelloDanzo2024">{{cite journal | vauthors = Santus P, Signorello JC, Danzo F, Lazzaroni G, Saad M, Radovanovic D | title = Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidant Properties of N-Acetylcysteine: A Fresh Perspective | journal = J Clin Med | volume = 13 | issue = 14 | date = July 2024 | page = 4127 | pmid = 39064168 | pmc = 11278452 | doi = 10.3390/jcm13144127 | doi-access = free | url = }}</ref>

====Melatonin====
A 2021 review reported that [[Melatonin as a medication and supplement|melatonin]] has anti-inflammatory effects.<ref name="ChoBhutaniKim2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cho JH, Bhutani S, Kim CH, Irwin MR | title = Anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials | journal = Brain Behav Immun | volume = 93 | issue = | pages = 245–253 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33581247 | pmc = 7979486 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.034}}</ref> Found to reduce levels of several [[pro-inflammatory]] [[cytokine]]s, it remains under preliminary research for its potential to treat inflammation.<ref name="ChoBhutaniKim2021" />

====Serotonin 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor agonists====
[[Serotonin]] [[5-HT2A receptor|5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor]] [[agonist]]s, including [[serotonergic psychedelic]]s, are under preliminary research as possible anti-inflammatory agents.<ref name="NicholsJohnsonNichols2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nichols DE, Johnson MW, Nichols CD | title = Psychedelics as Medicines: An Emerging New Paradigm | journal = Clin Pharmacol Ther | volume = 101 | issue = 2 | pages = 209–219 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28019026 | doi = 10.1002/cpt.557 }}</ref><ref name="Nichols2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nichols CD | title = Psychedelics as potent anti-inflammatory therapeutics | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 219 | pages = 109232 | date = November 2022 | pmid = 36007854 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109232 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The anti-inflammatory effects of some psychedelics, like [[DOI (drug)|DOI]] and [[psilocybin]], have been found to occur at much lower doses than those at which they produce their [[hallucinogen]]ic effects.<ref name="Nichols2022" /> Serotonin 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor agonists with anti-inflammatory properties are under clinical investigation as possible treatments for [[inflammatory disorder]]s.<ref name="KozlowskaNicholsWiatr2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kozlowska U, Nichols C, Wiatr K, Figiel M | title = From psychiatry to neurology: Psychedelics as prospective therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders | journal = J Neurochem | volume = 162 | issue = 1 | pages = 89–108 | date = July 2022 | pmid = 34519052 | doi = 10.1111/jnc.15509 }}</ref>

====Tetracyclic antibiotics====
{{See also|Doxycycline#Anti-inflammatory agent|Minocycline#Research}}

The [[tetracycline]] [[antibiotic]]s [[minocycline]] and [[doxycycline]] have been found to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.<ref name="ParkKimLee2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Park CS, Kim SH, Lee CK | title = Immunotherapy of Autoimmune Diseases with Nonantibiotic Properties of Tetracyclines | journal = Immune Netw | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = e47 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33425432 | pmc = 7779869 | doi = 10.4110/in.2020.20.e47 | url = }}</ref><ref name="SinghKhannaKalra2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh S, Khanna D, Kalra S | title = Minocycline and Doxycycline: More Than Antibiotics | journal = Curr Mol Pharmacol | volume = 14 | issue = 6 | pages = 1046–1065 | date = 2021 | pmid = 33568043 | doi = 10.2174/1874467214666210210122628 | url = }}</ref> Minocycline has been found to have some clinical benefit in people with [[treatment-resistant depression]] with inflammation but not in those without inflammation.<ref name="AlJumailiVora2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Al Jumaili W, Vora D, Trivedi C, Jain S | title = Role of Minocycline as an Adjunct Neuroinflammatory Modulator in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials | journal = Prim Care Companion CNS Disord | volume = 25 | issue = 5 | pages = | date = September 2023 | pmid = 37713730 | doi = 10.4088/PCC.22r03467 | url = | quote = Results: Minocycline as an adjunct immunomodulator shows inconsistent benefit in TRD. Minocycline has some beneficial effect on depression scale scores and inflammatory markers in TRD patients with inflammatory disequilibrium (C-reactive protein elevation exceeds 3 mg/L). However, minocycline showed an inconclusive effect in TRD with no clear immunologic dysregulation.}}</ref>

====Statins====
[[Statin]]s like [[atorvastatin]] and [[simvastatin]] are used to treat inflammatory conditions like [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[chronic kidney disease]].<ref name="LiZhaoLi2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li GM, Zhao J, Li B, Zhang XF, Ma JX, Ma XL, Liu J | title = The anti-inflammatory effects of statins on patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systemic review and meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials | journal = Autoimmun Rev | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 215–225 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29353098 | doi = 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.10.013 | url = }}</ref><ref name="WangChenQiu2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang J, Chen Z, Qiu Y, Wu L, Wang H, Wu L, Zhao L, Xie D | title = Statins Have an Anti-Inflammation in CKD Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials | journal = Biomed Res Int | volume = 2022 | issue = | pages = 4842699 | date = 2022 | pmid = 36317110 | pmc = 9617709 | doi = 10.1155/2022/4842699 | doi-access = free | url = }}</ref><ref name="GilbertAl-JanabiTomkins-Netzer2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gilbert R, Al-Janabi A, Tomkins-Netzer O, Lightman S | title = Statins as anti-inflammatory agents: A potential therapeutic role in sight-threatening non-infectious uveitis | journal = Porto Biomed J | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 33–39 | date = 2017 | pmid = 32258583 | pmc = 6806973 | doi = 10.1016/j.pbj.2017.01.006 | url = | quote = In addition to the known lipid-lowering effects, statins are now widely accepted to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Adjunctive use of statins has proven beneficial in the context of a wide range of inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis.}}</ref> Statins may be useful for treating other inflammatory conditions, like [[uveitis]],<ref name="GilbertAl-JanabiTomkins-Netzer2017" /> [[depression (mood)|depression]],<ref name="DeGiorgiDeCrescenzoRizzo2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = De Giorgi R, De Crescenzo F, Rizzo Pesci N, Martens M, Howard W, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ | title = Statins for major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = e0249409 | date = 2021 | pmid = 33784356 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0249409 | doi-access = free | pmc = 8009386 | bibcode = 2021PLoSO..1649409D | url = }}</ref><ref name="BaiGuoFeng2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bai S, Guo W, Feng Y, Deng H, Li G, Nie H, Guo G, Yu H, Ma Y, Wang J, Chen S, Jing J, Yang J, Tang Y, Tang Z | title = Efficacy and safety of anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | volume = 91 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–32 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 31658959 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp-2019-320912 | url = }}</ref> and possibly [[neuropsychiatric disorder]]s.<ref name="AvanSahebnasaghHashemi2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Avan R, Sahebnasagh A, Hashemi J, Monajati M, Faramarzi F, Henney NC, Montecucco F, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A | title = Update on Statin Treatment in Patients with Neuropsychiatric Disorders | journal = Life (Basel) | volume = 11 | issue = 12 | date = December 2021 | page = 1365 | pmid = 34947895 | pmc = 8703562 | doi = 10.3390/life11121365 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2021Life...11.1365A | url = }}</ref><ref name="FittonSweetmanHeseltine-Carp2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fitton R, Sweetman J, Heseltine-Carp W, van der Feltz-Cornelis C | title = Anti-inflammatory medications for the treatment of mental disorders: A scoping review | journal = Brain Behav Immun Health | volume = 26 | issue = | pages = 100518 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36217374 | pmc = 9547233 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100518 | url = }}</ref> However, higher-quality evidence of statins for treatment of neuropsychiatric and other conditions is still needed.<ref name="Köhler-ForsbergOtteGold2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Köhler-Forsberg O, Otte C, Gold SM, Østergaard SD | title = Statins in the treatment of depression: Hype or hope? | journal = Pharmacol Ther | volume = 215 | issue = | pages = 107625 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 32652185 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107625 | url = }}</ref>

====Curcumin====
[[Curcumin]], a [[curcuminoid]] and prominent active constituent of [[turmeric]], has shown anti-inflammatory activity in [[preclinical research]] and has been of interest for the potential treatment of various [[inflammatory condition]]s.<ref name="PengAoDong2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Peng Y, Ao M, Dong B, Jiang Y, Yu L, Chen Z, Hu C, Xu R | title = Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Curcumin in the Inflammatory Diseases: Status, Limitations and Countermeasures | journal = Drug Des Devel Ther | volume = 15 | issue = | pages = 4503–4525 | date = 2021 | pmid = 34754179 | pmc = 8572027 | doi = 10.2147/DDDT.S327378 | doi-access = free | url = }}</ref><ref name="ShehzadLee2010">{{cite journal | last1=Shehzad | first1=A. | last2=Lee | first2=Y.S. | title=Curcumin: Multiple molecular targets mediate multiple pharmacological actions: A review | journal=Drugs of the Future | volume=35 | issue=2 | date=2010 | issn=0377-8282 | doi=10.1358/dof.2010.035.02.1426640 | page=113 | url=http://journals.prous.com/journals/servlet/xmlxsl/pk_journals.xml_summary_pr?p_JournalId=2&p_RefId=1426640&p_IsPs=N | access-date=23 June 2025}}</ref> A 2019 [[systematic review]] and [[meta-analysis]] found that curcumin or turmeric did not significantly decrease several circulating inflammatory markers in patients with various chronic inflammatory diseases.<ref name="WhitePasupuletiRoman2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = White CM, Pasupuleti V, Roman YM, Li Y, Hernandez AV | title = Oral turmeric/curcumin effects on inflammatory markers in chronic inflammatory diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Pharmacol Res | volume = 146 | issue = | pages = 104280 | date = August 2019 | pmid = 31121255 | doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104280 | url = }}</ref> However, subsequent 2021 and 2023 systematic reviews and meta-analyses found that curcumin or turmeric was able to reduce various circulating inflammatory markers.<ref name="FergusonAbbottGarg2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ferguson JJ, Abbott KA, Garg ML | title = Anti-inflammatory effects of oral supplementation with curcumin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Nutr Rev | volume = 79 | issue = 9 | pages = 1043–1066 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 34378053 | doi = 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa114 | url = }}</ref><ref name="DehzadGhalandariNouri2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dehzad MJ, Ghalandari H, Nouri M, Askarpour M | title = Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin/turmeric supplementation in adults: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Cytokine | volume = 164 | issue = | pages = 156144 | date = April 2023 | pmid = 36804260 | doi = 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156144 | url = }}</ref> A major problem of curcumin which has limited its potential application is very poor [[oral administration|oral]] [[bioavailability]].<ref name="LiuZhaiHeng2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu W, Zhai Y, Heng X, Che FY, Chen W, Sun D, Zhai G | title = Oral bioavailability of curcumin: problems and advancements | journal = J Drug Target | volume = 24 | issue = 8 | pages = 694–702 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 26942997 | doi = 10.3109/1061186X.2016.1157883 | url = }}</ref><ref name="HedgeGirisaBharathwajChetty2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hegde M, Girisa S, BharathwajChetty B, Vishwa R, Kunnumakkara AB | title = Curcumin Formulations for Better Bioavailability: What We Learned from Clinical Trials Thus Far? | journal = ACS Omega | volume = 8 | issue = 12 | pages = 10713–10746 | date = March 2023 | pmid = 37008131 | pmc = 10061533 | doi = 10.1021/acsomega.2c07326 | url = }}</ref><ref name="AnandKunnumakkaraNewman2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Newman RA, Aggarwal BB | title = Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises | journal = Mol Pharm | volume = 4 | issue = 6 | pages = 807–818 | date = 2007 | pmid = 17999464 | doi = 10.1021/mp700113r | url = }}</ref><ref name="KhosraviSeifert2024">{{cite journal | vauthors = Khosravi MA, Seifert R | title = Clinical trials on curcumin in relation to its bioavailability and effect on malignant diseases: critical analysis | journal = Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol | volume = 397 | issue = 5 | pages = 3477–3491 | date = May 2024 | pmid = 37966571 | pmc = 11074217 | doi = 10.1007/s00210-023-02825-7 | url = }}</ref>

==References==
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[[Category:Anti-inflammatory agents|*]]