View source for Anthoathecata

{{Short description|Order of hydrozoans which always have a polyp stage}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Haeckel Anthomedusae.jpg
| image_caption = Anatomical details of [[Pandeidae]] ([[Filifera]]).<br/>Lower left, top right: ''[[Neoturris pileata]]''. Lower right: ''[[Stomotoca pterophylla]]''.<br/>From ''[[Kunstformen der Natur]]''<br/>by [[Ernst Haeckel]] (1904)
| taxon = Anthoathecata 
| subdivision_ranks = Suborders
| subdivision = 
* [[Aplanulata]]
* [[Capitata (Hydrozoa)|Capitata]]
* [[Filifera]]
and see [[#Infraorders and families|text]]
| synonyms =
* Anthomedusa <small>Haeckel, 1879</small>
* Anthomedusae <small>Cornelius, 1992</small>
* Anthoathecatae <small>Cornelius, 1992 (emendation)</small>
* Athecata <small>Hincks, 1868</small>
* Athecatae <small>Hincks, 1868 (emendation)</small>
* Gymnoblastea <small>Allman, 1871</small>
* Hydromedusa
* Hydromedusae
* Laingiomedusae
* Stylasterina <small>Hickson and England, 1905</small>
* Stylasterinae <small>Hickson and England, 1905 (emendation)</small>
| authority = Haeckel, 1879
}}

'''Anthoathecata''', or the '''athecate hydroids''', are an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[hydrozoans]] belonging to the [[phylum (biology)|phylum]] [[Cnidaria]]. A profusion of alternate [[scientific name]]s exists for this long-known and heavily discussed group. It has also been called '''Gymnoblastea''' and (with or without an emended ending ''-ae''), '''Anthomedusa''', '''Athecata''', '''Hydromedusa''', and '''Stylasterina'''. There are about 1,200 [[species]] worldwide.<ref name = schuchert2014>Schuchert, P. (2014). Anthoathecata. Accessed through: Schuchert, P. (2014) World Hydrozoa database at http://www.marinespecies.org/hydrozoa/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=13551 on 2014-10-31</ref>

These hydrozoans always have a [[polyp (zoology)|polyp]] stage. Their [[wiktionary:hydranth|hydranths]] grow either solitary or in colonies. There is no firm [[perisarc]] around the polyp body. The [[medusa (biology)|medusa]]e, or [[jellyfish]], are solitary animals, with tentacles arising from the bell margin, lacking [[statocyst]]s but possessing [[radial canal]]s. Their [[gonad]]s are on the manubrium ("handle").<ref name = "B2006">Bouillon, J.; Gravili, C.; Pagès, F.; Gili, J.-M.; Boero, F. (2006). An introduction to Hydrozoa. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 194. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle: Paris, France. {{ISBN|2-85653-580-1}}. 591pp. + 1 cd-rom</ref>

Except in [[Eudendriidae]] and [[Laingiidae]], prey can be captured by discharging harpoon-like structures ([[desmoneme]]s) from chambers ([[cnidae]]) in specialized cells ([[nematocyst]]s) on the tentacles. In hydrozoans, these are nearly always adhesive and entrapping, rather than puncturing and venomous as in other jellies.<ref name = "B2006" />

==Systematics==
[[File:Stylaster californicus 2.jpg|thumb|left|It is not clear whether ''[[Stylaster californicus]]'' belongs in the [[Filifera]].<br/>Upper left: [[blue top snail]] (''Calliostoma ligatum'').]]
The close relationship of the orders Anthoathecata and [[Leptomedusae]] has been long known, but formerly it was also believed that these two were close to the order [[Limnomedusae]]. However, their closest relatives are the highly advanced [[Siphonophorae]], whereas the Limnomedusae are a rather primitive group, and not very closely related to these three [[Leptolinae]], and might instead belong to the [[Class (biology)|subclass]] [[Trachylinae]].

Some uncertainty existed regarding the taxonomy of the order Anthoathecata. The most simple scheme, used until recently by most authors since it was proposed in 1913, divided the order into a smaller suborder ([[Filifera]]) and a second larger one ([[Capitata (Hydrozoa)|Capitata]]), but several unusual Anthoathecatae did not fit into this arrangement, and a considerable number did so awkwardly. The [[Porpitidae]], for example, are a highly aberrant group, and were at one time even considered a separate order "Chondrophora".  However, they are currently considered to be derived from [[Zancleida]].  In the early 21st century, the well-known ''[[Hydra (genus)|Hydra]]'' and its relatives &ndash; and most of the supposed filiferan infraorders [[Tubulariida]] and [[Moerisiida]] &ndash; were determined to be a very ancient lineage, recognized as suborder [[Aplanulata]].<ref>Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadrys, H. and Schierwater, B. (2005), Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16S rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34: 91–99. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00172.x</ref>  Although not all Anthoathecatae have been firmly placed in the [[phylogeny]], most are fairly certainly assigned at least to one of the major subdivisions. As a notable exception, a [[prehistoric]] family, the [[Heterastridiidae]], is still highly disputed regarding its relationships to the extant taxa, as are a small number of very aberrant and/or little-known species such as the aptly named ''[[Saccohydra problematica]]''.

The family [[Clathrozoellidae]] is placed with the Filifera here; in others it is placed in the Leptomedusae and sometimes even synonymized with their family [[Clathrozoidae]]. By contrast, the supposed filiferan genus ''Anthohydra'' is in fact the leptomedusan ''[[Eugymnanthea]]''; similarly, "''[[Gammaria]]''" is also a leptomedusan and properly spelled ''[[Grammaria]]''.

The supposed athecate family [[Monobrachiidae]] is apparently a close relative of the [[Olindiasidae]], and belongs in the Limnomedusae. [[Halammohydridae]] and [[Otohydridae]], sometimes placed here, appear to be [[Trachylinae|trachyline]] hydrozoans of the order [[Actinulidae]].

<ref>[http://www.marinespecies.org/hydrozoa/ Schuchert (2014), World Hydrozoa database.]</ref>

===Infraorders and families===

[[File:Hydractinia epiconcha01.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Hydractinia epiconcha]]'' belongs to the [[Margelina]] in the suborder [[Filifera]].]]
[[File:Mikrofoto.de-Hydra 15.jpg|thumb|right|The well-known freshwater polyp ''[[Hydra viridissima]]'', formerly placed in the [[Capitata (Hydrozoa)|Capitata]], belongs to the [[Aplanulata]].]]
[[File:Stamp of Azerbaijan 319.jpg|thumb|''[[Polyorchis karafutoensis]]'', a true member of the Capitata, on a 1995 [[Postage stamps and postal history of Azerbaijan|stamp from Azerbaijan]].]]

<div float="left">
{{col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-1-of-2}}
'''[[Basal (evolution)|Basal]] and ''[[incertae sedis]]'' Anthoathecata'''
* Genus ''[[Bibrachium]]'' <small>Stechow, 1919</small>
* Genus ''"[[Microstoma (hydrozoan)|Microstoma]]"'' <small>Lesson, 1830 (''[[nomen dubium]]; non'' G.Cuvier, 1816: [[Slender argentine|preoccupied]])</small>
* Genus ''[[Saccohydra]]'' <small>Billiard, 1914</small>
* †Family [[Heterastridiidae]] ([[fossil]])

'''Suborder [[Aplanulata]]''' <small>Collins, Winkelman, Hadrys & Schierwater, 2005</small>
* Family [[Acaulidae]] <small>Fraser, 1924</small> (formerly in Tubulariida)
* Family [[Boeromedusidae]] <small>Bouillon, 1995</small> (formerly in Moerisiida)
* Family [[Boreohydridae]] <small>Westblad, 1947</small> (formerly in Tubulariida)
* Family [[Myriothelidae]] <small>Hincks, 1868</small>{{check|date=February 2014}}<!-- WoRMS uses the junior synonym Candelabridae; why? --> (including Candelabridae<!-- Stechow, 1921 --><!-- Candelabriidae is lapsus -->, Symplectaneidae<!-- Fraser, 1943 -->; formerly in Tubulariida)
* Family [[Corymorphidae]] <small>Allman, 1872</small> (including Amalthaeidae<!-- Haeckel, 1879 -->, Branchiocerianthidae<!-- Broch, 1916 -->, Euphysidae<!-- Haeckel, 1879 -->, Hypolytidae <!-- Fraser, 1943 -->, Monocaulidae<!-- Allman, 1872 -->, Paragotoeidae, Steenstrupiini<!-- Cockerell, 1911 -->, Trichorhizini<!-- Cockerell, 1911 -->; formerly in Tubulariida)
* Family [[Hydridae]] <small>Dana, 1846</small> (formerly in Moerisiida)
* Family [[Margelopsidae]] <small>Uchida, 1927</small> (including Pelagohydridae<!-- Dendy, 1902 -->; formerly in Tubulariida)
* Family [[Paracorynidae]] <small>Picard, 1957</small> (formerly in Tubulariida)
* Family [[Protohydridae]] <small>Allman, 1888</small> (formerly in Moerisiida)
* Family [[Tubulariidae]]

'''Suborder [[Filifera]]''' <small>Kühn, 1913</small>

Basal or ''incertae sedis''
* Genus ''[[Brinckmannia]]'' <small>Schuchert & Reiswig, 2006</small>
* Genus ''[[Favonia]]'' <small>Péron & Lesueur, 1810</small> (''[[nomen dubium]]'')
* Genus ''[[Kinetocodium]]'' <small>Kramp, 1921</small> (Margelina: Hydractiniidae?)
* Genus ''[[Lymnorea]]'' <small>Péron & Lesueur, 1810</small> (= ''Limnorea<!-- Haeckel, 1872 -->; nomen dubium'')
* Family [[Axoporidae]] <small>Boschma, 1951</small> ([[fossil]])
* Family [[Bythotiaridae]] <small>Maas, 1905</small> (including Calycopsidae<!-- Mayer, 1910 -->; Pandeida?)
* Family [[Clathrozoellidae]] <small>Peña Cantero, Vervoort & Watson, 2003</small> (tentatively placed here)
* Family [[Cordylophoridae]] <small>von Lendenfeld, 1885</small>
* Family [[Jeanbouilloniidae]] <small>Pagès, Flood & Youngbluth, 2006</small>
* Family [[Oceaniidae]] (Margelina?)
* Family [[Tubiclavoididae]] <small>Moura, Cunha & Schuchert, 2007</small> (Pandeida?)
Infraorder [[Margelina]] <small>Haeckel, 1879</small> (disputed)
* Family [[Australomedusidae]] <small>Russell, 1971</small> (including Platystomidae<!-- Zhang, 1982 -->)
* Family [[Balellidae]] <small>Stechow, 1922</small>
* Family [[Bougainvilliidae]]
* Family [[Cytaeididae]] <small>L.Agassiz, 1862</small>
* Family [[Eucodoniidae]] <small>Schuchert, 1996</small>
* Family [[Hydractiniidae]]
* Family [[Ptilocodiidae]] <small>Coward, 1909</small>
* Family [[Rathkeidae]] <small>Russell, 1953</small>
* Family [[Rhysiidae]]  <small>Hickson & Gravely, 1907</small>; (tentatively placed here)
* Family [[Stylasteridae]] (tentatively placed here)
* Family [[Trichydridae]] <small>Hincks, 1868</small>
Infraorder [[Pandeida]] (disputed)
* Family [[Eudendriidae]]
* Family [[Magapiidae]] <small>Schuchert & Bouillon, 2009</small> (formerly Laingiidae<!-- Bouillon, 1978 -->; tentatively placed here)
* Family [[Niobiidae]] <small>Petersen, 1979</small>
* Family [[Pandeidae]]
* Family [[Proboscidactylidae]] <small>Hand & Hendrickson, 1950</small>
* Family [[Protiaridae]] <small>Haeckel, 1879</small>
* Family [[Heterotentaculidae]] <small>Schuchert, 2010</small> (formerly Russelliidae<!-- Kramp, 1957 -->; tentatively placed here)

{{col-2-of-2}}
'''Suborder [[Capitata (Hydrozoa)|Capitata]]''' <small>Kühn, 1913</small>
Basal or ''incertae sedis''
* Genus ''[[Cnidocodon]]'' <small>Bouillon, 1978</small> (including ''Ramus''<!-- Zhang & Wu, 1981 -->)
* Genus ''[[Ctenaria]]'' (Zancleida: Zancleidae?)
* Genus ''[[Oonautes]]'' <small>Damas, 1937</small> (Zancleida: Zancleidae?)
* Genus ''[[Paulinum (hydrozoan)|Paulinum]]'' <small>Brinckmann-Voss & Arai, 1998</small>
* Genus ''[[Plotocnide]]'' <small>Wagner, 1885</small> (including ''Plankayon''<!-- Wagner, 1880 -->)
* Genus ''[[Propachycordyle]]'' <small>Thiel, 1931</small>
* Genus ''[[Pteronema]]'' <small>Haeckel, 1879</small>
* Genus ''[[Rhabdoon]]'' <small>Keferstein & Ehlers, 1861</small> (including ''Pararhysomedusa''<!-- Shirley & Leung, 1970 -->, ''Rhysomedusa''<!-- Vanucci & Soares Moreira, 1966 -->, ''Yakovia''<!-- Margulis, 1989 -->)
* Genus ''[[Tetraralphia]]'' <small>Pagès & Bouillon, 1997</small>
Infraorder [[Moerisiida]] <small>Poche, 1914</small> (disputed)
* Family [[Halimedusidae]] <small>Arai & Brinckmann-Voss, 1980</small> (tentatively placed here)
* Family [[Moerisiidae]] <small>Poche, 1914</small>
Infraorder [[Sphaerocorynida]] <small>Petersen, 1990</small> (disputed)
* Family [[Hydrocorynidae]] <small>Rees, 1957</small>
* Family [[Sphaerocorynidae]] <small>Prévot, 1959</small>
* Family [[Zancleopsidae]] <small>Bouillon, 1978</small>
Infraorder N.N.<ref>New name is required for the remaining Tubulariida, because Tubulariidae has been moved to Aplanulata.</ref> (disputed)
* Family [[Cladonematidae]]
* Family [[Corynidae]]
* Family [[Euphysidae]]
* Family [[Pennariidae]] <small>McCrady, 1859</small> (including Halocordylidae<!--  Stechow, 1921 -->)
* Family [[Solanderiidae]]
* Family [[Tricyclusidae]] <small>Kramp, 1949</small>
Infraorder [[Zancleida]] <small>Russell, 1953</small> (disputed)
* Family [[Asyncorynidae]] <small>Kramp, 1949</small>
* Family [[Cladocorynidae]] <small>Allman, 1872</small>
* Family [[Milleporidae]] <small>Fleming, 1828</small> (= Milleporadae)
* Family [[Porpitidae]]
* Family [[Pseudosolanderiidae]] <small>Bouillon & Gravier-Bonnet, 1988</small>
* Family [[Rosalindidae]] <small>Bouillon, 1985</small>
* Family [[Teissieridae]] <small>Bouillon, 1978</small>
* Family [[Zancleidae]] <small>Russell, 1953</small> (including Corynipteridae, Halocorynidae<!--  Picard, 1957 -->, Orthocorynidae)
{{col-end}}
</div>
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
* Buecher, E., Goy, J. & Gibbons, M.J. 2005. Hydromedusae of the Agulhas Current. ''[[African Invertebrates]]'' '''46''': 27-69.[https://web.archive.org/web/20110903103127/http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za/Buecher2005_42.aspx]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Anthoathecata}}
{{Wikispecies}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070709074841/http://www.tmbl.gu.se/libdb/taxon/neat_pdf/NEAT*Coelenterata.pdf North East Atlantic Taxa]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100911071746/http://siba2.unile.it/ese/issues/3/41/thal24-02.pdf Family, genus and species list]
*[http://faculty.washington.edu/cemills/Hydromedusae.html A page about Hydromedusae]

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q14556976|from2=Q2344380}}


[[Category:Hydroidolina]]
[[Category:Cnidarian orders]]
[[Category:Anthoathecata| ]]