View source for Anti-Romani sentiment

{{Short description|Racism against Romani people}}
{{Distinguish|Anti-Romanian sentiment}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
[[File:České Budějovice 29-6-2013 08.JPG|thumb|Anti-Romani protest in [[České Budějovice|České Budějovice, Czech Republic]], 29 June 2013]]
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{{Romani people}}
'''Anti-Romani sentiment''' (also called '''antigypsyism''', '''anti-Romanyism''', '''antiziganism''', '''ziganophobia''', or '''Romaphobia''') is an ideology  which consists of [[hostility]], [[prejudice]], [[discrimination]], [[racism]], and [[xenophobia]] which is specifically directed at [[Romani people]] (Roma, [[Sinti]], [[Iberian Kale]], [[Kale (Welsh Roma)|Welsh Kale]], [[Finnish Kale]], [[Horahane Roma]], and [[Romanichal]]). Non-Romani [[itinerant groups in Europe]] such as the [[Yenish people|Yenish]], [[Irish Travellers|Irish]] and [[Scottish Gypsy and Traveller groups#Indigenous Highland Travellers|Highland Travellers]] are frequently given the name "[[gypsy]]" and as a result, they are frequently confused with the Romani people. As a result, sentiments which were originally directed at the Romani people are also directed at other traveler groups and they are frequently referred to as "'''antigypsy'''" sentiments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Antigypsyism: Causes, prevalence consequences, possible responses|website=rm.coe.int| url=https://rm.coe.int/adi-rom-2020-27-final-antigypsyism-causes-prevalence-consequences-poss/1680a6d053 | access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

The term ''antigypsyism'' is recognized by the [[European Parliament]] and the [[European Commission]] as well as by a wide cross-section of civil society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://antigypsyism.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Antigypsyism-reference-paper-16.06.2017.pdf|title=Antigypsyism: Reference Paper|website=Antigypsyism.eu|access-date=24 January 2018|archive-date=13 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213195456/http://antigypsyism.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Antigypsyism-reference-paper-16.06.2017.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>But is omitted from the online Oxford English Dictionary</ref>

[[Muslim Roma]] may face two forms of discrimination: anti-Romani sentiment and [[Islamophobia]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndr.de/kultur/sendungen/freitagsforum/Muslimische-Roma-Doppelte-Diskriminierung,freitagsforum1008.html | title=Muslimische Roma: Doppelte Diskriminierung?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.errc.org/press-releases/muslim-roma-win-discrimination-case-against-montenegro | title=Muslim Roma Win Discrimination Case Against Montenegro}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ihrc.org.uk/plight-of-the-roma-muslims-in-bulgaria/ | title=Plight of the Roma Muslims in Bulgaria | date=20 May 2010}}</ref>

The Romani within the [[LGBTQ community]] also encounter both anti-Romani sentiment and [[homophobia]], as well as [[transphobia]] if applicable.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mate |first=Dezso |title=The First Sparks of Romani LGBTQ |url=https://eriac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Mate-Dezso-2017-The-First-Sparks-of-the-Romani-LGBTQ-Movement-Centre-for-Higher-Education-and-Equity-Research-CHEER-School-of-Education-and-Social-Work-University-of-Sussex-pp.1%E2%80%936.pdf |website=eriac.org}}</ref>

The term “Gypsy” is considered a [[Pejorative|slur]] when used by non-Roma because the words supports misconceptions and stereotypes that Romani people are migratory, roam around and engage in questionable, criminal or illegal activities, which is exemplified by the term "to gyp". The term also supports misconceptions that Romani people are from [[Egypt]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4HXBjPPAoEC&pg=PA21|title=Gypsy Law|isbn=978-0-520-92427-7 |last1=Weyrauch |first1=Walter O. |date=12 September 2001 |publisher=University of California Press }}</ref>

The societal anxiety and prejudice directed towards Irish Travellers and the Roma community frequently arise from entrenched stereotypes and misconceptions regarding their nomadic way of life and cultural traditions, which have historically marginalized them as outsiders in numerous societies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alsford |first=Niki J. P. |url=https://books.google.ae/books?id=kIFSEQAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA2019 |title=Problem Society: Why Nations Are Divided |last2=Menefee |first2=Fatimaah J. |date=2025-06-02 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-34914-4 |language=en}}</ref>

Europe still hasn’t assimilated its Roma population to this day. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Europe|COVID-19 pandemic]], [[hate speech]] in Europe increased according to [[Commissioner for Human Rights]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Graceffo |first=Antonio |title=After centuries, Europe still has not assimilated its ‘Gypsies’ |url=https://www.mercatornet.com/after_centuries_europe_still_has_not_assimilated_its_gypsies |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Mercator |language=en}}</ref>

The [[United States Department of State]] has raised concerns about anti-Romani sentiment across Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US State Department report finds Roma in Europe face ‘widespread governmental and societal discrimination’ |url=http://www.errc.org/news/us-state-department-report-finds-roma-in-europe-face-widespread-governmental-and-societal-discrimination |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=European Roma Rights Centre |language=HU}}</ref>
==History==
{{main|History of the Romani people}}
Romani people were discriminated by white people for their [[dark skin]]. White Europeans associated dark skin with biblical rhetoric with evil.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dMR259jZoF0C&pg=PA333|title=Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations|isbn=978-0-415-15167-2 |last1=Cashmore |first1=Ernest |last2=Cashmore |first2=Ellis |date=1996 |publisher=Psychology Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHT3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112|title=The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism|isbn=978-1-119-43040-7 |last1=Stone |first1=John |last2=Dennis |first2=Rutledge M. |last3=Rizova |first3=Polly |last4=Hou |first4=Xiaoshuo |date=12 August 2020 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref>

===In the Middle Ages===
[[File:Enfant enlevee par des nomades.JPG|thumb|A French poster depicting a child being [[kidnapping|kidnapped]] by [[nomads]] ]]
{{See also|Slavery in Romania}}

In the early 13th-century [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] records, the ''Atsínganoi'' are mentioned as "[[Wizard (supernatural)|wizard]]s ... who are [[satan]]ically inspired and pretend to predict the unknown".<ref>George Soulis (1961): ''The Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire and the Balkans in the Late Middle Ages'' (Dumbarton Oaks Papers) Vol.15 pp.146–147, cited in David Crowe (2004): ''A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia'' (Palgrave Macmillan) {{ISBN|0-312-08691-1}} p.1</ref>

The enslavement of the Roma, mostly taken as [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]], in the [[Danubian Principalities]] is first documented in the late 15th century. In these countries, extensive legislation that divided the Roma into different groups according to their owners, including [[Boyar|nobles]], [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople|monasteries]] and the state, was passed.<ref name="Achim2004">{{cite book|title=The Roma in Romanian History|last=Achim|first=Viorel|publisher=[[Central European University Press]]|place=Budapest|date=2004|isbn=9639241849}}</ref>

By the 16th century, many Romani who lived in [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]] and [[Central Europe]] worked as musicians, metal craftsmen, and soldiers.<ref>David Crowe (2004): ''A History of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia'' (Palgrave Macmillan) {{ISBN|0-312-08691-1}} p.XI</ref> As the [[Ottoman Empire]] expanded, it relegated the Romani, who were seen as having "no visible permanent professional affiliation", to the lowest rung of the social ladder.<ref>Crowe (2004) p.2</ref>

Romani people were charged of sorcery, witchcraft, child stealing and spying. Romani people were also often said to be noisy, immoral and asocial.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cnHkL8K666UC&q=%C2%A0gypsies+stereotypes+criminals+thieves|title=The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies|isbn=978-0-19-802904-5 |last1=Lewy |first1=Guenter |date=13 January 2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>

The Romani people were initially regarded with distrust due to their dark skin and nomadic way of life. The Persian poet [[Firdausi]] had wrote in the tenth century about the Romani people, stating, "No washing ever whitens the black Gypsy." Throughout the subsequent centuries, the history of the Romani people was characterized by discrimination, scapegoating, and oppression. Romani people were accused of [[cannibalism]], spreading filth and disease, and being spies, [[Magic (supernatural)#Magicians|sorcerers]], swindlers, thieves, beggars, and tricksters. During the medieval and early modern periods in Europe, various efforts were made to either expel the Roma or assimilate them. While churches and trade guilds generally held a negative view of the Roma, some European noblemen welcomed Romani musicians and entertainers into their homes. In Western Europe, the Sinti were eventually accepted as migratory laborers and partially integrated into the local communities, yet the wandering Roma resisted assimilation despite numerous prohibitions against their nomadic lifestyle, clothing, music, and language. The authorities subjected Roma to torture and punishment, and 'gypsy hunts' became a popular pastime in several European countries, including Germany and Holland.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqHDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA160|title=Hitler's 'national community'}}</ref>

C.J. Popp Serboianu said the Romani character was to be lazy, work-shy and sly. He stated “Because Gypsies (generally) lack notions of morality, they allow their instincts to rule them more easily, they have no sense of honor, they are greedy, wasteful, intemperate with food and drink, [[Lascivious behavior#Lechery|lecherous]], and frivolous. However, the opinions concerning their "loose" morals vary considerably.”  Other Gypsyologists claimed that Spanish female Roma practice [[prostitution]]. Popp Serboianu claimed that Romani people have absolutely no sexual control and that Romani people’s love life only constitutes indulgence in sex and sensuality. Dutch encyclopedias also claimed Romani people were thieves.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1hsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA290|title=Gypsies: An Interdisciplinary Reader}}</ref>

Europeans associated Romani people with evil and the [[Satan|Devil]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uz24CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|title=Roma Voices in the German-Speaking World}}</ref>

===16th and 17th centuries===
In [[Royal Hungary]] in the 16th century at the time of the Turkish occupation, the Crown developed strong anti-Romani policies, since these people were considered suspect as possible Turkish spies or as a [[fifth column]]. In this atmosphere, they were expelled from many locations and increasingly adopted a nomadic way of life.<ref>Crowe (2004) p.1, p.34</ref>

The first anti-Romani legislation was issued in the [[March of Moravia]] in 1538, and three years later, [[Ferdinand I of Germany|Ferdinand I]] ordered that Romani in his realm be expelled after a series of fires in [[Prague]].

In 1545, the [[Diet of Augsburg]] declared that "whosoever kills a Gypsy (Romani), will be guilty of no murder".<ref>Crowe (2004) p.34</ref> The subsequent massive killing spree which took place across the empire later prompted the government to step in to "forbid the drowning of Romani women and children".<ref>Crowe (2004) p.35</ref>

In England, the [[Egyptians Act 1530]] passed by [[the Crown]] in Parliament banned Romani from entering the country and required those living in the country to leave within 16 days. Failure to do so could result in confiscation of property, imprisonment and deportation. The act was amended with the [[Egyptians Act 1554]], which directed that they abandon their "naughty, idle and ungodly life and company" and adopt a settled lifestyle. For those who failed to adhere to a sedentary existence, the [[Privy Council of England|Privy Council]] interpreted the act to permit the execution of non-complying Romani "as a warning to others".<ref>{{cite book|last= Mayall|first=David|title=English gypsies and state policies|publisher=Univ of Hertfordshire Press|year=1995|series=f Interface collection Volume 7 of New Saga Library|volume=7|pages=21, 24|isbn= 978-0-900458-64-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XVh8mB-7n7wC&pg=PA21|access-date=28 February 2010}}</ref>

In 1660, the Romani were prohibited from residing in France by [[Louis XIV|King Louis XIV]].<ref name="romahistory.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.romahistory.com/en/2-5-4.htm|title=The History of the Roma: 2.5.4: 1647 to 1714|publisher=Romahistory.com|first=Marko D.|last=Knudsen|access-date=24 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017082735/http://www.romahistory.com/en/2-5-4.htm|archive-date=17 October 2013|df=dmy}}</ref>

===18th century===

In 1710, [[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor]], issued an edict against the Romani, ordering "that all adult males were to be hanged without trial, whereas women and young males were to be flogged and banished forever." In addition, in the [[kingdom of Bohemia]], Romani men were to have their right ears cut off; in the [[March of Moravia]], the left ear was to be cut off. In other parts of Austria, they would be branded on the back with a [[branding iron]], representing the [[gallows]]. These mutilations enabled authorities to identify the individuals as Romani on their second arrest. The edict encouraged local officials to hunt down Romani in their areas by levying a fine of 100 [[Reichsthaler]] on those who failed to do so. Anyone who helped Romani was to be punished by doing [[forced labor]] for half a year. The result was mass killings of Romani across the Holy Roman Empire. In 1721, [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]] amended the decree to include the execution of adult female Romani, while children were "to be put in hospitals for education".<ref>Crowe (2004) p.36-37</ref>

The [[Great Gypsy Round-up]] was a raid authorized and organized by King [[Ferdinand VI of Spain]] in 1749, that led to the arrest of most [[Gitanos|Romani people in Spain]]. Although a majority were released after a few months, many others spent several years imprisoned and subject to forced labor.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Another Darkness Another Dawn|last=Taylor|first=Becky|publisher=Reaktion Books Ltd.|year=2014|location=London UK|pages=105|isbn=978-1-78023-257-7}}</ref>

In 1774, [[Maria Theresa]] of [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]] issued an edict forbidding marriages between Romani. When a Romani woman married a non-Romani, she had to produce proof of "industrious household service and familiarity with [[Catholic]] tenets", a male Romani "had to prove his ability to support a wife and children", and "Gypsy children over the age of five were to be taken away and brought up in non-Romani families."<ref>Crowe (2004) p.75</ref>

In 2007, the Romanian government established a panel to study the 18th- and 19th-century period of [[Slavery in Romania|Romani slavery]] by princes, local landowners, and [[monasteries]]. This officially legalized practice was first documented in the 15th century.<ref name="Achim2004"/> Slavery of Romani was outlawed in the Romanian Principalities of [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]] in around 1856.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasdaq.com/aspxcontent/NewsStory.aspx?cpath=20070220%5cACQDJON200702201414DOWJONESDJONLINE000608.htm& |title=Company News Story |publisher=Nasdaq.com |access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref>

Romani men were seen as a threat to white womanhood in the Balkans. Although Romani female slaves were raped by white men during slavery in Romania, Romani male slaves were castrated or burnt alive if they had sex with a white woman.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqmYJiVui9UC&pg=PA216|title=Danger! Educated Gypsy|isbn=978-1-902806-99-0 |last1=Hancock |first1=Ian |date=2010 |publisher=Univ of Hertfordshire Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kk_YAAAAMAAJ&q=gypsy+romani+men+threat+to+white+womanhood|title=The Pariah Syndrome: An Account of Gypsy Slavery and Persecution|isbn=978-0-89720-079-0 |last1=Hancock |first1=Ian F. |date=1987 |publisher=Karoma Publishers }}</ref> Romani women were a subordination at the hands of [[white supremacy]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDFJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|title=Realizing Roma Rights|isbn=978-0-8122-4899-9 |last1=Bhabha |first1=Jacqueline |last2=Mirga |first2=Andrzej |last3=Matache |first3=Margareta |date=3 April 2017 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press }}</ref>

[[Vlad the Impaler]] tortured Romani people for entertainment.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FUdnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55|title=The Gypsies of Eastern Europe|isbn=978-1-315-49023-6 |last1=Crowe |first1=David |last2=Kolsti |first2=John |last3=Hancock |first3=Ian |date=22 July 2016 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref>

===19th century===
Governments regularly cited petty theft committed by Romani as justification for regulating and persecuting them. In 1899, the {{ill|Nachrichtendienst für die Sicherheitspolizei in Bezug auf Zigeuner|de}} ({{translation|i=yes}} ''Intelligence service for the security police concerning gypsies'') was set up in [[Munich]] under the direction of {{ill|Alfred Dillmann|de}}, and catalogued data on all Romani individuals throughout the German-speaking lands. It did not officially close down until 1970. The results were published in 1905 in Dillmann's ''Zigeuner-Buch'',<ref name="Dillmann 1905">{{cite book|first=Alfred|last=Dillmann|title=Zigeuner-Buch|location=Munich|publisher=Wildsche|year=1905|language=de}}</ref> which was used in the following years as justification for the [[Porajmos]]. It described the Romani people as a "plague" and a "menace", but almost exclusively characterized "Gypsy crime" as trespassing and the theft of food.<ref name="Dillmann 1905"/>

In the United States during Congressional debate in 1866 over the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] which would subsequently [[Jus soli|grant citizenship]] to all persons born within U.S. territory, an objection raised was that a consequence of enacting the amendment would be to grant citizenship to Roma and other groups perceived by some as undesirable.<ref><!-- █ DO NOT █ replace this citation text with a Wikipedia template, especially not "cite web": this is the actual citation format recommended by the Library of Congress, which is not reproduced by any Wikipedia template --> ''[[Congressional Globe]]'', 1st Session, [[39th United States Congress|39th Congress]], [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=073/llcg073.db&recNum=12 p. 2891] (1866)</ref>

[[Pennsylvania]] Senator [[Edgar Cowan]] stated, {{blockquote|...I am as liberal as anybody toward the rights of all people, but I am unwilling, on the part of my State, to give up the right that she claims, and that she may exercise, and exercise before very long, of expelling a certain number of people who invade her borders; who owe her no allegiance; who pretend to owe none; who recognize no authority in her government; who have a distinct, independent government of their own—an ''[[State within a state|imperium in imperio]]''; who pay no taxes; who never perform military service; who do nothing, in fact, which becomes a citizen, and perform none of the duties which devolve upon him, but, on the other hand, have no homes, pretend to own no land, live nowhere, settle as trespassers where ever they go, and whose sole merit is a universal swindle; who delight in it, who boast of it, and whose adroitness and cunning is of such a transcendent character that no skill can serve to correct or punish it; I mean the Gypsies. They wander in gangs in my State... These people live in the country and are born in the country. They infest society.}}

In response Senator [[John Conness]] of California observed, {{blockquote|I have lived in the United States now many a year, and really I have heard more about Gypsies within the last two or three months than I have heard before in my life. It cannot be because they have increased so much of late. It cannot be because they have been felt to be particularly oppressive in this or that locality. It must be that the Gypsy element is to be added to our political agitation, so that hereafter the negro alone shall not claim our entire attention.}}

[[Bulgaria]] 1876: a pogrom, by villagers of [[Koprivshtitsa]] massacre the Muslim Roma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenrick |first=Donald |title=Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies) Second Edition |url=https://www.gitanos.org/documentos/1.1-KEN-his_HistoricalDictionaryoftheGypsies.pdf |website=www.gitanos.org}}</ref>

===Porajmos===
{{Main|Romani genocide}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv R 165 Bild-244-47, Asperg, Deportation von Sinti und Roma.jpg|thumb|right|250px|German Nazi deportation of Sinti and Roma from [[Asperg]], 1940]]
The persecution of the Romani people reached a peak during [[World War II]], in the [[Romani genocide|Porajmos]] (literally, ''the devouring''), a descriptive neologism for the Nazi [[genocide]] of Romanis during [[the Holocaust]]. The Romani communities in Central and Eastern Europe were less organized than the [[Jews|Jewish]] communities were; as a result, the [[Einsatzgruppen]], the mobile [[Death squad|killing squads]] which travelled from village to village and massacred their Romani inhabitants where they lived, typically left few to no records of the number of Roma who they killed in this way. Even though a significant amount of documentary evidence of mass murder was produced in a few cases,<ref>{{cite book |last=Headland |first=Ronald |year=1992 |title=Messages of Murder: A Study of the Reports of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the Security Service, 1941–1943 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press |page=63 |isbn= 978-0-8386-3418-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mue8a5Rwyi0C&q=824&pg=PA63 |access-date=17 February 2010}}</ref> it is more difficult to assess the actual number of victims. Historians estimate that between 220,000 and 500,000 Romani were killed by the Germans and [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|their collaborators]]—25% to over 50% of the slightly fewer than 1 million Roma who lived in Europe at that time.<ref name=USHMM_2>{{cite web |title=Holocaust Encyclopedia – Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945 |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005219 |access-date=9 August 2011}}</ref> More thorough research by [[Ian Hancock]] revealed the death toll to be at about 1.5 million.<ref name="Milton_estimates">{{Citation |author=Hancock |first=Ian |title=The Historiography of the Holocaust |pages=383–396 |year=2004 |chapter=True Romanies and the Holocaust: A Re-evaluation and an overview |chapter-url=https://isurvived.org/2Postings/Hancock_Rom-Holocaust.html |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1-4039-9927-6}}</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1986-044-08, Stein-Pfalz, Eva Justin bei Schädelmessung.jpg|thumb|[[Eva Justin]] checking the facial characteristics of a Romani woman as part of her "racial studies"]]
Nazi racial ideology put [[Romani people|Romani]], Jews, Blacks and some Slavs at the bottom of the racial scale.<ref name="Simone Gigliotti 2005. Pp. 14">Simone Gigliotti, [[Berel Lang]]. ''The Holocaust: a reader''. Malden, Massachusetts, USA; Oxford, England, UK; Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. Pp. 14.</ref> The German [[Nuremberg Laws]] of 1935 stripped Jews of citizenship, confiscated property and criminalized sexual relationships and marriage with Aryans. These laws were extended to Romani as Nazi policy towards Roma and Sinti was complicated by pseudo-historic racialist theories, which could be contradictory, namely that the Romani were of Egyptian ancestry. While they considered Romani grossly inferior, they believed the Roma people had some distant "Aryan" roots that had been corrupted. The Romani are actually a distinctly European people of considerable Northwestern Indian descent, or what is literally considered to be Aryan. Similarly to European Jews, specifically the Ashkenazi, the Romani people quickly acquired European genes via enslavement and intermarriage upon their arrival in Europe 1,000 years ago. Nazis considered Roma to be "asocial"  and “habitual criminals”.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5UJEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA232|title=European Racism: A History in Documents|isbn=978-1-77048-890-8 |last1=Todd |first1=Lisa M. |last2=Waite |first2=Gary K. |date=22 May 2024 |publisher=Broadview Press }}</ref> Police arrested Romani beggars, vagrants, homeless and alcoholics and sent them to concentration camps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/people/victroma.htm|title=Roma (Gypsy) Victims of the Holocaust}}</ref>

In the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]], the Nazi genocide of the Romani was so thorough that it exterminated the majority of [[Bohemian Romani]] speakers, eventually leading to the language's extinction in 1970 with the death of its last known speaker, Hana Šebková. In Denmark, Greece and a small number of other countries, resistance by the native population thwarted planned Nazi deportations and extermination of the Romani. In most conquered countries (e.g., the Baltic states), local cooperation with the Nazis expedited the murder of almost all local Romani. In [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]], the Croatian collaborators of the [[Ustaše]] were so vicious only a minor remnant of Croatian Romani (and Jews) survived the killings.

In 1982, [[West Germany]] formally recognized that genocide had been committed against the Romani.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barany |first=Zoltan D. |year=2002 |title=The East European gypsies: regime change, marginality, and ethnopolitics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=265–6 |isbn=978-0-521-00910-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTylND961ZMC&q=Herzog}}</ref> Before this they had often claimed that, unlike Jews, Roma and Sinti were not targeted for racial reasons, but for "criminal" reasons, invoking antiziganist stereotype. In modern Holocaust scholarship the Porajmos has been increasingly recognized as a genocide committed simultaneously with the Shoah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Duna |first=William A. |date=1985 |title=Gypsies: A Persecuted Race |publisher=Duna Studios}} Full text in [http://chgs.umn.edu/histories/victims/romaSinti/gypsies.html Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011151409/http://www.chgs.umn.edu/histories/victims/romaSinti/gypsies.html |date=11 October 2008}}, University of Minnesota.</ref>

Interracial marriages between Germans and Roma was forbidden.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4LQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|title=Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust|isbn=978-1-5381-3016-2 |last1=Fischel |first1=Jack R. |date=26 March 2020 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref>

Romani people were considered parasites and subhumans because of their rootlessness. Europeans were suspicious of Romani people and believed them to be idolatrous, engaging in witchcraft. Images of Roma as thieves and kidnappers of children spread throughout Germany and the rest of Europe.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79|title=The Holocaust|page=79}}</ref>

Romani women were also raped by the Nazis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rees |first=Laurence |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=iHMNDQAAQBAJ&pg=PP439 |title=The Holocaust: A New History |date=2017-01-26 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-241-97995-2 |language=en}}</ref> There was also prostitution in Gypsy camps.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewy |first=Guenter |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=ZtbhBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 |title=The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies |date=2000-01-13 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-028430-5 |language=en}}</ref>

===Catholic Church takes responsibility===
On 12 March 2000, Pope [[John Paul II]] issued a formal public apology to, among other groups of people affected by Catholic persecution, the Romani people and begged God for forgiveness.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-mar-13-mn-8338-story.html|title=Pope Apologizes for Catholic Sins Past and Present|date=13 March 2000|via=LA Times}}</ref> On 2 June 2019, [[Pope Francis]] acknowledged during a meeting with members of the Romanian Romani community the [[Catholic Church]]'s history of promoting "discrimination, segregation and mistreatment" against [[Romani people]] throughout the world, apologized, and asked the Romani people for forgiveness.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48490942|title=Pope apologises to Roma for Catholic discrimination|work=BBC News|date=2 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Claire Giangravè |url=https://cruxnow.com/pope-in-romania/2019/06/02/pope-apologizes-to-gypsies-for-discrimination-and-segregation/ |title=Pope apologizes to gypsies for 'discrimination and segregation' |publisher=Cruxnow.com |date=2019-06-02 |access-date=2019-07-01 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602152946/https://cruxnow.com/pope-in-romania/2019/06/02/pope-apologizes-to-gypsies-for-discrimination-and-segregation/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/pope-francis-asks-forgiveness-for-historical-mistreatment-of-11589638|title=Pope Francis asks forgiveness for historical mistreatment of Roma people|website=CNA|access-date=2 June 2019|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608115907/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/pope-francis-asks-forgiveness-for-historical-mistreatment-of-11589638|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/4bc86fcdd6f1426fb551ff9e954dbb57|title=Pope apologizes for history of discrimination against Roma|first1=Nicolae|last1=Dumitrache|first2=Nicole|last2=Winfield|date=2 June 2019|website=AP News}}</ref>

==Contemporary antiziganism==
[[File:Sap34.jpg|thumb|Anti-Roma protest in [[Sofia|Sofia, Bulgaria]], 2011]]
A 2011 report issued by [[Amnesty International]] states, "systematic discrimination is taking place against up to 10 million Roma across Europe. The organization has documented the failures of governments across the continent to live up to their obligations."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur01/005/2011/en/|title=Amnesty International – International Roma Day 2011 Stories, Background Information and video material|date=7 April 2011|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=15 May 2011|location=AI Index: EUR 01/005/2011}}</ref>

Antiziganism has continued well into the 2000s, particularly in [[Slovakia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.amnesty.org/wire/February2002/Europe_Roma |title=Amnesty International |publisher=Web.amnesty.org |access-date=17 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012191514/http://web.amnesty.org/wire/February2002/Europe_Roma |archive-date=12 October 2007 |df=dmy}}</ref> [[Hungary]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0213/p07s02-woeu.html|title=Hungary's anti-Roma militia grows|author=The Christian Science Monitor|journal=The Christian Science Monitor|date=13 February 2008}}</ref> [[Slovenia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humanrightspoint.si/node/12 |title=roma &#124; Human Rights Press Point |publisher=Humanrightspoint.si |access-date=17 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310074602/http://www.humanrightspoint.si/node/12 |archive-date=10 March 2012}}</ref> and [[Kosovo]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Gesellschaft fuer bedrohte Voelker – Society for Threatened Peoples |url=http://www.gfbv.de/inhaltsDok.php?id=612 |title=Roma and Ashkali in Kosovo: Persecuted, driven out, poisoned |publisher=Gfbv.de |access-date=17 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806163105/http://www.gfbv.de/inhaltsDok.php?id=612 |archive-date=6 August 2007 |df=dmy}}</ref> In Bulgaria, Professor Ognian Saparev has written articles stating that 'Gypsies' are culturally inclined towards theft and use their [[ethnic minority|minority]] status to 'blackmail' the majority.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bghelsinki.org/en/news/bg/single/mp-publishes-inflammatory-article-against-the-roma/|title=MP publishes inflammatory article against the Roma|work=bghelsinki.org}}</ref> [[European Union]] officials censured both the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 2007 for forcibly segregating Romani children from regular schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/15/europe/EU-GEN-EU-Roma-Discrimination.php |title=IHT.com |publisher=IHT.com |date=29 March 2009 |access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref>

The Council of Europe [[Commissioner for Human Rights]], [[Thomas Hammarberg]], has been an outspoken critic of antiziganism. In August 2008, Hammarberg noted that "today's rhetoric against the Roma is very similar to the one used by [[Nazi Germany]] before [[World War II]]. Once more, it is argued that the Roma are a threat to safety and public health. No distinction is made between a few criminals and the overwhelming majority of the Roma population. This is shameful and dangerous".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coe.int/t/commissioner/Viewpoints/080818_en.asp |title=Viewpoints by Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights |publisher=Coe.int |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630002157/http://www.coe.int/t/commissioner/Viewpoints/080818_en.asp |archive-date=30 June 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

According to the latest [[Human Rights First]] Hate Crime Survey, Romanis routinely suffer assaults in city streets and other public places as they travel to and from homes and markets. In a number of serious cases of violence against them, attackers have also sought out whole families in their homes or whole communities in settlements predominantly housing Romanis. The widespread patterns of violence are sometimes directed both at causing immediate harm to Romanis, without distinction between adults, the elderly, and small children and physically eradicating the presence of Romani people in towns and cities in several European countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/discrimination/pages.aspx?id=85 |title=Human Rights First Report on Roma |publisher=Humanrightsfirst.org |access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref>

=== Public opinion ===
The extent of negative attitudes towards Romani people varies across different parts of Europe.
{{bar box
|title=Unfavorable views of Roma, 2019<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=19 April 2024}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1='''Country'''
|right1='''Percent'''
|width=400px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Italy]]|peru|83}}
{{bar percent|[[Slovakia]]|peru|76}}
{{bar percent|[[Greece]]|peru|72}}
{{bar percent|[[Bulgaria]]|peru|68}}
{{bar percent|[[Czech Republic]]|peru|66}}
{{bar percent|[[Lithuania]]|peru|61}}
{{bar percent|[[Hungary]]|peru|61}}
{{bar percent|[[Ukraine]]|peru|54}}
{{bar percent|[[Russia]]|peru|52}}
{{bar percent|[[Poland]]|peru|51}}
{{bar percent|[[Spain]]|peru|40}}
{{bar percent|[[France]]|darkorange|44}}
{{bar percent|[[Germany]]|gold|37}}
}}

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em"
| colspan="2" style="width:100px;"| Eurobarometer 2019: % of people in each country who would feel comfortable if one of their children was in a love relationship with a Roma person.<ref>{{cite web |title=Discrimination in the European Union |url=https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2251 |website=Europa.eu |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#dedede;" | Country
! style="background:#dedede;" | Percentage
|-
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| 74%
|-
| {{flag|Sweden}}
| 71%
|-
| {{flag|Netherlands}}
| 69%
|-
| {{flag|Spain}}
| 65%
|-
| {{flag|France}}
| 57%
|-
| {{flag|Ireland}}
| 57%
|-
| {{flag|Finland}}
| 53%
|-
| {{flag|Luxembourg}}
| 52%
|-
| {{flag|Germany}}
| 51%
|-
| {{flag|Denmark}}
| 48%
|-
| {{flag|Poland}}
| 43%
|-
| {{flag|Belgium}}
| 37%
|-
| {{flag|Croatia}}
| 36%
|-
| {{flag|Slovenia}}
| 36%
|-
| {{flag|Austria}}
| 35%
|-
| {{flag|Portugal}}
| 33%
|-
| {{flag|Latvia}}
| 32%
|-
| {{flag|Romania}}
| 31%
|-
| {{flag|Estonia}}
| 29%
|-
| {{flag|Slovakia}}
| 29%
|-
| {{flag|Hungary}}
| 27%
|-
| {{flag|Italy}}
| 26%
|-
| {{flag|Malta}}
| 24%
|-
| {{flag|Cyprus}}
| 23%
|-
| {{flag|Czech Republic}}
| 23%
|-
| {{flag|Lithuania}}
| 22%
|-
| {{flag|Greece}}
| 21%
|-
| {{flag|Bulgaria}}
| 14%
|-
|}

===European Union===
[[File:Prejudice against Roma, Trans and Muslim people (EU, 2015).svg|thumb|250px|upright=2|According to a survey conducted by the [[European Commission]] in 2015 20% of the respondents would be completely uncomfortable about working with a Roma person ({{legend-inline|#cab2d6|violet}}), compared with 17% with a [[transgender]] or [[transsexual]] person ({{legend-inline|#b2df8a|green}}) and 13% with a [[Muslim]] person ({{legend-inline|#fdbf6f|orange}}). This puts Roma people as the most discriminated minority in Europe.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bona |first1=Marzia |title=How widespread is anti-Roma prejudice? |url=https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/How-widespread-is-anti-Roma-prejudice |access-date=29 August 2018 |work=OBC Transeuropa/EDJNet |date=2 August 2018}}</ref>]]
The practice of placing Romani students in segregated schools or classes remains widespread in countries across Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=2743|title=The Impact of Legislation and Policies on School Segregation of Romani Children |year=2007|publisher=European Roma Rights Centre|page=8|access-date=21 July 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090729181110/http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=2743| archive-date= 29 July 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> Many Romani children have been channeled into all-Romani schools that offer inferior quality education and are sometimes in poor physical condition or into segregated all-Romani or predominantly Romani classes within mixed schools. Many Romani children are sent to classes for pupils with learning disabilities. They are also sent to so-called "delinquent schools", with a variety of human rights abuses.<ref>{{cite web|year = 2007|url = http://www.eumap.org/topics/minority/reports/roma_education/report/vol1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407092622/http://www.eumap.org/topics/minority/reports/roma_education/report/vol1.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2007|title = Equal access to quality education for Roma, Volume 1|pages = 18–20, 187, 212–213, 358–361|publisher = Open Society Institute – EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP)}}</ref>

Romani in European cities are often accused of crimes such as [[pickpocketing]]. In 2009, a documentary by the [[BBC]] called ''Gypsy Child Thieves'' showed Romani children being kidnapped and abused by Romani gangs from Romania. The children were often held locked in sheds during the nights and sent to steal during the days.<ref name="BBC Gypsy Gangs" /> However, ''[[Chachipe]]'', a charity which works for the human rights of Romani people, has claimed that this programme promoted "popular stereotypes against Roma which contribute to their marginalisation and provide legitimacy to racist attacks against them" and that in suggesting that [[begging]] and [[child exploitation]] was "intrinsic to the Romany culture", the programme was "highly damaging" for the Romani people. However, the charity accepted that some of the incidents that were detailed in the programme in fact took place.<ref name=IRR1>{{cite web|title=BBC documentary about Roma children sparks outrage|url=http://www.irr.org.uk/news/bbc-documentary-about-roma-children-sparks-outrage/|publisher=Institute for Race Relations|access-date=2 May 2015|date=17 December 2009|author=Miranda Wilson}}</ref>

The documentary speculated that in [[Milan]], Italy a single Romani child was able to steal as much as €12,000 in a month; and that there were as many as 50 of such abused Romani children operating in the city. The film went on to describe the link between poverty, discrimination, crime and exploitation.<ref name="BBC Gypsy Gangs">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8226580.stm | work=BBC News | first=Sam | last=Bagnall | title=How Gypsy gangs use child thieves | date=2 September 2009}}</ref>

A United Nations study<ref>{{cite book|title=Avoiding the Dependence Trap: A Regional Human Development Report|url=http://roma.undp.sk/online.php|isbn=92-1-126153-8|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|date=December 2002|first=Andrey|last=Ivanov|chapter=7|chapter-url=http://roma.undp.sk/reports_contents.php?parent_id=1&id=229|access-date=29 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205182000/http://roma.undp.sk/online.php|archive-date=5 December 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> found that Romani people living in European countries are arrested for robbery much more often than other groups. [[Amnesty International]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Anti-Roma racism in Europe |first=Julie |last=Denesha |publisher=Amnesty International |url=http://web.amnesty.org/wire/February2002/Europe_Roma |date=February 2002 |access-date=26 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012191514/http://web.amnesty.org/wire/February2002/Europe_Roma |archive-date=12 October 2007 |df=dmy}}</ref> and Romani rights groups such as the ''Union Romani'' blame widespread [[institutionalised racism]] and persecution.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rromani People: Present Situation in Europe|url=http://www.unionromani.org/pueblo_in.htm#situacion|publisher=Union Romani|access-date=26 August 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070820014003/http://www.unionromani.org/pueblo_in.htm| archive-date= 20 August 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> In July 2008, a [[Business Week]] feature found the region's Romani population to be a "missed economic opportunity".<ref>{{cite web|author=S. Adam Cardais |url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jul2008/gb20080728_953451.htm?chan=globalbiz_europe+index+page_top+stories |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129164600/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jul2008/gb20080728_953451.htm?chan=globalbiz_europe+index+page_top+stories |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 January 2009 |title=Businessweek.com |publisher=Businessweek.com |date=28 July 2008 |access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref> Hundreds of people from [[Ostravice]], in the [[Beskydy]] mountains in the Czech Republic, signed a petition against a plan to move Romani families from [[Ostrava]] city to their home town, fearing the Romani as well as claiming their schools would not being able to cope with the influx of Romani children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zpravy.aktualne.cz/village-rallies-against-roma-influx/r~i:article:619339/|title=Village rallies against Roma influx|date=15 October 2008|website=Aktuálně.cz}}</ref>

In 2009, the UN's anti-racism panel charged that "Gypsies suffer widespread racism in European Union".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/23/eu-roma-racism-discrimination|title=Gypsies suffer widespread racism in European Union|date=23 April 2009|newspaper=Guardian |access-date=26 August 2010 | location=London | first=Ian | last=Traynor| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100809025320/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/apr/23/eu-roma-racism-discrimination| archive-date= 9 August 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> The EU has launched a program entitled [[Decade of Roma Inclusion]] to combat this and other problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romadecade.org/|title=期間工バイブル【バイト・転職求人検索のコペル】|website=Romadecade.org|access-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126163332/http://www.romadecade.org/|archive-date=26 November 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Austria====
On 5 February 1995, [[Franz Fuchs]] killed four Romani in [[Oberwart]] with a [[pipe bomb]] [[improvised explosive device]] which was attached to a sign that read "Roma zurück nach Indien" ("Romani back to India"). It was the worst racial terror attack in post-war Austria, and was Fuchs's first fatal attack.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/21/world/attack-on-austrian-gypsies-deepens-fear-of-neo-nazis.html|title=Attack on Austrian Gypsies Deepens Fear of Neo-Nazis|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=21 February 1995}}</ref>

====Bulgaria====
[[File:Anti-Romani graffiti in Sofia.jpg|thumb|Anti-Roma graffiti in Sofia.]]
In 2011 in Bulgaria, the widespread anti-Romanyism culminated in [[2011 Bulgaria antiziganist protests|anti-Roma protests]] in response to the murder of Angel Petrov on the orders of Kiril Rashkov, a Roma leader in the village of [[:bg:Катуница|Katunitsa]]. In the subsequent trial, the killer, Simeon Yosifov, was sentenced to 17 years in jail.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204226204576599331889606992 |title=Anti-Roma Protests Escalate |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=29 September 2011 |access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref> As of May 2012, an appeal was underway.

Protests continued on 1 October in Sofia, with 2000 Bulgarians marching against the Romani and what they viewed to be the "impunity and the corruption" of the political elite in the country.<ref name="BBC10-1">{{cite news|title=Bulgarian rally links Roma to organised crime|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15140291|work=[[BBC News]]|date=1 October 2011|access-date=2 October 2011}}</ref>

[[Volen Siderov]], leader of the far-right [[National Union Attack|Ataka]] party and presidential candidate, spoke to a crowd at the Presidential Palace in Sofia, calling for the death penalty to be reinstated as well as Romani ghettos to be dismantled.<ref name="BBC10-1"/>

Many of the organized protests were accompanied by ethnic clashes and racist violence against Romani. The protesters shouted racist slogans like "Gypsies into soap" and "Slaughter the Turks!"<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |last=Brunwasser |first=Matthew |date=2011-09-27 |title=Anti-Roma Demonstrations Spread Across Bulgaria |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/28/world/europe/anti-roma-demonstrations-spread-across-bulgaria.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Many protesters were arrested for public order offenses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnevnik.bg/bulgaria/2011/09/27/1163572_mvr_za_protestite_za_katunica_sred_nai-agresivnite/ |script-title=bg:България - МВР за протестите за Катуница: Сред най-агресивните бяха 12-13-годишни |work=www.dnevnik.bg |date=27 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trud.bg/Article.asp?ArticleId=1055699 |title=Труд |website=Труд |access-date=13 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111208/http://www.trud.bg/Article.asp?ArticleId=1055699 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The news media labelled the protests as anti-Romani [[Pogroms]].<ref name="nytimes.com"/>

Furthermore, in 2009, Bulgarian prime minister [[Boyko Borisov]] referred to Roma as "bad human material".<ref name="ndt1.com"/><ref name="Chicago audio record"/><ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/><ref name="novinite.com"/> The vice-president of the [[Party of European Socialists]], [[Jan Marinus Wiersma]] claimed that he "has already crossed the invisible line between [[right-wing populism]] and extremism".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialistgroup.eu/gpes/public/detail.htm?id=116844&section=NER&category=NEWS |title=Challenge to EPP over leader's statement on bad human material |publisher=Socialistgroup.eu |date=6 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323050511/http://www.socialistgroup.eu/gpes/public/detail.htm?id=116844&section=NER&category=NEWS |archive-date=23 March 2012}}</ref>

In 2019 pogroms against the Roma community in [[Gabrovo]] broke out after three young Romani were accused of assaulting a local shopkeeper.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-14|title=Bulgarian PM's intervention fails to stop anti-Roma protests in Gabrovo|url=http://intellinews.com/bulgarian-pm-s-intervention-fails-to-stop-anti-roma-protests-in-gabrovo-159595/|access-date=2020-10-12|website=intellinews.com}}</ref> The following wave of riots saw incidents of violence and arson of two houses where Roma people were living, leading to the majority of the towns Roma community fleeing over night leaving behind their homes to be looted. Roma rights NGO said that gendarmerie were deployed near places where there were Roma houses, but the police had “shown frustration, urging more Gabrovo Roma to spend the next few days with relatives in other municipalities”. Many Roma have never returned as their homes were burned down and their property destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-13|title=Many Roma have fled Gabrovo, as Bulgarian town braces for another 'no to aggression' protest|url=https://sofiaglobe.com/2019/04/13/many-roma-have-fled-gabrovo-as-bulgarian-town-braces-for-another-no-to-aggression-protest/|access-date=2020-10-12|website=The Sofia Globe}}</ref>

====Czech Republic====
{{Further|Romani people in the Czech Republic}}
Roma make up 2–3% of population in the [[Czech Republic]]. According to Říčan (1998), Roma make up more than 60% of Czech prisoners and about 20–30% earn their livelihood in illegal ways, such as procuring prostitution, trafficking and other property crimes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Říčan|first=Pavel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtgmAAAAMAAJ&q=pavel+%C5%99%C3%AD%C4%8Dan+s+romy+%C5%BE%C3%ADt+budeme|title=S Romy žít budeme – jde o to jak: dějiny, současná situace, kořeny problémů, naděje společné budoucnosti|publisher=Portál|year=1998|isbn=80-7178-250-5|location=Praha|pages=58–63}}</ref> Roma are thus more than 20 times overrepresented in Czech prisons than their population share would suggest.

Several [[Roma wall]]s have been built for by local authorities to [[Racial segregation|segregate]] the [[Romani people|Roma minority]] from the rest of the population. Such practices have been criticised by both [[human rights organization]]s and the [[European Union]], who see it as a case of racial segregation.<ref name="ray">{{cite news |title=Czechs pull down Gypsy wall |first=Ray |last=Furlong |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/534383.stm |newspaper=[[BBC]] |date=November 24, 1999 |access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref> EU Commissioner [[Guenter Verheugen]] called instances of Roma walls being erected in the Czech Republic "a violation of [[human rights]]".<ref name="shame">{{cite news |first=Adam |last=LeBor |title=Gypsy Wall That Shames the Czechs |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P2-5021306/gypsy-wall-that-shames-the-czechs-frontline-usti |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130713184050/http://www.questia.com/read/1P2-5021306/gypsy-wall-that-shames-the-czechs-frontline-usti |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 July 2013 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=October 28, 1999 |access-date=7 July 2013 }}</ref> The Czech government provided local authorities money for social welfare programmes for Romani, but much of the money was used for buying the houses of the non-Roma residents, thus creating a local Roma-only "[[ghetto]]".<ref name="ray"/>

According to 2010 survey, 83% of Czechs consider Roma asocial and 45% of Czechs would like to expel them from the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/cesi-propadaji-anticikanismu-kazdy-druhy-tu-romy-nechce-zjistil-pruzkum-1qx-/domaci.asp?c=A101209_161615_domaci_js|title=Češi propadají anticikánismu, každý druhý tu Romy nechce, zjistil průzkum|author=Jiří Šťastný|date=8 February 2012|publisher=Zpravy.idnes.cz|access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref> A 2011 poll, which followed after a number of brutal attacks by Romani perpetrators against majority population victims, revealed that 44% of Czechs are afraid of Roma people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tyden.cz/rubriky/domaci/romsky-bloger-nekteri-romove-se-chovaji-jako-blazni_216270.html|title=Romsky bloger nekteri romove se chovaji jako blazni|date=November 2011|language=cs|access-date=1 November 2011}}</ref> The majority of the [[Czech people]] that have a personal experience with Romani people, do not want to have Romanis as neighbours (almost 90%, more than any other group<ref>{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romea.cz%2Findex.php%3Fid%3Dservis%2Fz2005_0318&hl=cs&ie=UTF8&sl=cs&tl=en|title=Czech don't want Roma as neighbours|language=cs|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201133920/http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romea.cz%2Findex.php%3Fid%3Dservis%2Fz2005_0318&hl=cs&ie=UTF8&sl=cs&tl=en|archive-date=1 February 2012|access-date=15 April 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>) seeing them as thieves and social parasites. In spite of long waiting time for a child adoption, Romani children from orphanages are almost never adopted by Czech couples.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.cz/en/article/88089|title=What is keeping children in orphanages when so many people want to adopt?|date=7 February 2007 |publisher=Radio Prague|access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref> After the [[Velvet Revolution]] in 1989 the jobs traditionally employing Romanis either disappeared or were taken over by immigrant workers.

In January 2010, Amnesty International launched a report titled ''Injustice Renamed: Discrimination in Education of Roma persists in the Czech Republic''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-31 |title=Czech Republic: Injustice renamed: Discrimination in education of Roma persists in the Czech Republic |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur71/003/2009/en/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> According to the [[BBC]], it was Amnesty's view that while cosmetic changes had been introduced by the authorities, little genuine improvement in addressing discrimination against Romani children has occurred over recent years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8456882.stm|title=Amnesty says Czech schools still fail Roma Gypsies|date=13 January 2010|work=BBC News|access-date=14 January 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114052029/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8456882.stm|archive-date=14 January 2010}}</ref>

In 2013, numerous [[2013 Czech Anti-Roma protests|violent anti-Roma protests]] took place after 5 Roma attacked a young Czech couple in Duchcov.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-23830623 | title=Czech anti-Roma protests end in arrests | work=BBC News | date=25 August 2013 }}</ref>

The 2019 [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research poll]] found that 66% of Czechs held unfavorable views of Roma.<ref name="Pew Research Center">{{cite news|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/|title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups|date=14 October 2019|work=Pew Research Center}}</ref>

====Denmark====
In Denmark, there was much controversy when the city of [[Helsingør]] decided to put all Romani students in special classes in its [[Public school (government funded)|public school]]s. The classes were later abandoned after it was determined that they were discriminatory, and the Romanis were put back in regular classes.<ref>{{cite web|date = 18 January 2006|url = http://www.dr.dk/Regioner/Kbh/Nyheder/Politik/20060118073049.htm|title = Roma-politik igen i søgelyset|publisher = DR Radio P4|language = da}}</ref>

====France====
[[File:France cannot into welcoming Roma.png|thumb|[[Countryballs|Polandball]] comic on the news that a group of Romani people were chased from their camps in Marseille]]
{{Further|Deportation of Roma migrants from France}}
France has come under criticism for its treatment of Roma. In the summer of 2010, French authorities demolished at least 51 illegal Roma camps and began the process of repatriating their residents to their countries of origin.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11020429|title=France sends Roma Gypsies back to Romania | date=20 August 2010 | publisher=BBC |access-date=22 August 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100821223510/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11020429| archive-date= 21 August 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> The French government has been accused of perpetrating these actions to pursue its political agenda.<ref>{{cite news|title=France Begins Controversial Roma Deportations |date=19 August 2010 |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,712701,00.html |work=Der Spiegel |access-date=20 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820123925/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0%2C1518%2C712701%2C00.html |archive-date=20 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2013, [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]], a very controversial far-right politician and founder of the [[National Front (France)|National Front]] party, had a lawsuit filed against him by the European Roma and Travellers Forum, SOS Racisme and the French Union of Travellers Association after he publicly called France's Roma population "smelly" and "rash-inducing", claiming his comments violated French law on inciting racial hatred.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/roma-travellers-group-sue-far-right-leader-491937|title=Jean-Marie Le Pen Sued for Calling Roma Gypsies 'Smelly'|newspaper=International Business Times|author=Gianluca Mezzofiore|date=18 July 2013|access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref>

====Germany====
After 2005 Germany deported some 50,000 people, mainly Romanis, to Kosovo. They were asylum seekers who fled the country during the [[Kosovo War]]. The people were deported after living more than 10 years in Germany. The deportations were highly controversial: many were children and obtained education in Germany, spoke German as their primary language and considered themselves to be Germans.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/19/international/europe/19kosovo.html|title=Germany Sending Gypsy Refugees Back to Kosovo|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=19 May 2005}}</ref> Three victims of the [[Hanau shootings]] were Romanis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.freitag.de/autoren/der-freitag/keine-antwort-1|title= "Keine Antwort"|newspaper= Der Freitag|access-date=April 23, 2021|last1= Tügel|first1= Nelli}}</ref>

====Hungary====
On 23 February 2009, a Romani man and his five-year-old son were shot dead in [[Tatárszentgyörgy]] village southeast of [[Budapest]] as they were fleeing their burning house which was set alight by a petrol bomb. The dead man's two other children suffered serious burns. Suspects were arrested and were on trial as of 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://index.hu/belfold/2011/03/25/egy_megdobbento_gyilkossagsorozat_reszletei/|title=Egy megdöbbentő gyilkosságsorozat részletei|date=25 March 2011|access-date=25 March 2011|publisher=Index}}</ref>

In 2012, [[Viktória Mohácsi]], 2004–2009 Hungarian [[Member of European Parliament]] of Romani ethnicity, asked for asylum in Canada after previously requesting police protection at home from serious threats she was receiving from [[hate groups]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romea.cz/english/index.php?id=detail&detail=2007_3142|title=Hungarian Roma activist, former member of European Parliament emigrates to Canada|work=romea.cz|access-date=28 December 2013|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126070105/http://www.romea.cz/english/index.php?id=detail&detail=2007_3142|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politics.hu/20130616/hungarian-mep-to-canada-asylum-seeker-a-romas-long-trek/|title=Hungarian MEP to Canada asylum seeker: A Roma's long trek|work=Politics.hu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234856/http://www.politics.hu/20130616/hungarian-mep-to-canada-asylum-seeker-a-romas-long-trek/|archive-date=30 December 2013|access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref>

====Italy====
{{see also|Anti-Roma sentiment in Italy}}
In 2007 and 2008, following the rape and subsequent murder of a woman in Rome at the hands of a young man from a local Romani encampment,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/nov/02/italy.international |title=Italian woman's murder prompts expulsion threat to Romanians |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2 November 2007 | location=London | first=John | last=Hooper}}</ref> the Italian government started a crackdown on illegal Roma and Sinti campsites in the country.

In May 2008, Romani camps in Naples were attacked and set on fire by local residents.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/world/europe/7423165.stm |title=Italy condemned for 'racism wave'|date=28 May 2008|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC}}</ref> In July 2008, a high court in Italy overthrew the conviction of defendants who had publicly demanded the expulsion of Romanis from [[Verona]] in 2001 and reportedly ruled that "it is acceptable to discriminate against Roma on the grounds that they are thieves".<ref name="legalpredj">{{Cite news |last=Hooper |first=John |date=2008-06-30 |title=Italy: Court inflames Roma discrimination row |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/01/italy |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> One of those freed was [[Flavio Tosi]], Verona's mayor and an official of the anti-immigrant [[Lega Nord]].<ref name="legalpredj" /> The decision came during a "nationwide clampdown" on Romanis by Italian prime minister [[Silvio Berlusconi]]. The previous week, Berlusconi's interior minister [[Roberto Maroni]] had declared that all Romanis in Italy, including children, would be fingerprinted.<ref name="legalpredj" />

In 2011, the development of a National Inclusion Strategy for Rom, Sinti and Camminanti <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/justice/discrimination/files/roma_italy_strategy_it.pdf|title=Strategia Nazionale D'Inclusione Dei Rom, Dei Sinti e Dei Caminanti Attuazione Comunicazione Commissione Europea N.173/2011|website=Ec.europa.eu|access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> under the supervision of European Commission has defined the presence of Romani camps as an unacceptable condition. As already underlined by many international organizations, the prevalent positioning of the RSC communities in the c.d "nomad camps" fuels segregation and hinders every process of social integration / inclusion; but even where other more stable housing modalities have been found, forms of ghettoization and self-segregation are found, which hinder the process of integration / social inclusion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/justice/discrimination/files/roma_italy_strategy_it.pdf|page=15|title=Strategia Nazionale D'Inclusione Dei Rom, Dei Sinti e Dei Caminanti Attuazione Comunicazione Commissione Europea N.173/2011|website=Ec.europa.eu|access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref>

====Romania====
{{Further|Romani people in Romania|Slavery in Romania}}
Roma make up 3.3% of population in Romania. Prejudice against Romanis is common amongst the Romanians, who characterize them as thieves, dirty, and lazy.<ref name="enar">Delia-Luiza Nită, [http://cms.horus.be/files/99935/MediaArchive/national/Romania%20-%20SR%202008.pdf ENAR Shadow Report 2008: Racism in Romania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023332/http://cms.horus.be/files/99935/MediaArchive/national/Romania%20-%20SR%202008.pdf |date=4 March 2016}}, [[European Network Against Racism]]</ref> A 2000 EU report about Romani said that ''in Romania... the continued high levels of discrimination are a serious concern...and progress has been limited to programmes aimed at improving access to education''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/fundamental_rights/pdf/pubst/roma04_en.pdf |title=The Situation of Roma in an Enlarged European Union |publisher=European Commission |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305133536/http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/fundamental_rights/pdf/pubst/roma04_en.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2009 |df=dmy}}</ref> A survey of the Pro Democrația association in Romania revealed that 94% of the questioned persons believe that the [[Romanian nationality law|Romanian citizenship]] should be revoked to the ethnic Romani who commit crimes abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/romii-vor-fapte-nu-vorbe-891619.html|title=Evenimentul Zilei|date=7 April 2010|website=Evz.ro|access-date=2012-01-15}}</ref>

In 2009-2010, a media campaign followed by a parliamentarian initiative asked the Romanian Parliament to accept a proposal to change back the official name of country's Roma (adopted in 2000) to ''Țigan'', the traditional and colloquial [[Romanian language|Romanian]] name for Romani, in order to avoid the possible confusion among the international community between the words Roma, which refers to the Romani ethnic minority, and Romania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jurnalul.ro/campaniile-jurnalul/tigan-in-loc-de-rom/propunere-jurnalul-national-tigan-in-loc-de-rom-145427.html|title=Propunere Jurnalul Naţional|website=Jurnalul.ro|access-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712104106/http://jurnalul.ro/campaniile-jurnalul/tigan-in-loc-de-rom/propunere-jurnalul-national-tigan-in-loc-de-rom-145427.html|archive-date=12 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Romanian government supported the move on the grounds that many countries in the European Union use a [[names of the Romani people|variation of the word ''Țigan'']] to refer to their Roma populations. The Romanian upper house, the Senate, rejected the proposal.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2035862,00.html|title=Romania's Government Moves to Rename the Roma|first=Rupert Wolfe|last=Murray|date=8 December 2010|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/disputes-over-proper-word-for-romania-s-minority|title=Romania Declines to Turn Roma Into 'Gypsies'|website=Balkaninsight.com|date=11 February 2011 |access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref>

Several anti-Romani riots occurred in recent decades, notable of which being the [[1993 Hădăreni riots]], in which a mob of Romanians and Hungarians, in response to the killing of a Romanian by a Romani person, burnt down 13 houses belonging to Roma, lynched three Romani people and forced 130 people to flee the village.<ref name="hadareni">{{Cite news |last=Kamm |first=Henry |date=1993-10-27 |title=Hadareni Journal; Death Is a Neighbor, and the Gypsies Are Terrified |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/27/world/hadareni-journal-death-is-a-neighbor-and-the-gypsies-are-terrified.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In [[Baia Mare]], Mayor [[Cătălin Cherecheș]] announced the building of a 3 metre high, 100 metre long concrete wall to divide the buildings in which the Roma community lives from the rest of the city and bring "order and discipline" into the area.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Roma community segregation still plaguing Romania |url=http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2011/07/18/feature-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718213726/http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2011/07/18/feature-04 |archive-date=2011-07-18 |access-date=2025-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[manele]], their modern music style, was prohibited in some cities of Romania in public transport<ref>{{cite web|title=Primăria de decis: Manelele lui Guţă şi Salam sunt interzise la Galaţi|url=http://www.adevarul.ro/locale/galati/Manelele_lui_Guta_si_Salam-interzise_la_Galati_0_216578447.html|work=Stiri din Galati|publisher=Adevărul Holding|access-date=29 July 2012|author=Corina Misăilă, Vali Trufașu|date=28 February 2010}}</ref> and taxis,<ref>{{cite web|title=Interzis la manele în taxi!|url=http://www.libertatea.ro/detalii/articol/interzis-la-manele-in-taxi-282232.html|work=Liber Tatea|publisher=Ringier Romania Toate|access-date=29 July 2012|language=ro|date=31 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fumatul şi manelele, interzise în taxiurile braşovene|url=http://www.adevarul.ro/life/Fumatul-manelele-interzise-taxiurile-brasovene_0_42595952.html|work=Adevărul.ro|publisher=Adevărul Holding|access-date=29 July 2012|author=Sebastian Dan|language=ro|date=14 March 2007}}</ref> that action being justified by bus and taxi companies as being for passengers' comfort and a neutral ambience, acceptable for all passengers. However, those actions had been characterised by [[:ro:Speranța Rădulescu|Speranta Radulescu]], a professor of ethno-musicology at the [[Bucharest Conservatory]], as "a defect of Romanian society".<ref>{{cite news|title="Manele", the Most Contested Music of Today|url=http://www.rri.ro/art.shtml?lang=1&sec=27&art=217582|access-date=23 June 2012|newspaper=Radio Romania International|date=6 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624063402/http://www.rri.ro/art.shtml?lang=1&sec=27&art=217582|archive-date=24 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> There were also a few criticisms of Professor Dr. Ioan Bradu Iamandescu's experimental study, which linked the listening of "manele" to an increased level of aggressiveness and low self-control and suggested a correlation between preference for that music style and low cognitive skills.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prof. dr. Ioan Bradu Iamandescu: "Pe muzică barocă, neuronii capătă un ritm specific geniilor"|url=http://www.adevarul.ro/life/sanatate/Prof-_dr-_Ioan_Bradu_Iamandescu-_-Pe_muzica_baroca-neuronii_capata_un_ritm_specific_geniilor_0_551345213.html|work=Adevărul.ro|publisher=Adevărul Holding|access-date=29 July 2012|author=Mariana Minea|language=ro|date=10 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cum se comporta creierul cand asculta manele|url=http://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/social/cum-se-comporta-creierul-cand-asculta-manele.html|work=Stirileprotv.ro|access-date=29 July 2012|language=ro}}</ref>

====Sweden====
Roma are one of the five official national minorities in Sweden.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sweden.se/society/national-minorities-in-sweden/|title=National Minorities in Sweden|publisher=Swedish Institute|website=sweden.se|access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref>

In 1922, the first proposal on [[compulsory sterilisation in Sweden]] was made. Beginning in 1934, compulsory sterilisation of the "mentally retarded" was legally practiced by the Swedish state. Sterilisations were mostly conducted on disabled people, but also minority groups, [[Sterilization of Romani women|such as the Roma]]. 30,000 people were sterilised against their will. It is not known exactly how many Roma people were sterilised, but it is estimated to be at least 400-500 people. The policy was based on "[[racial science]]" supported by the [[State Institute for Racial Biology]] in [[Uppsala]]. In 1937, a "maternal care" policy was introduced for people of Roma heritage. It was used to convince Roma mothers to get sterilised. An excerpt from a childcare inspector's application of sterilisation on a woman in the mid 1940s: ''"The applicant - including the man - are of Romani heritage and still live a wandering life. [...] It can not be seen as desirable that additional children are brought into this home. [...] Maternal care for the last born child has been granted only on condition that the sterilisation operation is undertaken."'' The law on compulsory sterilisation was abolished in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tvångssterilisering i Sverige |url=https://motantiziganism.se/tvangssterilisering-i-sverige/ |website=motantiziganism.se |date=3 August 2020 |access-date=20 January 2023 |language=sv}}</ref>

In 2013, it was revealed that the [[Swedish Police Authority|Skåne Police]] held an illegal registry of over 4,000 Roma people, including children. It included many Roma people who had no criminal record. The registry was located in a folder in the Skåne Police's database, marked "itinerants". It was established by the Police in [[Lund]] but was also sought after by other criminal agencies in other cities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Polisen kartlägger romer i stor databas |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/olaglig-kartlaggning-av-romer |newspaper=SVT Nyheter |date=23 September 2013 |access-date=20 January 2023 |language=sv|last1=Taubert |first1=Lars-Erik |last2=Magnusson |first2=Örjan}}</ref>

In a survey commissioned by the [[Equality Ombudsman]] in 2002/2003, Roma described the discrimination they experience in their daily lives. 90 percent stated that they perceive Sweden to a certain or high degree as a racist country. The same amount agreed to a certain or high degree to the statement that the country has an attitude view towards Roma. 25 percent neither feel a part of the Swedish population nor feel accepted in the Swedish society. And 60 percent said that they have been called derogatory or discriminatory terms related to their ethnic background at least once in the last two years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.do.se/globalassets/publikationer/rapport-diskriminering-romer-sverige.pdf|date=2004|title=Diskriminering av Romer i Sverige. Rapport från DO:s projekt åren 2002 och 2003 om åtgärder för att förebygga och motverka etnisk diskriminering av Romer|publisher=Ombudsmannen mot etnisk diskriminering|website=do.se|access-date=8 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526210132/http://www.do.se/globalassets/publikationer/rapport-diskriminering-romer-sverige.pdf|archive-date=26 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Slovakia====
{{Further|Romani people in Slovakia}}
According to the last census from 2011, Roma make up 2.0% of the population in Slovakia.

Three Slovakian Romani women have come before the [[European Court of Human Rights]] on grounds of having been sterilised without their consent in Slovakian hospitals. The sterilisations were performed by [[tubal ligation]] after the women gave birth by Caesarean section. The court awarded two of the women costs and damages while the third case was dismissed because of the woman's death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrlc.org.au/forced-sterilisation-of-roma-women-is-inhuman-and-degrading-but-not-discriminatory|title=Forced sterilisation of Roma women is inhuman and degrading but not discriminatory|last=Kinsella|first=Naomi|website=Hrlc.org.au|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130405150900/http://www.hrlc.org.au/forced-sterilisation-of-roma-women-is-inhuman-and-degrading-but-not-discriminatory|archive-date=5 April 2013|access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref> A report by the [[Center for Reproductive Rights]] and the Centre for Civil and Human Rights has compiled more than 100 cases of Roma women in Slovakia who have been sterilised without their [[informed consent]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reproductiverights.org/en/document/body-and-soul-forced-sterilization-and-other-assaults-on-roma-reproductive-freedom|title=Body and Soul: Forced Sterilization and Other Assaults on Roma Reproductive Freedom|date=June 2003 |publisher=Center for Reproductive Rights|access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref>

Roma are the victims of ethnically driven violence and crime in Slovakia. According to monitoring and reports provided by the European Roma Rights Center (ERRC) in 2013, racist violence, evictions, threats, and more subtle forms of discrimination have increased over the past two years in Slovakia. The ERRC considers the situation in Slovakia to be one of the worst in Europe, as of 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-new-roma-ghettos-000519-v20n4/?Contentpage=2/|title=The New Roma Ghettos &#124; VICE|last=Lake|first=Aaron|date=2013-12-25|website=Vice.com|access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref>

Roma people suffer serious discrimination in Slovakia. Roma children are segregated in school and do not receive the level of education as other Slovakian children. Some are sent to schools for children with mild mental disabilities. As a result, their attainment level is far below average.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/roma-rights-anti-discrimination-europe-violence-eviction-education|title=Roma rights|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903151350/http://www.amnesty.org.uk/roma-rights-anti-discrimination-europe-violence-eviction-education|archive-date=3 September 2014|access-date=2 September 2014}}</ref> Amnesty International's report "Unfulfilled promises: Failing to end segregation of Roma pupils in Slovakia" describes the failure of the Slovak authorities to end the discrimination of Roma children on the grounds of their ethnicity in education. According to a 2012 United Nations Development Programme survey, around 43 per cent of Roma in mainstream schools attended ethnically segregated classes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/slovak-authorities-breach-obligations-romani-school-children-2013-09-04|title=Slovak authorities in breach of obligations to Romani school children &#124; Amnesty International|website=Amnesty.org|access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref>

The 2019 [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]] poll found that 76% of Slovaks held unfavorable views of Roma.<ref name="Pew Research Center"/>

===Non-EU countries===

====Albania====
Roma and [[Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians]] suffer from various forms of discrimination in Albania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE WALL OF ANTI-GYPSYISM ROMA AND EGYPTIANS IN ALBANIA |url=https://crd.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/The-Wall-of-Anti-Gypsyism-%E2%80%93-Roma-in-Albania-Eng.pdf |website=crd.org}}</ref>

====Canada====
When Romani [[refugee]]s were allowed into Canada in 1997, a protest was staged by 25 people, including [[neo-Nazi]]s, in front of the motel where the refugees were staying. The protesters held signs that included, "Honk if you hate Gypsies", "Canada is not a Trash Can", and "G.S.T. – Gypsies Suck Tax". (The last is a reference to Canada's unpopular [[Goods and Services Tax (Canada)|Goods and Services Tax]], also known as GST.) The protesters were charged with promoting hatred, and the case, called ''[[R. v. Krymowski]]'', reached the [[Supreme Court of Canada]] in 2005.<ref>''[[R. v. Krymowski]]'' [2005] 1 S.C.R. 101.</ref>

On 5 September 2012, prominent Canadian conservative commentator [[Ezra Levant]] broadcast a commentary "The Jew vs. the Gypsies" on ''[[J-Source (website)|J-Source]]'' in which he accused the [[Romani people]] of being a group of criminals: "These are gypsies, a culture synonymous with swindlers. The phrase gypsy and cheater have been so interchangeable historically that the word has entered the English language as a verb: he [[:wikt:gyp|gypped]] me. Well the gypsies have gypped us. Too many have come here as false refugees. And they come here to gyp us again and rob us blind as they have done in Europe for centuries.... They're gypsies. And one of the central characteristics of that culture is that their chief economy is theft and begging."<ref name=jsource>{{cite news|title=Hate crime investigation launched surrounding Ezra Levant's Roma broadcast|url=http://j-source.ca/article/hate-crime-investigation-launched-surrounding-ezra-levant%E2%80%99s-roma-broadcast|access-date=25 October 2012|newspaper=J-Source (website)|publisher=[[The Canadian Journalism Foundation]]|date=24 October 2012|archive-date=26 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026081913/http://j-source.ca/article/hate-crime-investigation-launched-surrounding-ezra-levant%E2%80%99s-roma-broadcast|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Kosovo====
From the end of the [[Kosovo War]] in June 1999, about 80% of [[Kosovo]]'s Romanis were expelled, amounting to approximately 100,000 expellees.<ref name=cahn>{{Citation|author=Claude Cahn |year=2007 |title=Birth of a Nation: Kosovo and the Persecution of Pariah Minorities |journal=[[German Law Journal]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |issn=2071-8322 |url=http://www.germanlawjournal.org/pdfs/Vol08No01/PDF_Vol_08_No_01_81-94_SI_Cahn.pdf |mode=cs1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215183028/http://www.germanlawjournal.org/pdfs/Vol08No01/PDF_Vol_08_No_01_81-94_SI_Cahn.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2015 |df=dmy}}</ref>{{rp|82}} For the 1999–2006 period, the [[European Roma Rights Centre]] documented numerous crimes perpetrated by Kosovo's ethnic Albanians with the purpose to purge the region of its Romani population along with other non-Albanian ethnic communities. These crimes included murder, abduction and illegal detention, torture, rape, arson, confiscation of houses and other property and forced labour. Whole Romani settlements were burned to the ground by Albanians.<ref name=cahn/>{{rp|82}} Romanis remaining in Kosovo are reported to be systematically denied fundamental human rights. They "live in a state of pervasive fear"<ref name=cahn/>{{rp|83}} and are routinely intimidated, verbally harassed and periodically attacked on racist grounds by Albanians.<ref name=cahn/>{{rp|83}} The Romani community of Kosovo is regarded to be, for the most part, annihilated.<ref name=cahn/>{{rp|93}}

At [[Roma in United Nations refugee camps, Kosovska Mitrovica|UN internally displaced persons' camps in Kosovska Mitrovica for Romanis]], the refugees were exposed to [[lead poisoning]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Gesellschaft fuer bedrohte Voelker – Society for Threatened Peoples |url=http://www.gfbv.de/inhaltsDok.php?id=435&stayInsideTree=1 |title=Lead Poisoning of Roma in Idp Camps in Kosovo |publisher=Gfbv.de |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719033156/http://www.gfbv.de/inhaltsDok.php?id=435&stayInsideTree=1 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Norway====
In [[Norway]], Romani, in common with other marginalised groups, were sterilised by the state, a practice which continued until 1977. In the period 1934-1977 a total of 125 sterilisations were performed on Romanis in Norway, accounting for 0.00288% of the total number of documented sterilisations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Haave|first=Per|date=2000|title=Sterilisering av tatere 1934-1977|url=http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2009022600074}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5TdqodY_QwC&q=Norway+roma+sterilisation&pg=PA173|title=The Nordic peace|contribution=The non-autonomous minority groups in the Nordic countries|last1=Hannikainen|first1=Lauri|last2=Åkermark|first2=Sia Spiliopoulou|pages=171–197|editor-last=Clive|editor-first=Archer|editor2-last=Joenniemi|editor2-first=Pertti|year=2003|location=Aldershot|isbn=978-0-7546-1417-3|publisher=Ashgate}}</ref>

Anti-Romanyism in Norway flared up in July 2012, when roughly 200 Romani people settled outside [[:no:Sofienberg kirke|Sofienberg church]] in Oslo and were later relocated to a building site at [[Årvoll]], in northern Oslo. The group was subjected to [[hate crime]]s in the form of stone throwing and fireworks being aimed at and fired into their camp. They, and Norwegians trying to assist them in their situation, also received [[death threat]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Folk er folk-leder sier han har fått flere drapstrusler|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/Folk-er-folk-leder-sier-han-har-fatt-flere-drapstrusler-6943346.html|access-date=31 July 2012}}</ref> [[Siv Jensen]], the leader of the right-wing [[Progress Party (Norway)|Progress Party]], also advocated the expulsion of the Romani people resident in Oslo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jensen: – Nok er nok, sett opp buss, send dem ut|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.8244413|access-date=26 December 2012|newspaper=NRK|date=15 July 2012|last1=Solvang|first1=Fredrik|last2=Haga Honningsøy|first2=Kirsti|language=no}}</ref>

====Switzerland====
A Swiss right-wing magazine, ''Weltwoche'', published a photograph of a gun-wielding Roma child on its cover in 2012, with the title "The Roma are coming: Plundering in Switzerland". They claimed in a series of articles of a growing trend in the country of "criminal tourism for which eastern European Roma clans are responsible", with professional gangs specializing in burglary, thefts, organized begging and street prostitution.<ref name="irishtimes1">{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2012/0412/1224314639219.html |title=Magazine under fire for racist Roma cover – The Irish Times – Thu, 12 April 2012 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=12 April 2012 |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-date=16 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416173330/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2012/0412/1224314639219.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The magazine immediately came under criticism for its links to the right-wing populist [[Swiss People's Party|People's Party (SVP)]], as being deliberately provocative and encouraged racist stereotyping by linking ethnic origin and criminality.<ref name="irishtimes1"/> Switzerland's Federal Commission against Racism is considering legal action after complaints in Switzerland, Austria and Germany that the cover breached antiracism laws.

The Berlin newspaper ''[[Tagesspiegel]]'' investigated the origins of the photograph taken in the slums of [[Gjakova]], [[Kosovo]], where Roma communities were displaced during the [[Kosovo War]] to hovels built on a toxic landfill.<ref>{{cite news|author=von Andrea Dernbach |url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/medien/streit-um-roma-reportage-raubzuege-beim-fotografen/6498056.html |title=Streit um Roma-Reportage: Raubzüge beim Fotografen – Medien – Tagesspiegel |newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online |language=de |publisher=Tagesspiegel.de |access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref> The Italian photographer, Livio Mancini, denounced the abuse of his photograph, which was originally taken to demonstrate the plight of Roma families in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/news-brief/1799581-anti-roma-front-page-provokes-controversy |title=Anti-Roma front page provokes controversy &#124; Presseurop (English) |publisher=[[Presseurop]] |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-date=18 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418123314/http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/news-brief/1799581-anti-roma-front-page-provokes-controversy |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Turkey====
[[Romani people in Turkey]], have many problems in everyday life, e.g. in jobs, professions, as well as the report of mysterious death of a young [[Turkish Roma]] soldier from [[East Thrace]] in May 2021, who served his military service in Itlib, exclusion from corona aid 2020, exclusion from earthquake aid 2023, expelled from places there live since century like [[Sulukule]] in 2007 and [[Bayramiç]] in 1970. Due to exclusion, many deny their Romani origins as much as possible and pretend to be Turks.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26413989 | jstor=26413989 | title=Multidimensionality of exclusionary violence | last1=Özateşler | first1=Gül | journal=Ethnicities | year=2017 | volume=17 | issue=6 | pages=792–815 | doi=10.1177/1468796813518206 | s2cid=145807312| url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.errc.org/news/romani-domari-and-abdal-earthquake-victims-face-discrimination-and-hate-crimes-in-turkey | title=Romani, Domari, and Abdal earthquake victims face discrimination and hate crimes in Turkey}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://stockholmcf.org/discrimination-against-roma-in-turkey-increased-during-the-pandemic-report/ | title=Discrimination against Roma in Turkey increased during the pandemic: Report | date=21 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-the-turkish-roma-musician-balik-ayhan-kucukboyaci-we-roma-are-more-than-just | title=Interview with the Turkish Roma musician "Balik" Ayhan Kucukboyaci: "We Roma are more than just entertainers" - Qantara.de| date=22 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://crd.org/2022/11/03/roma-in-turkey-discrimination-exclusion-deep-poverty-and-deprivation/ | title=Roma in Turkey: Discrimination, exclusion, deep poverty and deprivation | date=3 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-roma-landrights-idUSKBN19A1WE | title=Istanbul's ancient Roma community falls victim to building boom | newspaper=Reuters | date=19 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/minorities/turkish-romani-community-expects-concrete-steps-on-its-problems | title=Turkish Romani community expects 'concrete steps' on its problems | website=[[Daily Sabah]] | date=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/topics/caner-sarmasik | title=Caner Sarmaşık}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/roma-in-turkey-suffer-from-lack-of-work-hunger-and-extreme-poverty-study-shows-news-60135 | title=Roma in Turkey suffer from lack of work, hunger, and extreme poverty, study shows | date=13 January 2022}}</ref>

====United Kingdom====
According to the LGBT rights organisation and charity [[Stonewall (charity)|''Stonewall'']], anti-Romanyism exists in the UK, with a distinction made between Romani people and [[Irish Travellers]] (both of whom are commonly known by the [[exonym]] "[[Gypsy (term)|gypsies]]" in the UK), and the so-called "travellers [and] modern Gypsies".<ref>{{cite book|author1=[[Gill Valentine]]|author2=Ian McDonald|title=Understanding Prejudice: Attitudes towards minorities|publisher=[[Stonewall (charity)|Stonewall]]|page=14|url=http://www.stonewall.org.uk/documents/pdf_cover__content.pdf|access-date=10 January 2015|quote="They were also criticised in cultural terms for not belonging to a community and allegedly having a negative impact on the environment: for example, they are unsightly, dirty or unhygienic. A clear distinction was also made between Romany Gypsies, respected for their history and culture, and travellers or modern Gypsies."|archive-date=26 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926083253/http://stonewall.org.uk/documents/pdf_cover__content.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2008, the [[Media of the United Kingdom|British media]] reported that Roma & Travellers experience a higher degree of discrimination than any other ethnic group in the UK, including asylum-seekers. A Mori poll showed that a third of respondents admitted to being prejudiced against Roma & Travellers.<ref name="shields1">{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/no-blacks-no-dogsno-gypsies-860873.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/no-blacks-no-dogsno-gypsies-860873.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | location=London | work=The Independent | first=Rachel | last=Shields | title=No blacks, no dogs, no Gypsies | date=6 July 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Thousands of retrospective planning permissions are granted in Britain in cases involving non-Romani applicants each year, and statistics showed that 90% of planning applications by Romanis and Irish Travellers are initially refused by [[Local government in the United Kingdom|local councils]] compared with a national average of 20% for other applicants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cre.gov.uk/gdpract/g_and_t_facts.html |title=Gypsies and Irish Travellers: The facts |publisher=Commission for Racial Equality|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011112335/http://cre.gov.uk/gdpract/g_and_t_facts.html |archive-date=11 October 2007 |df=dmy}}</ref> Some travellers have argued that the root of the problem was that many traditional stopping places had been barricaded off and that legislation passed by the previous [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] governments had effectively criminalised their community. For example, some travellers have claimed that removing local authorities' responsibility to provide sites for travellers leaves them with no option but to purchase unregistered new sites themselves.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/southeast/series8/week_three.shtml|work=[[Inside Out (2002 TV programme)|Inside Out]] – South East|date=19 September 2005|title=Gypsies|publisher=BBC}}</ref>

=====England=====
In 2002 [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician, and [[Member of Parliament|MP]] for [[Bracknell (UK Parliament constituency)|Bracknell]] [[Andrew MacKay (British politician)|Andrew MacKay]] stated in a [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] debate on unauthorised encampments of Roma and other Travelling groups in the UK, "They [Roma and Travellers] are scum, and I use the word advisedly. People who do what these people have done do not deserve the same human rights as my decent constituents going about their ordinary lives".<ref>The Gypsy Debate: Can Discourse Control? Joanna Richardson 2006 Imprint academic ch 1 p1.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Craig|first=Gary|title=Understanding 'Race' and Ethnicity: Theory, History, Policy, Practice|year=2012|publisher=The Policy Press|isbn=9781847427700|page=153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0XTCfyKHqC0C&pg=PA153 |author2=Karl Atkin |author3=Ronny Flynn |author4=Sangeeta Chattoo}}</ref>

In 2005, [[Doncaster Borough Council]] discussed in chamber a Review of ''Gypsy and Traveller Needs''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doncaster.gov.uk/db/chamber/default.asp?Nav=Report&ReportID=6091 |title=introduction 2.22 |publisher=Doncaster.gov.uk |date=1 December 2006 |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901022623/http://www.doncaster.gov.uk/db/chamber/default.asp?Nav=Report&ReportID=6091 |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and concluded that "Gypsies" and Irish Travellers are among the most vulnerable and marginalised ethnic minority groups in Britain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doncaster.gov.uk/db/chamber/default.asp?Nav=Report&ReportID=6091 |title=The Council Chamber |publisher=Doncaster.gov.uk |date=1 December 2006 |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901022623/http://www.doncaster.gov.uk/db/chamber/default.asp?Nav=Report&ReportID=6091 |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Gypsies and Travellers: A strategy for the CRE, 2004 – 2007</ref>

A Roma and Traveller support centre in [[Leeds]], [[West Yorkshire]], was vandalised in April 2011 in what the police suspect was a [[hate crime]]. The fire caused substantial damage to a centre that is used as a base for the support and education of Roma and travellers in the community.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bellamy |first=Alison |url=http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/central-leeds/month_closure_for_leeds_traveller_arson_attack_centre_1_3320995 |title=Month closure for Leeds traveller arson attack centre |work=[[Yorkshire Evening Post]] |date=25 April 2011 |access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref>

=====Scotland=====
The Equal Opportunities Committee of the [[Parliament of Scotland|Scottish parliament]] in 2001<ref>{{cite journal|last=Clark|first=Colin|title=Defining Ethnicity in a Cultural and Socio-Legal Context: The Case of Scottish Gypsy-Travellers|journal=Scottish Affairs Scotland's Longest Running Journal on Contemporary Political and Social Issues|date=Winter 2006|issue=54|pages=39–67|url=http://www.scottishaffairs.org/onlinepub/sa/clark_sa54_winter06.html|access-date=26 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113070454/http://www.scottishaffairs.org/onlinepub/sa/clark_sa54_winter06.html|archive-date=13 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and in 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethnic Status|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/People/Equality/gypsiestravellers/ethnic|work=The Scottish Government|access-date=26 December 2012|date=22 January 2010}}</ref> confirmed that widespread marginalisation and discrimination persists in Scottish society against Roma and traveller groups. A 2009 survey conducted by the Scottish Government also concludes that Scottish Roma and travellers had been largely ignored in official policies. A similar survey in 2006 found discriminatory attitudes in Scotland towards Roma and travellers,<ref name="scotland.gov.uk">{{cite web|title=Attitudes to Discrimination in Scotland 2006: Scottish Social Attitudes Survey – Research Findings|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/12/04093547/1|work=The Scottish Government|access-date=26 December 2012|author=Scottish Government Social Research|date=4 December 2007}}</ref> and showed 37 percent of those questioned would be unhappy if a relative married a Roma person or traveller while 48 percent found it unacceptable if a member of the Roma or traveller minorities became primary school teachers.<ref name="scotland.gov.uk"/>

A report by the [[University of the West of Scotland]] found that both Scottish and UK governments had failed to safeguard the rights of the Roma as a recognized ethnic group and did not raise awareness of Roma rights within the UK.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report on the Situation of the Roma Community in Govanhill, Glasgow|url=http://www.bemis.org.uk/resources/gt/scotland/report%20on%20the%20situation%20of%20the%20roma%20community%20in%20govanhill,%20Glasgow.pdf|publisher=University of the West of Scotland|access-date=26 December 2012|author=Lynne Poole|author2=Kevin Adamson|year=2008}}</ref> Additionally, an Amnesty International report published in 2012 stated that Traveller groups in Scotland routinely suffer widespread discrimination in society,<ref name="amnesty.org.uk">{{cite web|title=Caught in the Headlines – Scottish Media Coverage of Scottish Gypsy Travellers|url=http://amnesty.org.uk/uploads/documents/doc_22449.pdf|publisher=Amnesty International in Scotland|access-date=26 December 2012|author=Amnesty International in Scotland|author2=Napier University MSc Journalism|date=2 April 2012}}</ref> as well as a disproportionate level of scrutiny in the media.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gypsies/Travellers in Scotland: The Twice Yearly Count – No. 16: July 2009|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2010/08/18105029/9|work=The Scottish Government|access-date=26 December 2012|format=PDF|date=30 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gypsy/Traveller Numbers in the UK – A General Overview|url=http://www.article12.org/pdf/GYPSY%20TRAVELLER%20NUMBERS%20IN%20THE%20UK.pdf|work=Article12.org|publisher=YGTL – Article 12 in Scotland|access-date=26 December 2012|author=Beth Cadger|year=2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221614/http://www.article12.org/pdf/GYPSY%20TRAVELLER%20NUMBERS%20IN%20THE%20UK.pdf|archive-date=17 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Over a four-month period as a sample 48 per cent of articles showed Roma & Travellers in a negative light, while 25–28 per cent of articles were favourable, or of a neutral viewpoint.<ref name="amnesty.org.uk"/> Amnesty recommended journalists adhere to ethical codes of conduct when reporting on Roma & Traveller populations in Scotland, as they face fundamental human rights concerns, particularly with regard to health, education, housing, family life and culture.<ref name="amnesty.org.uk"/>

To tackle the widespread prejudices and needs of Roma/Traveller minorities, in 2011, the Scottish Government set up a working party to consider how best to improve community relations between Roma/Travellers and Scottish society.<ref>{{cite web|title=Working Party Strategy|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Built-Environment/Housing/16342/management/gt/wpstrategy|publisher=The Scottish Government|access-date=26 December 2012|date=22 March 2011}}</ref> Including young Roma/Travellers to engage in an on-line positive messages campaign, contain factually correct information on their communities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Finance and Sustainable Growth|url=http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/S4_ChamberDesk/WA20110727.pdf|work=Scottish Parliament – Scottish Executive|publisher=Scottish Parliament|access-date=26 December 2012|date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

=====Wales=====
In 2007, a study by the newly formed [[Equality and Human Rights Commission]] found that negative attitudes and prejudice persist against Roma/Traveller communities in Wales.<ref name="equalityhumanrights.com">{{cite web|title=Who Do You See? – Living together in Wales|url=http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/download_who_do_you_see_publication_english.pdf|work=Equality and Human Rights Commission|access-date=26 December 2012|year=2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610021426/http://equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/download_who_do_you_see_publication_english.pdf|archive-date=10 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Results showed that 38 percent of those questioned would not accept a long-term relationship with, or would be unhappy if a close relative married or formed a relationship with, a Roma or other Traveller. Furthermore, only 37 percent found it acceptable if a member of the Roma or other Traveller minorities became primary school teachers, the lowest score of any group.<ref name="equalityhumanrights.com"/> An advertising campaign to tackle prejudice in Wales was launched by the [[Equality and Human Rights Commission|Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC)]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kirby faces up to anti-Gypsy feeling in Wales|url=http://www.travellerstimes.org.uk/list.aspx?c=00619ef1-21e2-40aa-8d5e-f7c38586d32f&n=f52bed58-5368-408f-b50f-b543344a1b60|work=Travellers' Times|publisher=The Rural Media Company|access-date=26 December 2012|author=Jake Bowers|format=Audio upload and article|date=21 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607110214/http://www.travellerstimes.org.uk/list.aspx?c=00619EF1-21E2-40AA-8D5E-F7C38586D32F&n=F52BED58-5368-408F-B50F-B543344A1B60|archive-date=7 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=====Northern Ireland=====
In June 2009, having had their windows broken and deaths threats made against them, twenty Romanian Romani families were forced from their homes in [[Lisburn Road]], [[Belfast]], in [[Northern Ireland]]. Up to 115 people, including women and children, were forced to seek refuge in a local [[church hall]] after being attacked. They were later moved by the authorities to a safer location.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0618/1224249058810.html|title=Racist attacks on Roma are latest low in North's intolerant history|date=18 June 2009|publisher=irishtimes.com|access-date=18 June 2009|archive-date=24 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024035244/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0618/1224249058810.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> An [[Anti-racism|anti-racist]] rally in the city on 15 June to support Romani rights was attacked by youths chanting [[neo-Nazi]] slogans. The attacks were condemned by [[Amnesty International]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=18257 |title=Amnesty International |publisher=Amnesty.org.uk |date=17 June 2009 |access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref> and political leaders from both the [[Unionism in Ireland|Unionist]] and [[Irish nationalism|Nationalist]] traditions in Northern Ireland.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iDji7_Kp0M1B_ADrZ0T9-dBi-xpwD98SI4HG0|title=Romanian Gypsies attacked inIreland|last1=Morrison|first1=Peter|last2=Lawless|first2=Jill|first3=Meera |last3=Selva |first4=Nardine |last4=Saad |first5=Alina |last5=Wolfe Murray|date=17 June 2009|agency=Associated Press|access-date=18 June 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090623081024/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iDji7_Kp0M1B_ADrZ0T9-dBi-xpwD98SI4HG0| archive-date= 23 June 2009 | url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8110950.stm|title=Protest held over racist attacks|date=20 June 2009|work=BBC News|access-date=20 June 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090622034016/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8110950.stm| archive-date= 22 June 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>

Following the arrest of three local youths in relation to the attacks, the church where the Romanis had been given shelter was badly vandalised. Using 'emergency funds', Northern Ireland authorities assisted most of the victims to return to Romania.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/jun/23/belfast-church-vandalised-racist-attacks-romanians|title=Vandals attack Belfast church that sheltered Romanian victims of racism|last= McDonald|first=Henry|date=23 June 2009|work=guardian.co.uk|access-date=23 June 2009 | location=London| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090626063353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/jun/23/belfast-church-vandalised-racist-attacks-romanians| archive-date= 26 June 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8114234.stm|title=Romanians leave NI after attacks|date=23 June 2009|publisher=BBC News website|access-date=23 June 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090624091208/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8114234.stm| archive-date= 24 June 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>

====United States====
[[Pennsylvania]], [[Indiana]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[New Jersey]] passed anti-Romani discriminatory laws.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJfrLhHyjM8C&pg=PA118|title=Emerging Voices: Experiences of Underrepresented Asian Americans|isbn=978-0-8135-4342-0 |last1=Ling |first1=Huping |date=2008 |publisher=Rutgers University Press }}</ref>
 
=====Elsie Paroubek Affair (1911)=====
In [[Chicago]] in 1911, the highly publicised disappearance of the five-year old [[Elsie Paroubek]] immediately was blamed on "Gypsy child kidnappers". The public was alerted to reports that "Gypsies were seen with a little girl", and many such reports were made. Police raided a "Gypsy" encampment near 18th and South Halstead in Chicago and later expanded the searches and raids to encampments throughout the state of [[Illinois]], to locations as widespread as [[Round Lake, Illinois|Round Lake]], [[McHenry, Illinois|McHenry]], [[Volo, Illinois|Volo]] and [[Cherry Valley, Illinois|Cherry Valley]] - but they found no trace of the missing girl. The police attributed her capture to "the natural love of the wandering people for blue-eyed, yellow-haired children".<ref name="romanyrye">{{Citation |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=I6 |title=Think Gypsies Have His Girl: Father & A Policeman on the Trail of Nomads. |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/348133382.html?dids=348133382:348133382&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+15%2C+1911&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=THINK+GYPSIES+HAVE+HIS+GIRL.&pqatl=google |date=15 April 1911 |access-date=10 July 2019 |archive-date=7 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107115710/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/348133382.html?dids=348133382:348133382&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+15,+1911&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=THINK+GYPSIES+HAVE+HIS+GIRL.&pqatl=google |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lillian Wulff, age 11 - who had actually been kidnapped by some Romanis four years earlier - came forward to offer his assistance, leading the police to conduct further fruitless raids, as well as convincing them to detain the supposed "King of the Gypsies", Elijah George - who, however, "failed to give them the desired information", and was released. Elijah George was detained in [[Argyle, Wisconsin|Argyle]], Wisconsin, and this served to spread the anti-Romani hysteria outside Illinois.

=====Present situation=====
While some scholars argue that appropriation of the Roma identity in the United States is based on misconceptions and ignorance rather than anti-Romanyism,<ref>{{cite book |last=Sutherland |first=Anne |year=1986 |title=Gypsies: The Hidden Americans |publisher=Waveland Press |page=86 |isbn=978-0-88133-235-3}}</ref> Romani advocacy groups decry the practice.<ref>{{cite web |website=Voice of Roma |title=Breaking 'Gypsy' Stereotypes |date=23 March 2010 |url=http://www.voiceofroma.com/culture/gyp_vs_rom.shtml}}</ref>

==Environmental struggles==
{{see also|Environmental racism in Europe}}

Environmental issues which were caused by [[Cold War]]-era industrial development have disproportionately impacted the Roma, particularly those Roma who live in Eastern Europe. Most often, the traditional nomadic lifestyle of the Roma causes them to settle on the outskirts of towns and cities, where amenities, employment and educational opportunities are often inaccessible. As of 1993, Hungary has been identified as one country where this issue exists: "While the economic restructuring of a command economy into a western style market economy created hardships for most Hungarians, with the national unemployment rate heading toward 14 percent and per capita real income falling, the burdens which are imposed on Romanis are disproportionately great."<ref name="Feher, 1993">Feher, Gyorgy. 1993. ''Struggling for Ethnic Identity: The Gypsies of Hungary''. Library of Congress Card Catalogue: USA.</ref>

Panel buildings ([[panelák]]) in the Chanov ghetto near [[Most (city)|Most]], Czech Republic were built in the 1970s for a high-income clientele, the authorities introduced a model plan, whereby Roma were relocated to these buildings, from poorer areas, to live among Czech neighbors. However, with the rising proportion of Roma moving in, the Czech clients gradually moved out in a kind of [[white flight]], eventually leaving a district in which the vast majority of residents were Roma. A poll in 2007 marked the district as the worst place in the [[Ústí nad Labem Region]].<ref>{{Citation|last = Janoušek|first = Artur|date =18 September 2007|title = Hrůza Ústeckého kraje: sídliště Chanov|publisher=iDNES|url = http://zpravy.idnes.cz/hruza-usteckeho-kraje-sidliste-chanov-dx9-/domaci.asp?c=A070918_090742_domaci_itu|access-date =13 March 2011|language=cs}}</ref> Buildings were eventually stripped of any valuable materials and torn down. The removal of materials was blamed on the Roma who had last inhabited the building.<ref>{{Cite news|date = 23 June 2006|title = V Chanově se bude bourat i druhý vybydlený panelák|website= Ceskenoviny.cz|publisher = [[Czech News Agency]]|url = http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/zpravy/v-chanove-se-bude-bourat-i-druhy-vybydleny-panelak/494893&id_seznam=|access-date =13 March 2011|language=cs}}</ref> Despite a total rental debt in excess of €3.5 million, all of the tenants in the remaining buildings continue to be provided with water and electricity,<ref>{{Citation|last = Slížová|first = Radka|date = 25 February 2010|title = Chanov jde do lepších časů|periodical = Sedmicka.cz|url = http://www.sedmicka.cz/chomutov-jirkov-litvinov-most/clanek?id=130307|access-date =13 March 2011|language=cs}}</ref> unlike the situation in many other European countries.
[[File:LunikIX.jpeg|thumb|Roma slum [[Luník IX]] near [[Košice]], Slovakia]]
When newly built in the 1980s, some flats in this settlement were assigned to Roma who had relocated from poverty-stricken locations in a government effort to integrate the Roma population. Other flats were assigned to families of military and law-enforcement personnel. Nevertheless, the military and police families gradually moved out of the residences and the living conditions for the Roma population deteriorated. Ongoing failures to pay bills led to the disconnection of the water supply and an emergency plan was eventually created to provide running water for two hours per day to mitigate against the bill payment issue. Similarly to Chanov, some of these buildings were stripped of their materials and were eventually torn down; again, the Roma residents were identified as the culprits who were to blame for the theft of the materials.<ref>{{cite web|last = Prokop|first = Dan|title = Košice zbourají "vybydlené" paneláky na romském sídlišti Luník|work = iDNES.cz|date = 28 September 2008|url = http://zpravy.idnes.cz/kosice-zbouraji-vybydlene-panelaky-na-romskem-sidlisti-lunik-p6p-/zahranicni.asp?c=A080805_163403_zahranicni_dp|access-date =13 March 2011|language=cs}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|title = LUNÍK IX.: Bývanie na sídlisku je kritické, obyvateľom zriadili konto na pomoc|work = tvnoviny.sk|date = 18 March 2010|url = http://tvnoviny.sk/spravy/krimi/lunik-ix-byvanie-na-sidlisku-je-kriticke-obyvatelom-zriadili-konto-na-pomoc.html|access-date = 13 March 2011|language = sk|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110725105554/http://tvnoviny.sk/spravy/krimi/lunik-ix-byvanie-na-sidlisku-je-kriticke-obyvatelom-zriadili-konto-na-pomoc.html|archive-date = 25 July 2011|url-status = dead}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|last = Teichmanová|first = Ladislava|title = Na Luníku IX a v Demeteri dlhujú za vodu 133 000 €|work = webnoviny.sk|date = 5 November 2009|url = http://www.webnoviny.sk/slovensko/na-luniku-ix-a-v-demeteri-dlhuju-za-vo/21765-clanok.html|access-date =13 March 2011|language=sk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher = [[Czech News Agency]], [[Czech Radio]]|title = Na košickém romském sídlišti Luník IX. zase teče voda|date = 5 May 2005|url = http://romove.radio.cz/cz/clanek/20588|access-date =13 March 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110306005122/http://romove.radio.cz/cz/clanek/20588| archive-date= 6 March 2011|url-status= live|language=cs}}</ref>

The various legal hindrances to their traditional nomadic lifestyle have forced many travelling Roma to move into unsafe areas, such as ex-industrial areas, former landfills or other waste areas where pollutants have affected rivers, streams or groundwater. Consequently, Roma are often unable to access clean water or sanitation facilities, rendering the Roma people more vulnerable to health problems, such as diseases. Based in Belgium, the Health & Environment Alliance has included a statement with regard to the Roma on one of its pamphlets: "Denied environmental benefits such as water, sewage treatment facilities, sanitation and access to natural resources, and suffer from exposure to environmental hazards due to their proximity to hazardous waste sites, incinerators, factories, and other sources of pollution."<ref name="Environmental Health">{{cite web|title= Environmental Justice: Listening to Women and Children|publisher=Environmental Health|url= http://www.env-health.org/IMG/pdf/cepl_final-2.pdf}}</ref> Since the [[Revolutions of 1989|fall of communism]] and the privatisation of the formerly state owned water-supply companies in many areas of central and eastern Europe, the provision of decent running water to illegal buildings which are often occupied by Roma became a particularly sensitive issue, because the new international owners of the water-supply companies are unwilling to make contracts with the Roma population and as a result, "water-borne diseases, such as [[diarrhoea]] and [[dysentery]]" became "an almost constant feature of daily life, especially for children".

== Implications of discrimination against the Roma people ==
The oppression against the Roma people has physical implications, and many have been permanently scarred, and even killed. For instance, one major problem in current times is that many Romani women have been forced to be sterilized,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=CAHN |first=CLAUDE |date=2017 |title=Justice Delayed: The Right to Effective Remedy for Victims of Coercive Sterilization in the Czech Republic |journal=Health and Human Rights |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=9–22 |jstor=90016109 |pmid=29302159 |pmc=5739353 |issn=1079-0969}}</ref> which could be considered a blatant attempt to stomp out the Romani race from continuing. This violence is not a localized issue, for according to William Shankly of ''Ethnicity and Race in the UK: State of the Nation'', violence against the Romani people is widespread, even as far as Britain.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Shankley |first1=William |title=Racisms in contemporary Britain |date=2020 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv14t47tm.16 |work=Ethnicity and Race in the UK |pages=203–228 |editor-last=Shankley |editor-first=William |access-date=2023-04-03 |series=State of the Nation |edition=1 |publisher=Bristol University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctv14t47tm.16 |last2=Rhodes |first2=James |jstor=j.ctv14t47tm.16 |s2cid=226089681 |editor2-last=Byrne |editor2-first=Bridget |editor3-last=Alexander |editor3-first=Claire |editor4-last=Khan |editor4-first=Omar|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The oppression against the Roma people also has social implications. For instance, the prime minister of Hungary, Viktor Orbán, sided against the Roma minority in social issues, slandering the people publicly. As Andrew Ryder states, "The 'Gyöngyöspata case' marked the moment when the Prime Minister turned his fire from migrants onto Roma. Orbán's assertion that 'the people's sense of justice has been wounded', and that 'we need to give justice to the Gyöngyöspata people', excludes the Roma from the body of 'the people'. This message was not lost on the thousands of Roma who turned out to protest against the proposed national consultation."<ref>{{Cite book |title=coaccess |url=https://apps.crossref.org/coaccess/coaccess.html?doi=10.2307%2Fj.ctv18gfz6v |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=apps.crossref.org |doi=10.2307/j.ctv18gfz6v| hdl=20.500.12657/42796 | s2cid=243317665|hdl-access=free }}</ref> The Prime Minister publicly slandered the Roma people, leading to rebuttals from the Roma people. “Because of the discrimination, it is difficult for the Roma people to have a social identity.”<ref>{{Citation |last=Rostas |first=Iulius |title=Ethnic Identity as a Social Category and as a Process |date=2019 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7829/j.ctv1453hvp.4 |work=A Task for Sisyphus |pages=1–48 |access-date=2023-04-03 |series=Why Europe's Roma Policies Fail |publisher=Central European University Press |jstor=10.7829/j.ctv1453hvp.4}}</ref>

Anti-Roma discrimination has caused depression, anxiety, psychosis, paranoia and eating disorders in Roma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.errc.org/news/the-toll-of-discrimination-on-mental-health|title=The Toll of Discrimination on Mental Health}}</ref>

Because of discrimination, Romani people are discriminated in the jobs market. Poor housing conditions and discrimination within the housing market significantly contribute to the exclusion of the Romani community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/2010againstpoverty/about/topicofmonth_Roma_en.htm|title=Roma people – their fight against poverty and prejudice}}</ref>

Romani people are discriminated in [[healthcare]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gitanos.org/upload/12/22/Annual_Report_Discrimination_and_Roma_Community_FSG_2023.pdf|title=Discrimination and the Roma Community}}</ref>

The workshy stereotype has limited opportunities for non-Roma to engage with Romani people.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTrDBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|title=When Stereotype Meets Prejudice: Antiziganism in European Societies|isbn=978-3-8382-6688-6 |last1=Agarin |first1=Timofey |date=September 2014 |publisher=Columbia University Press }}</ref>
=== Police brutality ===
The [[European Roma Rights Centre]] (ERRC) has extensively documented and taken legal action on numerous cases involving suspicious deaths of Roma individuals at the hands of law enforcement. These incidents have sparked significant international outrage and demands for justice. They include Henri Lenfant's death in France, the viral video-recorded [[death of Stanislav Tomáš]] in the Czech Republic, and Nikos Sabanis' fatal shooting in Greece. Other cases, such as the death of Muszunye Mircea Vișan in a Romanian police station after being beaten until he suffered cardiac arrest, and the suspicious death of 27-year-old Jani Rustemaj while in police custody in Albania, have also drawn attention to the ERRC's efforts to address systemic injustice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fatal Consequences of Racist Policing: 27-year-old Romani Man Dead in Police Custody in Albania |url=http://www.errc.org/news/fatal-consequences-of-racist-policing-27-year-old-romani-man-dead-in-police-custody-in-albania |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=European Roma Rights Centre |language=HU}}</ref>

Romani people in Europe have taken lessons from the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.blackdiplomats.net/episodes/romani-take-lessons-from-black-lives-matter|title= Romani take lessons from Black Lives Matter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.brusselstimes.com/120784/roma-part-of-blacklivesmatter|title= Roma part of #BlackLivesMatter}}</ref>

==Prevention==
{{See also|Rights of the Roma in the European Union}}
[[Council of Europe]] suggests for Europeans to integrate Roma to prevent racism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rm.coe.int/ecri-general-policy-recommendation-nos-3-13-key-topics-fighting-racism/16808b763c|title=Fighting racism, intolerance and discrimination against Roma}}</ref>

[[George Soros]] and [[Nicolae Gheorghe]] have aided Roma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://romea.cz/en/opinion/the-roma-movement-the-legacy-and-values-of-george-soros-and-nicolae-gheorghe|title=The Roma Movement: The Legacy and Values of George Soros and Nicolae Gheorghe|date=8 November 2022 }}</ref>

[[Amnesty International]] campaigns against anti-Romani racism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/roma-rights|title=Roma rights}}</ref>

The [[European Commission]] actively works to combat anti-Romani racism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/roma-and-travellers/antigypsyism-/-discrimination#:~:text=The%20results%20of%20the%20monitoring,educational%20and%20awareness%2Draising%20initiatives.|title=Antigypsyism / Discrimination}}</ref> The [[President of the European Commission]] had called on Member States in Europe to end discrimination against Roma in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/the-historical-and-ongoing-persecution-europes-gypsies|title=The historical and ongoing persecution of Europe's gypsies}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
{{See also | Romani people in fiction}}
In the media, Romani people, especially Romani women, are stereotyped to have magical powers. Films such as ''[[King of the Gypsies (film)|King of the Gypsies]]'', ''[[Time of the Gypsies]]'', and ''[[Alex & the Gypsy]]'' validated and reinforced negative stereotypes about Romani women.
[[Cher]]'s song "[[Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves]]." has reinforced negative stereotypes about Romani women. Romani women are often portrayed in the media through a lens of stereotypes that suggest they possess mystical abilities, exhibit animalistic sexuality, and are promiscuous. Additionally, they are depicted as engaging in prostitution, characterized by a dual nature of being both "hot-blooded" and "cold-blooded." Furthermore, these portrayals include accusations of child abduction and violent behavior. <ref>{{cite book|title=Ethnic Women: A Multiple Status Reality|page=52|isbn=978-1-882289-23-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chG_WdMQGgIC&pg=PA52 |last1=Demos |first1=Vasilikie |date=16 February 1994 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}</ref> In literature, Romani women are portrayed as promiscuous and challenging.<ref>{{cite book|title=Changing Genders in Intercultural Perspectives|page=35|isbn=978-90-5867-201-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQ-TRQeRUw4C&pg=PA35 |last1=Saunders |first1=Barbara |last2=Foblets |first2=Marie-Claire |date=16 February 2024 |publisher=Leuven University Press }}</ref> The media also depicts Romani people as conniving, hypersexual, dangerous and criminal.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=h8fXDwAAQBAJ|title= Breaking the Exclusion Cycle: How to Promote Cooperation between Majority and Minority Ethnic Groups|isbn= 978-0-19-005069-6|last1= Bracic|first1= Ana|date= 24 March 2020|publisher= Oxford University Press}}</ref> In the French opera ''[[Carmen]]'' by [[Georges Bizet]], a Romani women is portrayed as a hypersexual woman that seduces white men and uses her sexuality in order to gain favors and attain impunity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bizet’s Carmen and the Wanton Woman - RomArchive |url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/music/classical-music/bizets-carmen-and-wanton-woman/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.romarchive.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Carmen: Power Struggle and Exoticism {{!}} Synaptic |url=https://central.edu/writing-anthology/2019/05/29/carmen-power-struggle-and-exoticism/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Central College |language=en}}</ref> Spanish artist [[Isidre Nonell]] had presented European art viewers in the nineteenth century with many images of Romani women portrayed wearing headscarves with darkened, dirty and racialized features.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gržinić |first=Marina |url=https://books.google.ae/books?id=oTdxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 |title=Shifting Corporealities in Contemporary Performance: Danger, Im/mobility and Politics |last2=Stojnić |first2=Aneta |date=2018-10-03 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-78343-7 |language=en}}</ref> This type of stereotyping in the media contributes to the justification of anti-Roma discrimination and harassment, and it is seldom questioned by media commentators.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bassett |first=Margareta Matache,Mary T. |title=Romani Americans still struggle with discrimination |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/12/20/romani-americans-struggle-with-inherent-criminality-stereotypes |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, British comedian [[Jimmy Carr]] made a offensive Holocaust joke about Roma in his [[Netflix]] comedy special.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-05 |title=Comedian Jimmy Carr under fire for 'abhorrent' anti-Roma Holocaust joke |url=https://www.jpost.com/j-spot/article-695601 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}</ref>

* In the 2006 mockumentary ''[[Borat]]'', [[Sacha Baron Cohen]]'s character explains that his home town has "a tall fence for keeping out Gypsies and Jews"; the scene featuring this town was filmed in [[Glod, Dâmbovița]], a Roma village in central Romania. He makes many more anti-Romani statements throughout the film.<ref name="GagD8">{{cite news |url= https://www.smh.com.au/news/film/now-gypsies-want-borat-banned/2006/10/18/1160850984396.html |title= Now Gypsies want Borat banned |work= The Sydney Morning Herald |date= 18 October 2006 |access-date= 17 March 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070128192551/http://www.smh.com.au/news/film/now-gypsies-want-borat-banned/2006/10/18/1160850984396.html |archive-date= 28 January 2007 |url-status= live}}</ref>
* Many instances of Anti-Romanyism are described in Kristian Novak's 2016 novel ''Ziganin but the most beautiful''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Krmpotić|first1=Marinko|title="Ciganin al' najljepši" Kristijana Novaka: Mračna tema za čitateljsko uživanje / Novi list|url=http://www.novilist.hr/Kultura/Knjizevnost/Ciganin-al-najljepsi-Kristijana-Novaka-Mracna-tema-za-citateljsko-uzivanje|website=[[Novi list]]|access-date=3 May 2018|language=hr-HR|date=1 August 2017}}</ref>

== Further reading ==
===Books===
*{{cite book | last=McGarry | first=Aidan | title=Romaphobia: The Last Acceptable form of Racism | publication-date=2017 | publisher=Zed Books | publication-place = London, United Kingdom | isbn=978-1-78360-401-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YnVjDgAAQBAJ | oclc=945390701}}

*{{cite book | editor-last1=Selling | editor-first1=Jan | display-editors=et al | title=Antiziganism: What's in a Word? | publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing | publication-date=2015 | publication-place=Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, United Kingdom | isbn=1-4438-7226-1 | oclc=913333345 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xl8HCgAAQBAJ }}

*{{cite book | last=Stewart | first=Michael | title=The Gypsy 'Menace': Populism and the New Anti-Gypsy Politics | date=13 February 2024 | publisher=Columbia University Press | isbn=9780231704281 | oclc=769547052 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=69Jw2Ye5Vl8C}}

*{{cite book | last=Donert | first=Celia | title=The Roma: The Struggle for Citizenship in Postwar Czechoslovakia | publisher=Cambridge University Press | publication-place=New York, NY, USA | publication-date=2017 | isbn=978-1-107-17627-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KrdADwAAQBAJ | oclc=991642570}}

*{{cite book |last=Mirga-Kruszelnicka | first=Anna | title=Mobilizing Romani Ethnicity: Romani Political Activism in Argentina, Columbia and Spain | publisher=Central European University Press | publication-date=August 2, 2022 | publication-place=Budapest, Hungary | isbn=978-963-386-449-4 | issn=2786-2925 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZ2OzgEACAAJ}}

*{{cite book | editor-last1=Kóczé | editor-first1=Angéla | display-editors=et al | title=The Romani Women's Movement: struggles and debates in Central and Eastern Europe | publisher=Routledge | publication-place=Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom | publication-date=2019 | isbn=9781138485099 |oclc=1012343639 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2DVlDwAAQBAJ}}

*{{cite book | last1=Bhopal | last2=Myers | first1=Kalwant | first2=Martin | title=Insiders, outsiders and others: Gypsies and identity | isbn=978-1-902806-71-6 | publisher=University of Hertfordshire Press | publication-date=Jun 2008 | oclc=609852606 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlqFBR50PPMC}} 

*{{cite book | editor-last1=Glajar | editor-last2=Radulescu | editor-first1=Valentina | editor-first2=Domnica | title="Gypsies" in European literature and culture | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | publication-place=New York, NY, USA | publication-date=2008 | isbn=978-1-349-37154-9 | oclc=156831916 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZDFAAAAQBAJ}}

*{{cite book | last=Matthews | first=Jodie | title=The Gypsy Woman: Representations in literature and visual culture | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing: I.B. Tauris | publication-date=November 30, 2018 | publication-place= London, United Kingdom | isbn=9781788313810 | oclc=1226174067 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7zPDwAAQBAJ}}

*{{cite book | last=Mladenova | first=Radmila | title=Patterns of Symbolic Violence: The Motif of 'Gypsy' Child-theft across Visual Media| publisher= Heidelberg University Publishing | publication-date=2019 | language=en, de | isbn=978-3-947732-47-0 | doi=10.17885/heiup.483 | oclc=1126195043 | url=https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/catalog/book/483}}

*{{cite book | last=Mladenova | first=Radmila | title=The 'White' Mask and the 'Gypsy' Mask in Film | publisher= Heidelberg University Publishing | publication-date=2022 | doi=10.17885/heiup.989 | hdl=20.500.12657/54669 | isbn=978-3-96822-131-1 | oclc=1369310763 | url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/54669}}

*{{cite book | editor-last1=Mladenova | editor-first1=Radmila | display-editors=et al | title=Antigypsyism and Film / Antiziganismus und Film| publisher= Heidelberg University Publishing | publication-date=2020 | language=en, de | doi=10.17885/heiup.650 | isbn=978-3-96822-012-3  | url=https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/catalog/book/650?lang=en | last1=Mladenova | first1=Radmila | last2=Borcke | first2=Tobias Von | last3=Brunssen | first3=Pavel | last4=End | first4=Markus | last5=Reuss | first5=Anja | last6=Rose | first6=Romani | last7=Hadziavdic | first7=Habiba | last8=Hoffmann | first8=Hilde | last9=Brittnacher | first9=Hans Richard | last10=Reuter | first10=Frank | last11=Pócsik | first11=Andrea | last12=Nestler | first12=Peter | last13=Raatzsch | first13=André | last14=Heiler | first14=Rebecca | last15=Bila | first15=William | last16=Delfeld | first16=Jacques | last17=Von Hagen | first17=Kirsten | last18=Bauer | first18=Matthias | last19=Cortés | first19=Ismael | last20=Hope | first20=William | last21=Rucker-Chang | first21=Sunnie | last22=Heinz | first22=Sarah | last23=Wohl Von Hasenberg | first23=Lea | last24=Schmid | first24=Antonia }}

===Articles===

*{{cite web | last= Wynne-Morgan | first=Bethany | title=Making Roma Rights Real in Ireland | website=Open Society Foundations | url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/making-roma-rights-real-ireland | date=April 9, 2015 | access-date=December 24, 2023}}

*{{cite news | last=Vidal | first=Marta | title=Portuguese shopkeepers using ceramic frogs to 'scare away' Roma | date=4 Feb 2019 | access-date=December 24, 2023 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2019/2/4/portuguese-shopkeepers-using-ceramic-frogs-to-scare-away-roma | website=Al Jazeera}}

==See also==
{{commonscat}}
* [[European Centre for Antiziganism Research]]
* [[History of the Romani people]]
* [[Itinerant groups in Europe]]
* [[Nativism (politics)]]
* [[Racism in Europe]]
* [[Romani diaspora]]
* [[The Blond Angel Case]]
* [[White supremacy]]
** [[Nazism]]
*** [[Nazi racial theories]]
*** [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]
*** [[Romani Holocaust]]
*** [[Neo-Nazism]]
* [[Xenophobia]]
* [[Anti-Indian sentiment]]
* [[Anti-Irish sentiment#Discrimination against Irish Travellers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="ndt1.com">[http://www.ndt1.com/article.php/20090205212634848 Изказване на Бойко Борисов в Чикаго&nbsp;– емигрантска версия] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714162327/http://www.ndt1.com/article.php/20090205212634848 |date=14 July 2011}} Chicago press conference transcription {{in lang|bg}}</ref><ref name="Chicago audio record">[http://www.segabg.com/data/BBorisovChicago.mp3 Chicago audio record] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906034411/http://www.segabg.com/data/BBorisovChicago.mp3 |date=6 September 2011}} ('''Dead Link''')</ref><ref name="telegraph.co.uk">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/4531391/Mayor-of-Sofia-brands-Roma-Turks-and-retirees-bad-human-material.html Mayor of Sofia brands Roma, Turks and retirees 'bad human material'], Telegraph.co.uk, 6 February 2009</ref><ref name="novinite.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.novinite.com/articles/100987/Sofia+Mayor+to+Bulgarian+Expats%3A+We+Are+Left+with+Bad+Human+Material+Back+Home|title=Sofia Mayor to Bulgarian Expats: We Are Left with Bad Human Material Back Home - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency|website=novinite.com}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/discrimination/pages.aspx?id=85 Human Rights First Report on Violence Against Roma]
* [http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/romatravellers/documentation/discrimination/knudsen_en.asp Council of Europe webpage on anti-Romanyism]
* [http://www.ezaf.org/ European Centre for Antiziganism Research]
* [http://www.osce.org/odihr/18148.html OSCE/ODIHR portal on Roma and Sinti issues]
* [http://www.errc.org/ European Roma Rights Centre]
* {{cite web | title=Romani Atlantic | url=https://romaniatlantic.cz}} — comparative transcontinental approach to anti-Romani sentiments and the Romani diaspora
*{{cite web | title=Forschungsstelle Antiziganismus (Antigypsyism Research Centre) | language=de | publisher=University of Heidelberg | url=https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/fakultaeten/philosophie/zegk/histsem/forschung/Forschungsstelle_Antiziganismus.html}}

{{Authority control}}{{Racism}}{{Discrimination}}{{Romani topics}}
[[Category:Antiziganism| ]]
[[Category:Anti-national sentiment|Romani]]