View source for Anthony Collins (philosopher)

{{Short description|English philosopher (1676–1729)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| region           = [[Western philosophy]]
| era              = [[Modern philosophy]]
| image            = AnthonyCollins.jpg
| alt              = 
| caption          = Portrait of Collins by [[Jonathan Richardson]]
| name             = Anthony Collins
| signature        = 
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1676|7|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place      = [[Heston]], [[Middlesex]], [[England]]
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|1729|12|24|1676|7|1|df=yes}}
| death_place      = [[London]], England
| school_tradition = 
| main_interests   = [[History]], [[philosophy]], [[theology]]
| notable_ideas    = 
| spouse           = {{ unbulleted list | Martha Child (married 1698–1703) | Elizabeth Wrottesley (married 1724–1729) }}
|alma_mater={{ubl|[[King's College, Cambridge]]|[[Eton College]]}}
}}
'''Anthony Collins''' (21 June 1676 [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]]{{snd}}13 December 1729 O.S.) was an [[English people|English]] [[philosopher]] and [[List of essayists|essayist]],<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Collins, Anthony |volume=6|pages=691-692|short=1}}</ref> notable for being one of the early proponents of [[Deism]] in [[Great Britain]].<ref name="Herrick 1997">{{cite book |last=Herrick |first=James A. |year=1997 |chapter=Characteristics of British Deism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DPn4RtTbUgC&pg=PA23 |title=The Radical Rhetoric of the English Deists: The Discourse of Skepticism, 1680–1750 |location=[[Columbia, South Carolina]] |publisher=[[University of South Carolina Press]] |series=Studies in Rhetoric/Communication |pages=23–49 |isbn=978-1-57003-166-3}}</ref>

==Life and writings==
Collins was born in [[Heston]], near [[Hounslow]] in [[Middlesex]], [[England]], the son of lawyer Henry Collins (1646/7–1705) and Mary (née Dineley).<ref>{{Cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-5933|title=Collins, Anthony (1676–1729), philosopher and freethinker|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/5933}}</ref> He had two sisters: Anne Collins (born 1678), who married Henry Lovibond (born 1675), and Mary Collins (born 1680), who married Edward Lovibond (1675–1737), a merchant and Director of the East India Company. Mary and Edward's son was the poet [[s:Lovibond, Edward (DNB00)|Edward Lovibond]].

Collins was educated at [[Eton College]] and [[King's College, Cambridge]], and studied law at the [[Middle Temple]].<ref>{{acad|id=CLNS693A|name=Collins, Anthony}}</ref> The most interesting episode of his life was his intimacy with [[John Locke]], who in his letters speaks of him with affection and admiration. In 1715 he settled in [[Essex, England|Essex]], where he held the offices of justice of the peace and deputy-lieutenant, which he had previously held in Middlesex. He died at his house in [[Harley Street]], London.

His writings gather together the results of previous English [[Freethought|freethinkers]]. The imperturbable courtesy of his style is in striking contrast to the violence of his opponents; and, in spite of his unorthodoxy, he was neither an [[Atheism|atheist]] nor an [[Agnosticism|agnostic]]. In his own words, "Ignorance is the foundation of atheism, and freethinking the cure of it" (''Discourse of Freethinking'', 105).

==''Essay concerning the Use of Reason''==
His first notable work was his ''Essay concerning the Use of Reason in Propositions the Evidence whereof depends on Human Testimony'' (1707), in which he rejected the distinction between "above reason" and "contrary to reason", and demanded that revelation should conform to man's natural ideas of God. Like all his works, it was published anonymously, although the identity of the author was never long concealed.

==''A Discourse of Freethinking''==
Six years later appeared his chief work, ''A Discourse of Freethinking, occasioned by the Rise and Growth of a Sect called Freethinkers'' (1713). Notwithstanding the ambiguity of its title, and the fact that it attacks the priests of all churches without moderation, it contends for the most part, at least explicitly, for no more than must be admitted by every Protestant. Freethinking is a right which cannot and must not be limited, for it is the only means of attaining a knowledge of truth, it essentially contributes to the well-being of society, and is not only permitted but enjoined by the Bible. In fact the first introduction of Christianity and the success of all missionary enterprise involve freethinking (in its etymological sense) on the part of those converted.

In England this essay, which was regarded and treated as a plea for [[Deism]], caused a great sensation, eliciting several replies, from among others [[William Whiston]], Bishop Hare, Bishop [[Benjamin Hoadly]], and [[Richard Bentley]], who, under the signature of "Phileleutherus Lipsiensis", roughly handles certain arguments carelessly expressed by Collins, but triumphs chiefly by an attack on the trivial points of scholarship, his own pamphlet being by no means faultless in this very respect. [[Jonathan Swift]] also, being satirically referred to in the book, made it the subject of a caricature.

==''Discourse of the Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion''==
In 1724, Collins published the treatise ''Discourse of the Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion'', with ''An Apology for Free Debate and Liberty of Writing'' prefixed. Ostensibly it is written in opposition to Whiston's attempt to show that the books of the [[Old Testament]] did originally contain prophecies of events in the [[New Testament]] story, but that these had been eliminated or corrupted by the Jews, and to prove that the fulfilment of prophecy by the events of Christ's life is all "secondary, secret, allegorical, and mystical," since the original and literal reference is always to some other fact. Since, further, according to him the fulfilment of prophecy is the only valid proof of Christianity, he thus secretly aims a blow at Christianity as a revelation. The canonicity of the New Testament he ventures openly to deny, on the ground that the canon could be fixed only by men who were inspired.

No less than thirty-five answers were directed against this book; the most noteworthy of which were those of Bishop [[Edward Chandler (bishop)|Edward Chandler]], Arthur Sykes and [[Samuel Clarke]]. To these, but with special reference to the work of Chandler, which maintained that a number of prophecies were literally fulfilled by Christ, Collins replied with his ''Scheme of Literal Prophecy Considered'' (1727). An appendix contends against Whiston that the book of Daniel was forged in the time of [[Antiochus Epiphanes]].

==Necessitarianism==
In philosophy, Collins takes a foremost place as a defender of [[necessitarianism]]. His brief ''Inquiry Concerning Human Liberty'' (1717) has not been excelled, at all events in its main outlines, as a statement of the determinist standpoint.

He was attacked in an elaborate treatise by [[Samuel Clarke]], in whose system the freedom of will is made essential to religion and morality. During Clarke's lifetime, fearing perhaps being branded as an enemy of religion and morality, Collins made no reply, but in 1729 he published an answer, entitled ''Liberty and Necessity''.

==Other works==
Besides these works he wrote
* ''A Letter to Mr [[Henry Dodwell|Dodwell]]'', arguing that the soul may be material, and, secondly, that if the soul be immaterial it does not follow, as Clarke had contended, that it is immortal.
* ''Vindication of the Divine Attributes'' (1710)
* ''Priestcraft in Perfection'' (1709), in which he asserts that the clause "the Church ... Faith" in the twentieth of the [[Thirty-nine Articles]] was inserted by fraud.

Collins became renowned as one of the best read men in England. He was a [[Bibliophilia|bibliophile]] and [[Book collecting|book collector]] who amassed one of the largest private libraries of the time, consisting of some 6,906 books on all subjects, but particularly favoring works on history, theology, and philosophy.

It has been argued (see Jacobson, "The England Libertarian Heritage") that Collins was the unknown author of ten of "The Independent Whig" essays.

==Marriages and children==
Collins married first Martha Child (1677–1703) a daughter of Sir [[Francis Child (died 1713)|Francis Child]] MP (1642–1713) and Elizabeth, {{née|Wheeler}} (1652–1720). They had two sons both of whom died young, the eldest in infancy, the second was Anthony Collins ({{circa|lk=no|1701}}{{snd}}1723); and two daughters: Elizabeth Collins (born {{circa|lk=no|1700}}) who, in 1738, married Walter Cary; and Martha Collins ({{circa|lk=no|1700}}{{snd}}1744) who, in 1741, married [[Robert Fairfax, 7th Lord Fairfax of Cameron]] (1706–1793). His second marriage was to Elizabeth Wrottesley (born {{circa|lk=no|1680}}), a daughter of Walter Wrottesley, 3rd [[Baron Wrottesley|Baronet Wrottesley]] (1659–1712) and Eleanora, {{née|Archer}} (1661–1692).

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite SEP |url-id=collins |title=Anthony Collins |last=Uzgalis |first=William}}
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Collins, Anthony |volume=6|pages=691-692}}

==Further reading==
See Collins' library catalogue (ed. by Giovanni Tarantino):
*[http://picus.unica.it/index.php?page=Filosofo&id=97&lang=en Anthony Collins]
* Tarantino G. 'The books and times of Anthony Collins, free-thinker, radical reader and Independent Whig', in ''Varieties of Seventeenth- and Early Eighteenth-Century English Radicalism in Cont''ext, ed. by Ariel Hessayon and David Finnegan (Ashgate, 2011), 221–240
* Tarantino G., Lo scrittoio di Anthony Collins (1676–1729): i libri e i tempi di un libero pensatore (Milan: FrancoAngeli, 2007)

== External links ==
{{DNB poster|Collins, Anthony}}
* {{Wikisource author-inline}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Collins,+Anthony | name=Anthony Collins}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Anthony Collins |sopt=t}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=rKNbAAAAQAAJ A discourse of free-thinking], 1713
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=yyNBAAAAcAAJ Priestcraft in Perfection], 1710
* [https://archive.org/details/aphilosophicali00collgoog A philosophical inquiry concerning human liberty], 1717
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=zDIVAAAAQAAJ The scheme of literal prophecy considered], 1727
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=EMQnAAAAYAAJ A discourse of the grounds and reasons of the Christian religion], 1737

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Collins, Anthony}}
[[Category:1676 births]]
[[Category:1729 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British deists]]
[[Category:Deist philosophers]]
[[Category:English bibliophiles]]
[[Category:English book and manuscript collectors]]
[[Category:English essayists]]
[[Category:18th-century English philosophers]]
[[Category:Freethought writers]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:People from Heston]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]