View source for Anthony Deane (shipwright)

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[[File:Sir Anthony Deane by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt.jpg|thumb|A 1690 portrait of Deane by [[Godfrey Kneller]]]]
'''Sir Anthony Deane''', [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1633 {{ndash}} 1721) was an English shipwright and politician who sat in the [[House of Commons of England|English House of Commons]] and served as mayor of [[Harwich]].

==Early life==
Deane was baptised at [[Stow-on-the-Wold]], [[Gloucestershire]], on 3 December 1633.<ref>{{cite web |title=DEANE, Sir Anthony (1633-1721), of Crutched Friars, London. |url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/deane-sir-anthony-1633-1721 |website=History of Parliament Online |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Charles J |title=A register of the scholars admitted into Merchant Taylors' School : from A. D. 1562 to 1874 |date=1882 |publisher=Farncombe & Co. |location=Lewes |page=[https://archive.org/details/aregisterschola01schogoog/page/n195 176] |url=https://archive.org/details/aregisterschola01schogoog |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> He is described in his Grant of Arms in 1683, as "son of Anthony, of London, gent., deceased, son of Anthony, of county Gloucester".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rylands |first1=W Harry |title=Grantees of arms named in docquets and patents to the end of the seventeenth century |date=1915 |publisher=Harleian Society |page=[https://archive.org/details/granteesofarmsna661915/page/72 72] |url=https://archive.org/details/granteesofarmsna661915 |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> At an early age he was apprenticed to master shipwright [[Christopher Pett]] at [[Woolwich Dockyard]], and was appointed as the Dockyard's assistant shipwright in 1660.

==Naval career==
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 |quote = [Deane is] "a very able man, and able to do the King's service{{nbsp}}... [I] will commend his work with skill and vie with others, especially the Petts"

 |source = — Samuel Pepys' Diary, 18 August 1662<ref name=ODNB/>
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In August 1662 Deane met [[Samuel Pepys]], the Clerk of the Acts and member of the [[Navy Board]]. Pepys was impressed with Deane's ability and saw in him a potential rival for Christopher Pett, against whom Pepys held a political grudge. On Pepys' recommendation, the Navy Board reopened the derelict [[Harwich Dockyard]] in October 1664 and appointed Deane as its master shipwright, elevating him from being Pett's assistant to his nominal equal. For Deane, the promotion meant that he would have a free hand in designing and constructing naval vessels, albeit at a smaller dockyard than the great Navy establishments of Portsmouth, Plymouth or Deptford.<ref name=ODNB>{{Cite ODNB|id=7386|title=Deane, Sir Anthony (c.1638–1720?)}}</ref>

Deane was one of the earliest to apply scientific principles to the building of naval vessels, and between 1666 and 1675 he designed and built 25 vessels for the [[Royal Navy]], including [[HMS Rupert (1666)|''Rupert'']], [[HMS Francis (1666)|''Francis'']], [[HMS Roebuck (1666)|''Roebuck'']], [[HMS Resolution (1667)|''Resolution'']], [[HMS Swiftsure (1673)|''Swiftsure'']], and [[HMS Harwich (1674)|''Harwich'']].

{{blockquote|One of the first indications of the application to scientific principles to ship construction is found in Pepys' diary, which records that in 1666 "Mr. Deane . . . then fell to explain to me the manner of casting the draught of water which a ship will draw, beforehand, which is a secret the King and all admire in him; and he is the first that hath come to any certainty beforehand of foretelling the draught of water of a ship, before she is launched."<br>
The method used by Mr. (afterwards Sir Anthony) Deane of calculating the displacement of ships is unknown; but it appears that about 1700 this was effected by dividing the body by equidistant sections, calculating the area of each and thence obtaining the displacement by some rough process of [[Quadrature (geometry)|quadrature]]. There is, however, no record of such calculations, and it probable they were but rarely performed.<ref>{{cite book|author=Berry, William John|authorlink=William John Berry|chapter=The Influence of Mathematics on the Development of Naval Architecture|title=''In:'' Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians in Toronto, August 11–16. 1924|volume=2|pages=719–736}} (quote from p. 719)</ref>}}

Harwich Dockyard was closed in 1668, following the end of the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]], and Deane was appointed Master Shipwright at [[Portsmouth Dockyard]]. In 1670 he became the first English shipwright to use iron as a substantial construction component in a Royal Navy vessel, with U-shaped iron bars to secure the planking of {{HMS|Royal James|1671|6}} relative to the internal beams within her [[hull (watercraft)|hull]]. His patron Pepys strongly disapproved of this innovation and the matter was ultimately referred to the King, [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], who endorsed Deane's actions. However, the innovation was not repeated in other Royal Navy vessels until the adoption of the [[1719 Establishment]] nearly fifty years later.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Goodwin|first=Peter|title=The Influence of Iron in Ship Construction: 1660 to 1830|journal=The Mariner's Mirror|publisher=Society for Nautical Research|location=Portsmouth, United Kingdom|year=1998|pages=26{{ndash}}27|volume=84|issue=1|doi=10.1080/00253359.1998.10656674}}</ref>

In 1672 Deane was promoted to become Commissioner at Portsmouth, thus becoming a member of the Navy Board. No longer responsible for shipbuilding at Portsmouth, he still was able to build several ships as a private contractor, mainly at Harwich but also at [[Rotherhithe]].

==Politics==
In 1675 he was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daniell |first1=F H Blackburne |title=Calendar of state papers, of the reign of Charles II |date=1907 |publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office |page=197 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=msu.31293027027006&view=1up&seq=251 |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> and appointed Controller of the [[Victualling Commissioners|Victualling Accounts]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The manuscripts of J. Eliot Hodgkin, esq., F.S.A., of Richmond, Surrey |date=1897 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |page=[https://archive.org/details/manuscriptsofje00grea/page/156 156] |url=https://archive.org/details/manuscriptsofje00grea |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> In the previous year, as an [[alderman]] of Harwich, he funded the construction of a new gaol and guildhall in the town.<ref>Coller, Duffield William (1861) [https://books.google.com/books?id=FdwMAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22anthony+dean%22+harwich&pg=RA2-PA579  ''The People's History of Essex'']. Google Books. Retrieved 6 April 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Silas |title=The history and antiquities of Harwich and Dovercourt |date=1730 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/b30410150/page/222 222]-223 |url=https://archive.org/details/b30410150 |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> He was also an alderman of the [[City of London]].<ref>Carr, Cecil Thomas (ed.) (1970) [https://books.google.com/books?id=34-WXsbaBscC&dq=%22anthony+dean%22+harwich&pg=RA1-PA198 ''Select Charters of Trading Companies, A.D. 1530–1707'']. Google Books. Retrieved 6 April 2008.</ref> He became Mayor of Harwich for 1676, and he and his patron [[Samuel Pepys]] were the [[Member of Parliament|MP]]s for [[Harwich (UK Parliament constituency)|Harwich]] in [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]'s third parliament (which sat from 6 March 1678 and formed part of the [[Cavalier Parliament]]). They were returned for the 1679 Parliament despite both being accused of leaking naval intelligence to France, and being on 9 July 1679 brought before the [[Court of King's Bench (England)|King's Bench]] at [[Westminster]] on a charge of treason and imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]], but bailed to appear for trial at a later date. The charges were not pressed, and on 14 February 1680, the pair were released from their bail. For the next few years, Deane continued his successful career as a private shipbuilder.

He and Pepys were also MPs for Harwich in [[James II of England|James II]]'s first parliament from 19 May 1685.

His written work includes a ''Doctrine for Naval Architecture'', published in 1670, now seen as one of the most important texts in the history of naval architecture. He was also a mentor of [[Peter the Great]] during his [[Grand Embassy]].<ref>Hoving, A.J. (1994) ''Nicolaes Witsens Scheeps-Bouw-Konst Open Gestelt'', p. 28.</ref>

He married twice; firstly to Ann Prowse, a widow who bore him four sons and a daughter and secondly to Christian, the widow of Sir John Dawes, and mother of [[Sir William Dawes, 3rd Baronet|William Dawes]], [[Archbishop of York]], who bore him three sons and five daughters.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bannerman|first1=W. Bruce|title=The Registers of St. Olave, Hart Street, London, 1563-1700|date=1916|publisher=Harleian Society|pages=[https://archive.org/details/registersofstola46stol/page/84 84]–87, 89, 229, 231|url=https://archive.org/details/registersofstola46stol|accessdate=14 April 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|editor-last=Lavery|editor-first=Brian|title=Deane's Doctrine of Naval Architecture, 1670|year=1981|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|isbn=0-85177-180-7}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Anthony Deane (shipwright)}}
*[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7386?docPos=1 Dictionary of National Biography entry for Sir Anthony Deane]
*[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=37691 British History Online]
*[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=37694 British History Online]
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1836612 R. McCutcheon, "Pepys in the Newspapers of 1679–1680"], ''American Historical Review'', 1926, p61-64

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|en}}
{{succession box
 | title  = Member of Parliament for [[Harwich (UK Parliament constituency)|Harwich]]
 | years  = 1679
 | with   = [[Samuel Pepys]]
 | before = [[Capel Luckyn|Sir Capel Luckyn]]
 | before2= [[Thomas King (died 1688)|Thomas King]]
 | after  = [[Thomas Middleton (1654–1702)|Sir Thomas Middleton]]<br />[[Sir Philip Parker, 1st Baronet|Sir Philip Parker, Bt]]
}}
{{succession box
 | title  = Member of Parliament for [[Harwich (UK Parliament constituency)|Harwich]]
 | years  = 1685–1689
 | with   = [[Samuel Pepys]]
 | before = [[Thomas Middleton (1654–1702)|Sir Thomas Middleton]]<br />[[Sir Philip Parker, 1st Baronet|Sir Philip Parker, Bt]]
 | after  = [[John Eldred]]<br />[[Thomas Middleton (1654–1702)|Sir Thomas Middleton]]
}}
{{end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deane, Anthony}}
[[Category:1633 births]]
[[Category:1721 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Royal Navy personnel]]
[[Category:People from Harwich]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in Essex]]
[[Category:English shipbuilders]]
[[Category:Prisoners in the Tower of London]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:English MPs 1661–1679]]
[[Category:English MPs 1679]]
[[Category:English MPs 1685–1687]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:17th-century shipbuilders]]