View source for Anne of Denmark

{{Short description|Queen of Scotland (1589–1619); Queen of England and Ireland (1603–1619)}}
{{Other people|Princess Anne of Denmark}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort      = yes
| image        = Anne of Denmark 1605.jpg
| caption      = 1605 portrait
| succession   = [[List of English royal consorts|Queen consort of England and Ireland]]
| coronation   = 25 July 1603
| cor-type     = [[Coronation of James I and Anne|Coronation]]
| reign        = 24 March 1603&nbsp;– 2 March 1619
| succession1  = [[Queen consort of Scotland]]
| coronation1  = 17 May 1590
| cor-type1    = [[Entry and coronation of Anne of Denmark|Coronation]]
| reign1       = 20 August 1589&nbsp;– 2 March 1619
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[James VI and I]]|20 August 1589}}
| issue        = {{plainlist|
*[[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales]]
*[[Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia]]
*[[Margaret Stuart (1598–1600)|Margaret]]
*[[Charles I, King of England]]
*[[Robert, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne]]
*[[Mary Stuart (1605–1607)|Mary]]
*[[Sophia Stuart|Sophia]]
}}
| issue-link   = #Issue
| house        = [[House of Oldenburg|Oldenburg]]
| father       = [[Frederick II of Denmark]]
| mother       = [[Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow]]
| birth_date   = 12 December 1574
| birth_name   = 
| birth_place  = [[Skanderborg Castle]], Skanderborg, Denmark
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|1619|3|2|1574|12|12|df=yes}}
| death_place  = [[Hampton Court Palace]], Middlesex, England
| burial_date  = 13 May 1619
| burial_place = [[Westminster Abbey]], London, England
| signature    = Signature Anne Of Denmark.svg
}}
{{House of Oldenburg|frederick2}}

'''Anne of Denmark''' ({{Langx|da|Anna}}; 12 December 1574&nbsp;– 2 March 1619) was [[List of Scottish royal consorts|Queen of Scotland]] from her marriage to [[James VI and I]] on 20 August 1589 and [[List of English royal consorts|Queen of England and Ireland]] from the [[union of the Scottish and English crowns]] on 24 March 1603 until [[Death and funeral of Anne of Denmark|her death]] in 1619.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|pp=1, 201}}{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=403}}

The second daughter of King [[Frederick II of Denmark]] and [[Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow]], Anne married James at age 14. They had three children who survived infancy: [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales]], who predeceased his parents; [[Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia|Princess Elizabeth]], who became [[Queen of Bohemia]]; and James's future successor, [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]. Anne demonstrated an independent streak and a willingness to use factional Scottish politics in her conflicts with James over the custody of Prince Henry and his treatment of her friend [[Barbara Ruthven|Beatrix Ruthven]]. Anne appears to have loved James at first, but the couple gradually drifted and eventually lived apart, though mutual respect and a degree of affection survived.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|pp=182, 300–301}}

In England, Anne shifted her energies from factional politics to patronage of the arts and constructed her own magnificent court, hosting one of the richest cultural [[Salon (gathering)|salons]] in Europe.{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|pp=15, 35, 109}}{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=183|loc="Although Anna had considerable personal freedom and her own court, she does not appear to have intervened so visibly against her husband in factional politics as she did in Scotland, and her support was not often sought. Where the Queen's court came into its own was as an artistic salon."}} After 1612, she had sustained bouts of ill health and gradually withdrew from the centre of court life. Though she was reported to have been a [[Protestant]] at the time of her death, she may have converted to [[Catholicism]] at some point.{{Efn|The Archbishop of Canterbury reported that she had died rejecting Catholic notions. "But, then," cautions historian John Leeds Barroll, "we are all familiar with the modern 'press release'. In Anna's day, too, there was much to be said for promulgating an official version of England's queen dying 'respectably'."{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|p=172}} A letter from Anne to [[Scipione Borghese]] of 31 July 1601 is "open in its embrace of Catholicism."{{Sfnp|McManus|2002|p=93}}}}

Some historians have dismissed Anne as frivolous and self-indulgent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Akrigg |first=George Philip Vernon |title=Jacobean Pageant: or the Court of King James I |date=1978 |publisher=Athenaeum |isbn=0-689-70003-2 |location=New York |page=21 |quote=Anne had proved to be both dull and indolent, though showing a certain tolerant amiability so long as her whims were satisfied. She was interested in little that was more serious than matters of dress. |orig-date=1962}}; {{Harvp|Barroll|2001|p=27|loc="Her traditionally flaccid court image&nbsp;..."}}; {{Cite book |last=Strickland |first=Agnes |author-link=Agnes Strickland |url=https://archive.org/details/livesqueensengl11strigoog/page/n244 |title=Anne of Denmark |date=1848 |page=233 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=G. Barrie & son}}</ref>{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|page=55}}{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=95}} However, 18th-century writers including [[Thomas Birch]] and [[William Guthrie (historian)|William Guthrie]] considered her a woman of "boundless intrigue".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guthrie |first=William |author-link=William Guthrie (historian) |title=History of Scotland |date=1768 |publisher=London |volume=10 |page=6}}; {{Cite book |first=Thomas |last=Birch |author-link=Thomas Birch |title=Memoirs of the reign of Queen Elizabeth |volume=1 |publisher=London |date=1754 |page=242}}</ref> Recent reappraisals acknowledge Anne's assertive independence and, in particular, her dynamic significance as a patron of the arts during the [[Jacobean era|Jacobean age]].{{Efn|"She quickly moved vigorously into court politics, an aspect of her new life not foregrounded by her few biographers&nbsp;... she soon became a political presence at the Scottish court."{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|p=17}} "Though she has been accorded insufficient attention by historians, James's Queen, Anne of Denmark, was politically astute and active."{{Sfnp|Sharpe|1996|p=244}} "This new king's influence on the high culture of the Stuart period, although considerable in certain discrete areas, has been misunderstood in terms of innovations at the court itself&nbsp;... during the first decade of his reign, these innovations were fundamentally shaped by James's much neglected queen consort, Anna of Denmark."{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|pp=1–2}}}}

==Early life==
Anne was born on 12 December 1574 at the castle of [[Skanderborg]] on the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in the [[Denmark–Norway|Kingdom of Denmark]] to [[Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow]] and King [[Frederick II of Denmark]]. In need of a male heir the King had been hoping for a son,{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=1}} and Sophie gave birth to a son, [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian]], three years later.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=3}}

With her older sister, [[Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick|Elizabeth]], Anne was sent to be raised at [[Güstrow Palace|Güstrow]] by her maternal grandparents, the [[Ulrich III of Mecklenburg-Güstrow|Duke]] and [[Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg|Duchess of Mecklenburg]]. Christian was also sent to be brought up at Güstrow but two years later, in 1579, his father the King wrote to his parents-in-law, to request the return of his sons, Christian and Ulrich, (probably, at the urging of the Rigsråd, the Danish Privy Council), and Anne and Elizabeth returned with him.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=5}}

Anne enjoyed a close, happy family upbringing in Denmark, thanks largely to Queen Sophie, who nursed the children through their illnesses herself.{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|page=24}}{{Efn|The English agent Daniel Rogers reported to [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley|William Cecil]] that Sophie was "a right virtuous and godly Princess which with motherly care and great wisdom ruleth her children."{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=4}}}} Suitors from all over Europe sought the hands of Anne and Elizabeth in marriage, including [[James VI of Scotland]], who favoured Denmark as a kingdom reformed in religion and a profitable trading partner.{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|page=24}}

[[File:James VI of Scotland aged 20, 1586..jpg|thumb|upright|James VI in 1586, aged twenty, three years before his marriage to Anne]]
James's other serious possibility, though eight years his senior, was [[Catherine of Navarre, Duchess of Lorraine|Catherine]], sister of the [[Huguenot]] King [[Henry III of Navarre]] (future Henry IV of France), who was favoured by [[Elizabeth I of England]].{{Sfnmp|1a1=Stewart|1y=2003|1ppp=105, 106|2a1=Williams|2y=1970|2p=12}} One reason James set this option aside was Henry's hard requirement for military assistance.{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=86}} Scottish ambassadors in Denmark first concentrated their suit on the oldest daughter,{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=10}} but Frederick betrothed [[Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Elizabeth]] to [[Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick]], promising the Scots instead that "for the second [daughter] Anna, if the King did like her, he should have her."{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=10}}{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|pp=87–88}}	

===Betrothal and proxy marriage===

The constitutional position of Sophie, Anne's mother, became difficult after Frederick's death in 1588,{{Efn|The clergyman observed at Frederick's funeral service that "had the King drunk a little less, he might have lived many a day yet."{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=6}}}} when she found herself in a power struggle with the Rigsraad for control of her son King Christian IV. As a matchmaker, however, Sophie proved more diligent than Frederick and, overcoming sticking points on the amount of the [[dowry]] and the status of [[Orkney]],{{Efn|The [[Orkney Islands]] had been a provisional part of the dowry of [[Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland|Margaret of Denmark]] on her marriage to [[James III of Scotland]] in 1469, returnable to Denmark upon full payment of the dowry.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=10}}}} she sealed the agreement by July 1589.{{Efn|The Danes waived their claim to Orkney, and James, declaring he would not be a merchant for his bride, dropped his demand for an excessive dowry.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=14}}{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=88}}}} Anne herself seems to have been thrilled with the match.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|pp=14–15}} On 28 July 1589, the English spy [[Thomas Fowler (courtier)|Thomas Fowler]] reported that Anne was "so far in love with the King's Majesty as it were death to her to have it broken off and hath made good proof divers ways of her affection which his Majestie is apt enough to requite."<ref>Letter to [[William Asheby]], English ambassador in Denmark, {{Harvp|Williams|1970|p=15}}</ref> Fowler's insinuation, that James preferred men to women,{{Efn|"All his life, except perhaps for six short months, King James disliked women, regarding them as inferior beings. All his interest was centred on the attractions of personable young men."{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|pp=14–15}}}} would have been hidden from the fourteen-year-old Anne, who devotedly embroidered shirts for her fiancé while 300 tailors worked on her wedding dress.{{Efn|There were other dresses: five hundred Danish tailors and embroiderers were said to have been at work for three months.{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=87}} A dress of peach and parrot-coloured [[damask]] with fishboned skirts lined with wreaths of pillows round the hips was especially admired.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=14}}}}

Whatever the truth of the rumours, James required a royal match to preserve the [[House of Stuart|Stuart]] line.{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|pp=23–24}} "God is my witness", he explained, "I could have abstained longer than the weal of my country could have permitted, [had not] my long delay bred in the breasts of many a great jealousy of my inability, as if I were a barren stock."{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=85}} He wrote to Sophie from Aberdeen that Anne's portrait had "fascinated our eyes and heart" and he had "no higher desire" than to behold her in person.{{Sfnp|Stevenson|1997|p=84}} On 20 August 1589, Anne was [[married by proxy]] to James at [[Kronborg Castle]], the ceremony ending with a torchlit procession and James's representative, [[George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal]], sitting next to Anne on the bridal bed.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=15}}{{Sfnp|McManus|2002|p=61}}{{Sfnp|Stevenson|1997|p=86}}

===Marriage===
[[File:Marriage contract between Princess Anna of Denmark and Jacob VI of Scotland 1589 (Danish National Archives).jpg|thumb|1589 marriage contract between Anne of Denmark and James VI]]

Anne set sail for Scotland within 10 days, but her fleet under the command of Admiral [[Peder Munk]] was beset by misadventures. At [[Elsinore]] a [[cannon|naval gun]] backfired, killing two gunners. The next day, a gun [[Cannon operation|fired]] in tribute to two visiting Scottish noblemen exploded, killing one gunner and injuring 9 of the crew. Storms at sea then put the fleet in severe difficulties and one report had Anne's ship missing for three days. Two of the ships in the flotilla collided, killing two more sailors. Anne's ship, the Gideon, sprang a dangerous leak and put into Gammel Sellohe in Norway for repairs, but it leaked again after setting sail. The fleet then put in at [[Flekkerøy]], by which time it was 1 October and the crews were unwilling to try again so late in the year.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=109}} Anne was forced back to the coast of [[Norway]], from where she travelled by land to [[Oslo]] for refuge, accompanied by the Earl Marischal and others of the Scottish and Danish embassies.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=109}}{{Efn|The King of Denmark ruled [[Denmark–Norway|both Denmark and Norway]] at this time.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=207}}}}

[[File:Adrian Vanson (d. before 1610) (attributed to) - Anne of Denmark (1574–1619), Queen of James VI and I - PG 1110 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg|thumb|right|Anne of Denmark as Queen of Scotland, 1595, by [[Adrian Vanson]]]]
On 12 September [[Andrew Keith, Lord Dingwall|Lord Dingwall]] had landed at [[Leith]], reporting that "he had come in company with the Queen's fleet three hundred miles, and was separated from them by a [[Anne of Denmark and contrary winds|great storm]]: it was feared that the Queen was in danger upon the seas."{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=107}} Alarmed, James called for national fasting and public prayers, and kept watch on the [[Firth of Forth]] for Anne's arrival from [[Seton Palace]], the home of his friend [[Robert Seton, 1st Earl of Winton|Lord Seton]].{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=88}}{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=17}}{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=108}} He wrote several songs, one comparing the situation to the plight of [[Hero and Leander]], and sent a search party out for Anne, carrying a letter he had written to her in [[French language|French]]: "Only to one who knows me as well as his own reflection in a glass could I express, my dearest love, the fears which I have experienced because of the contrary winds and violent storms since you embarked".{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=108}}{{Sfnmp|1a1=Willson|1y=1963|1p=89|2a1=Williams|2y=1970|2p=19}} Anne's letters arrived in October explaining that she had abandoned the crossing. She wrote, in French;

{{blockquote|we have already put out to sea four or five times but have always been driven back to the harbours from which we sailed, thanks to contrary winds and other problems that arose at sea, which is the cause why, now Winter is hastening down on us, and fearing greater danger, all this company is forced to our regret, and to the regret and high displeasure of your men, to make no further attempt at present, but to defer the voyage until the Spring.{{Sfnp|Kerr-Peterson|Pearce|2020|pp=93–94}}}}

In what Willson calls "the one romantic episode of his life", James sailed from Leith with a three-hundred-strong retinue to fetch his wife personally.{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=85}}{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=109}} He arrived in Oslo on 19 November after travelling by land from [[Flekkefjord]] via [[Tønsberg]].{{Efn|In one of the messages James left behind, he said he had decided on this action alone, to demonstrate that he was no "irresolute ass who could do nothing of himself".{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=90}}{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=112}} Williams points out that it was brave of James to cross the North Sea at that time of year in a 130-ton ship,{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=18}} and McManus notes that the gesture "startles commentators accustomed to the image of James as a timorous man."{{Sfnp|McManus|2002|p=63}}}} According to a Scottish account, he presented himself to Anne, "with boots and all", and, disarming her protests, gave her a kiss, in the Scottish fashion.{{Efn|"His majesty minded to give the Queen a kiss after the Scots fashion at meeting, which she refused as not being the form of her country. Marry, after a few words spoken privately between His Majesty and her, there passed familiarity and kisses."<ref>[[David Moysie]]'s account, quoted by {{Harvp|Stewart|2003|p=112}} and {{Harvp|Williams|1970|p=20}}</ref> McManus sees Anne's protests as an early sign of assertiveness.{{Sfnp|McManus|2002|pp=65–66}} Willson distrusts Moysie's version and prefers a Danish narrative whereby James enters Oslo in state with heralds, observing the diplomatic niceties in full.{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|pp=90–91}}}}

Anne and James were formally married in hall of the [[Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo]], then the house of [[Christen Mule]], on 23 November 1589, "with all the splendour possible at that time and place."{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=112}} So that both bride and groom could understand, Leith minister [[David Lindsay (bishop of Ross)|David Lindsay]] conducted the ceremony in French, describing Anne as "a Princess both godly and beautiful&nbsp;... she giveth great contentment to his Majesty."{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=112}}{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=91}} A month of celebrations followed; and on 22 December, cutting his entourage to 50, James visited his new relations at [[Kronborg Castle]] in [[Elsinore]], where the newlyweds were greeted by Queen Sophie, 12 year-old [[King Christian IV]], and Christian's four regents.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=113}}{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=23}} Anne and James may have repeated their marriage ceremony at Kronborg, this time by Lutheran rites, on 21 January 1590.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=23}}{{Efn|McManus regards this repeat ceremony as unsubstantiated.{{Sfnp|McManus|2002|p=61}}}} The couple moved on to [[Copenhagen]] on 7 March and attended the wedding of Anne's older sister Elizabeth to [[Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick]] on 19 April, sailing two days later for Scotland in a patched up "Gideon".{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=117}} They arrived in the [[Water of Leith]] on 1 May. After a welcoming speech in French by [[James Elphinstone, 1st Lord Balmerino|James Elphinstone]], Anne stayed in the [[King's Wark]] and James went alone to hear a sermon by [[Patrick Galloway]] in the [[South Leith Parish Church|Parish Church]].{{Sfn|Calendar of State Papers Scotland vol. 10|page=863}} Five days later, Anne made her state entry into Edinburgh in a solid silver coach brought over from Denmark, James riding alongside on horseback.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=118}}

===Coronation===
{{Main|Entry and coronation of Anne of Denmark}}
[[File:Anne of Denmark, ca 1600.jpg|thumb|upright|Anne of Denmark, c. 1600]]
Anne was crowned on 17 May 1590 in the [[Holyrood Abbey|Abbey Church]] at [[Holyrood Palace|Holyrood]], the first Protestant coronation in Scotland.{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|page=24}}{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=119}} During the [[Entry and Coronation of Anne of Denmark|seven-hour ceremony]], her gown was opened by the [[Annabell Murray, Countess of Mar|Countess of Mar]] for presiding minister [[Robert Bruce of Kinnaird|Robert Bruce]] to pour "a bonny quantity of oil" on "parts of her breast and arm", so anointing her as queen.{{Sfnmp|1a1=Williams|1y=1970|1p=30|2a1=McManus|2y=2002|2p=70}} ([[Church of Scotland|Kirk]] ministers had objected vehemently to this element of the ceremony as a [[pagan]] and [[Jewish]] ritual, but James insisted that it dated from the [[Old Testament]].){{Sfnmp|1a1=Williams|1y=1970|1p=29|2a1=Willson|2y=1963|2p=93}} The king handed the crown to [[John Maitland, 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane|Chancellor Maitland]], who placed it on Anne's head.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=31}} She then affirmed an oath to defend the true religion and worship of God and to "withstand and despise all [[papist]]ical superstitions, and whatsoever ceremonies and rites contrary to the word of God".{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=119}}{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=31}}{{Sfnp|McManus|2002|p=71}}

===Household in Scotland===
Anne brought servants and courtiers from Denmark, including the ladies-in-waiting and [[chamberer]]s Katrine Skinkel, [[Anna Kaas]], and [[Margaret Vinstarr]], the preacher [[Johannes Sering]], a page [[William Belo]], and artisans such as goldsmith [[Jacob Kroger]], the carpenter Frederick, her cooks [[Hans Poppilman]] and Marion,{{Sfnp|Field|2020|p=148}} and her tailors.<ref>{{Harvp|Williams|1970|pp=33, 42, 100}}; [[James Thomson Gibson-Craig]], [https://archive.org/details/papersrelative2600geneuoft/page/26/mode/2up ''Papers Relative to the Marriage of King James the Sixth of Scotland'' (Edinburgh, 1836), Appendix pp. 27–29]</ref> Her Danish secretary [[Calixtus Schein (secretary)|Calixtus Schein]] had two Scottish colleagues, [[William Fowler (makar)|William Fowler]] and [[John Geddie (secretary)|John Geddie]]. The head of her first household was [[Wilhelm von der Wense]].<ref>{{Harvp|Pearce|2019|page=140}}; {{Cite book |last=Meikle |first=Maureen |author-link=Maureen Meikle |title=The Reign of James VI |date=2000 |publisher=Tuckwell |editor-last=Goodare |editor-first=Julian |editor-link=Julian Goodare |location=East Linton |page=129 |chapter=A meddlesome princess: Anna of Denmark and Scottish court politics 1589–1603 |editor-last2=Lynch |editor-first2=Michael |editor-link2=Michael Lynch (historian)}}</ref> Servants from her home country provided familiarity and bridged a cultural divide.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Griffey |first=Erin |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2292/63544 |title=Rank Matters: New Research on Female Rulers in the Early Modern Era from an Intersectional Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Friedrich-Alexander-Universität press |editor-last=Strunck |editor-first=Christina |pages=124, 126 |chapter=Home Comforts: Stuart Queens Consort and Negotiating Foreigness at Court |doi=10.25593/978-3-96147-592-6 |hdl=2292/63544 |isbn=978-3-96147-592-6 |editor-last2=Maier |editor-first2=Lukas}}</ref>

At first, observers like [[William Dundas of Fingask|William Dundas]] thought the queen led a solitary life, with few Scottish companions.<ref>[[Edmund Lodge]], ''Illustrations of British History'', vol. 2 (London, 1838), pp. 404–406.</ref> Later in 1590 more Scottish noblewomen were appointed to serve her, including [[Marie Stewart, Countess of Mar|Marie Stewart]], a daughter of [[Esmé Stewart, 1st Duke of Lennox]], [[Margaret Wood (courtier)|Margaret Wood]], and members of the [[Margaret Stewart, Mistress of Ochiltree|Ochiltree Stewart family]].{{Sfn|Calendar of State Papers Scotland vol. 10|p=429}} James invited Scottish lairds including [[Robert Mure of Caldwell]] to send gifts of hackney horses for the queen's ladies to ride.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mure |first=William |title=Selections from the Family Papers Preserved at Caldwell |date=1854 |publisher=Glasgow |volume=1 |pages=83–84}}</ref> Anne bought her ladies and maidens of honour matching clothes and riding outfits, made by her Danish tailor Pål Rei and furrier Henrie Koss, and the Scottish tailors [[Peter Sanderson (tailor)|Peter Sanderson]] and [[Peter Rannald]] supervised by [[Wardrobe of Anne of Denmark|her master of Wardrobe]], [[Søren Johnson]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Field |first=Jemma |author-link=Jemma Field |date=2019 |title=Dressing a Queen: The Wardrobe of Anna of Denmark at the Scottish Court of King James VI, 1590–1603 |journal=The Court Historian |volume=24 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/14629712.2019.1626120 |pages=155–156}}</ref> She had an [[Anne of Denmark and her African servants|African servant]], noted in the accounts only as the "Moir", who was probably a "page of the equerry", attending her horse. He was dressed in orange velvet and Spanish taffeta.{{Sfnp|Pearce|2019|pp=143–144}} When he died at [[Falkland Palace]] in July 1591, James paid for his funeral.<ref>{{Harvp|Field|2020|p=169}}; [[National Records of Scotland]], Treasurer's Accounts July 1591 E22/8 fol.121r., "Item be his maiesties spetiall command for ye buriall of a moir in Falkland & expensis thairupoun, vij li vj s viij d", [https://reedprepub.org/royal-court-of-scotland/ See REED transcriptions, edited by Sarah Carpenter, Royal Court of Scotland 1590–1592]</ref> The German physician [[Martin Schöner]] attended Anne when she was ill or in childbed.{{Sfnp|Field|2020|p=184}}

Two Danish favourites, Katrine Skinkel and Sofie Kass wore velvet hats with feathers to match the queen's, made by an older gentlewoman in the household, [[Elizabeth Gibb]], the wife of the king's tutor [[Peter Young (tutor)|Peter Young]].{{Sfnp|Field|2020|p=139}} Anne gave her ladies wedding gowns and trousseaux when they married, and even arranged a loan for the dowry of [[Jean Stewart, Lady Bargany|Jean, Lady Kennedy]].{{Sfnp|Pearce|2019|pp=147–148}} When, in December 1592 the widower [[John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1558–1634)|John Erskine]], [[Earl of Mar]] married Marie Stewart, James VI and Anne of Denmark attended the celebrations at [[Alloa Tower|Alloa]] and there was a [[masque]] in costume in which Anne of Denmark performed.{{Sfnp|Pearce|2019|pp=146, 148–149}} Materials for Anne's masque costumes included lightweight silks and ribbons and "plumages" of feathers.{{Sfnp|Pearce|2022|page=120}} Her court musicians in Scotland included [[John Norlie]], an English [[lutenist]].{{Sfnp|Field|2020|p=107}}

In 1593, Anne told the English ambassador [[Robert Bowes (diplomat)|Robert Bowes]] that she would like to meet Queen Elizabeth, and wanted to have a young English gentleman or maiden of "good parentage" join her household. Bowes passed this request to Cecil to consider.{{Sfn|Calendar of State Papers Scotland vol. 10|p=765}} She made another overture of friendship to Elizabeth I in May 1595, asking for her portrait. There was no response and Bowes had to reiterate her request. Finally, in February 1596 Elizabeth condescended to grant Anne's "earnest desire" and send her a picture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sowerby |first=Tracey |date=April 2014 |title='A Memorial and a Pledge of Faith': Portraiture and Early Modern Diplomatic Culture |journal=English Historical Review |volume=129 |issue=537 |page=328|doi=10.1093/ehr/ceu070 }}</ref>

==Relationship with James==
[[File:Attributed to Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger Anne of Denmark.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Anne of Denmark, c. 1614, by [[Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger]]]]
By all accounts, James was at first entranced by his bride, but his infatuation evaporated quickly and the couple often found themselves at loggerheads, though in the early years of their marriage James seems always to have treated Anne with patience and affection.{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|pp=85–95 [94–95]}} [[James Melville of Halhill]], a gentleman of her bedchamber, wrote that in Scotland Anne would intercede with James on behalf of honest courtiers, if she heard that he was stirred up against them by "wrong information" or slander.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Thomas |last=Thomson |url=https://archive.org/details/MemoirsOfHisOwnLife/page/n443/mode/2up |title=Memoirs of his own life by James Melville |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Bannatyne Club |date=1827 |page=453}}</ref>

In their first years of marriage, James VI and Anne of Denmark personally dressed in costume and took part in [[masques]] at the weddings of courtiers. These performances typically involved music, dance, and disguise.{{Sfnp|Pearce|2022|pp=108–123}} Between 1593 and 1595, James was romantically linked with [[Anne Lyon, Countess of Kinghorne|Anne Murray]], later Lady Glamis. He addressed her in verse as "my mistress and my love". Anne of Denmark herself was also occasionally the subject of scandalous rumours.{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|page=24}} In the ''[[Basilikon Doron]]'', written 1597–1598, James described marriage as "the greatest earthly felicitie or miserie, that can come to a man".{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|page=134}}

From the first moment of the marriage, Anne was under pressure to provide James and Scotland with an heir. Even before Anne arrived in Scotland, rumours circulated that she was pregnant.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=139}} but the passing of 1591 and 1592 with no sign of a pregnancy provoked renewed Presbyterian libels on the theme of James's fondness for male company and whispers against Anne "for that she proves not with child".{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|pp=139–140}} When it was thought that she was pregnant, James tried to prevent her going horse riding but she refused.<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Akrigg |editor-first=George Philip Vernon |title=Letters of King James VI & I |date=1984 |location=Berkeley, California |publisher=University of California Press |pages=126–127 |isbn=978-0-5200-4707-5 |ol=21351082M}}</ref> There was great public relief when on 19 February 1594 Anne gave birth to her first child, [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales|Henry Frederick]].{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=140}} He was named after his two grandfathers, [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]], and King [[Frederick II of Denmark]].{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=47}}

===Custody of Prince Henry===

Anne soon learned that she would have no say in her son's care. James appointed as head of the nursery his former nurse [[Helen Littil|Helen Little]], who installed Henry in James's own oak cradle.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=47}} Most distressingly for Anne, James insisted on placing Prince Henry in the custody of [[John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1558–1634)|John Erskine]], [[Earl of Mar]] at [[Stirling Castle]], in keeping with Scottish royal tradition.{{Sfnmp|1a1=Croft|1y=2003|1p=24|1loc="Her anger and distress at the removal of her first child were never entirely assuaged."|2a1=Williams|2y=1970|2pp=52, 53|2loc="...&nbsp;a struggle with her husband of such bitterness that it wrecked her married life."}}{{Efn|The [[Earls of Mar]] were the traditional custodians of the heirs to the Scottish throne.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=140}}}}
[[File:PrinceHenry.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales|Prince Henry Stuart]], c.&nbsp;1608, by [[Robert Peake the Elder]]]]
In late 1594, she began a furious campaign for custody of Henry, recruiting a faction of supporters to her cause, including the [[Lord Chancellor of Scotland|chancellor]], John Maitland of Thirlestane.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|pp=140–141}}{{Efn|Williams suggests that Maitland was playing a double game: though he shared Anne's enmity towards Mar, he secretly urged James not to give way to her.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|pp=53–57}}}} Nervous of the lengths to which Anne might go, James formally charged Mar in writing never to surrender Henry to anyone except on orders from his own mouth, "because in the surety of my son consists my surety", nor to yield Henry to the Queen even in the event of his own death.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=141}} "And in case God call me at any time see that neither for the Queen nor Estates, their pleasure, you deliver him till he be eighteen years of age, and that he command you himself."{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=55}} Anne demanded the matter be referred to the Council, but James would not hear of it.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=54}} The issue remained unresolved and James went north after the [[Battle of Glenlivet]]. He wrote to Anne inviting her to join him as he tried to discover the whereabouts of rebel lords. She did not make the journey.{{Sfnp|Akrigg|1984|pp=138–139}}

Anne made plans to make a progress to see the English border in May 1595, but James refused.{{Sfn|Bain|1896|pp=29–30}} The controversy over the custody of Prince Henry continued, with public scenes in which James reduced her to rage and tears over the issue.{{Efn|In May 1595 Anne desperately pleaded with James to be allowed custody of Henry, complaining that "it was an ill return to refuse her suit, founded on reason and nature, and to prefer giving the care of her babe to a subject who neither in rank nor deserving was the best his Majesty had." The King countered that "though he doubted nothing of her good intentions yet if some faction got strong enough, she could not hinder his boy being used against him, as he himself had been against his unfortunate mother."<ref>{{Harvp|Williams|1970|p=54}}, quoting from {{Harvp|Birch|1754|p=243}}</ref>}} Anne became so bitterly upset that in July 1595 she suffered a miscarriage.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=56}} Thereafter, she outwardly abandoned her campaign, but it was thought permanent damage had been done to the marriage. In August 1595, [[John Colville (c. 1540–1605)|John Colville]] wrote: "There is nothing but lurking hatred disguised with cunning dissimulation betwixt the King and the Queen, each intending by slight to overcome the other."{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=141}} Despite these differences, Anne and James visited the Prince at Stirling in December 1595 and returned to [[Holyrood Palace]] to celebrate her 21st birthday.{{Sfnp|Calendar of State Papers Scotland vol. 11|pp=88–89}}

They had six more children. It was said, in May 1597, that Anne was "careful of no other thing, but to dance and sport".{{Sfn|Bain|1896| page=321 no. 627}} Anne extended and rebuilt [[Dunfermline Palace]], in 1601 preparing a lodging for her daughter [[Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia|Princess Elizabeth]], but the princess remained at [[Linlithgow Palace]] on the king's orders. Her younger sons [[Charles I of England|Charles]] and [[Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne|Robert]] were allowed to stay with her at Dunfermline and [[Dalkeith Palace]].{{Sfnp|Calendar of State Papers Scotland vol. 13|p=895}}

In February 1603, the French ambassador in London, [[Christophe de Harlay, Count of Beaumont]], reported a rumour spread by James's friends that Anne was cruel and ambitious, hoping to rule Scotland as Regent or Governor for her son after her husband's death.<ref>Jean Baptiste Alexandre Théodore Teulet, ''Relations Politiques de la France Et de L'Espagne Avec L'Ecosse'', vol. 4 (Paris, 1862), pp. 279–280: [[John Hill Burton]], ''History of Scotland'' vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1873), p. 381.</ref> Anne saw a belated opportunity to gain custody of Henry in 1603 when James left for London with the Earl of Mar to assume the English throne following the death of [[Elizabeth I]]. At his departure James made a tender public farewell to his wife.{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=160}}{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|pp=70–71}} Pregnant at the time, Anne descended on Stirling with a force of "well-supported" nobles, intent on removing the nine-year-old Henry, whom she had hardly seen for five years; but [[Marie Stewart, Countess of Mar|Mar's wife]] and his [[John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1585–1654)|young son]] would allow her to bring no more than two attendants with her into the castle.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|pp=169–172}} The obduracy of Henry's keepers sent Anne into such a fury that she suffered another miscarriage: according to [[David Calderwood]], she "went to bed in anger and parted with child the tenth of May."{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=169}}{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=70}}{{Efn|Foreign commentators in London passed on rumours about the miscarriage: the Venetian ambassador reported that Anne had beaten her belly to induce it, the French [[Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Sully]], that she had faked the miscarriage for political effect.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=169}}{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=71}}{{Sfnp|McManus|2002|p=91}}}}

When the Earl of Mar returned with James's instructions that Anne join him in the [[Kingdom of England]], she informed James by letter that she refused to do so unless allowed custody of Henry. James's reply indicates that Anne had accused him of not loving her, of only marrying her because of her high birth, and of listening to rumours that she might turn [[Catholic]]: "I thank God," he wrote, "I carry that love and respect unto you which by the law of God and nature I ought to do my wife and mother of my children, but not for ye are a King's daughter, for whether ye were a King's or a cook's daughter ye must be all alike to me, being once my wife." And he swore "upon the peril of my salvation and damnation, that neither the [[Earl of Mar]] nor any flesh living ever informed me that ye was upon any [[papist]] or Spanish course."{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=170}} This "forceful maternal action", as historian [[Pauline Croft]] describes it, obliged James to climb down at last, though he reproved Anne for "[[wikt:froward|froward]] womanly apprehensions" and described her behaviour in a letter to Mar as "wilfulness".{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|page=55}}{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=160}}{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=71}} Both Barroll and McManus point out that Anne's actions were political as well as maternal; Barroll and McManus elaborate diplomacy and politics went into the hand-over: the governing Council met at [[Stirling]] and banned Anne's noble attendants from coming within {{convert|10|mi|km|spell=in}} of Henry;{{Sfnmp|1a1=Barroll|1y=2001|1p=30|2a1=McManus|2y=2002|2p=81}} Mar delivered Henry to [[Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox]], representing the king; Lennox delivered him to the Council; the Council handed him over to Anne and Lennox, who were to take him south together.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|pp= 170–171}} As the Queen travelled south, [[John Graham, 3rd Earl of Montrose]], wrote to James urging him to exercise greater control over her: "But lest Her Highness' wrath continuing, should hereafter produce unexpected tortures, I would most humbly entreat Your Majesty to prevent the same&nbsp;... and suffer not this canker or corruption to have any further progress."{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|p=33}}

James wrote to Anne that he had not received accusations from Mar's supporters that her actions at Stirling were motivated by religious factionalism or "Spanish courses". He reminded her that she was "a king's daughter" but "whether ye a king's or a cook's daughter, ye must be all alike to me, being once my wife", and so she should have respected the confidence he, her husband, had placed in Mar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Halliwell |first=James Orchard |author-link=James Halliwell-Phillipps |title=Letters of the Kings of England |date=1846 |publisher=London |volume=2 |pages=106–108}}</ref> The French ambassador in London, [[Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully]], heard that Anne would bring and exhibit her embalmed still-born male child in England in order to dispel false rumours about a plot.<ref>''Memoirs of the Duke of Sully'', vol. 2 (London, 1890), p. 357.</ref>{{Sfnp|McManus|2002|p=91}}

===Stirling to Windsor Castle===
[[File:Coat of Arms of Anne of Denmark.svg|thumb|Anne of Denmark's coat of arms.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Maclagan |first1=Michael |title=Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe |date=1999 |page=27 |place=London |publisher=Little, Brown & Co |isbn=978-1-85605-469-0 |last2=Louda, Jiří |author-link1=Michael Maclagan}}</ref> Depicting the [[Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom|Royal Coat of Arms of England, Scotland and Ireland]] impaled with her father's arms as [[King of Denmark]]. The shield is surmounted by a crown, and supported by a lion and a savage.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Pinces |first1=John Harvey |title=The Royal Heraldry of England |date=1974 |page=170 |series=Heraldry Today |place=Slough, Buckinghamshire |publisher=Hollen Street Press |isbn=978-0-900455-25-4 |last2=Pinces |first2=Rosemary}}</ref>]]

After a brief convalescence from the [[miscarriage]], Anne travelled from Stirling to Edinburgh, where several English ladies had gathered, hoping to join her court,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dalyell |first=John Graham |date=28 August 1798 |title=Fragments of Scotish history |url=http://archive.org/details/fragmentsscotis00dalygoog |publisher=Edinburgh : A.Constable |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> including [[Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford]], and [[Frances Howard, Countess of Kildare]].{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|p=45}} Anne ordered a new gown of figured taffeta and had her white satin gown refashioned.<ref>Clara Steeholm & Hardy Steeholm, ''James I of England: The Wisest Fool in Christendom'' (London, 1938), p. 213.</ref> New clothes were bought for her entourage, and her jester [[Tom Durie]] was given a green coat.<ref>Karen Hearn, ''Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England'' (London, 1995), p. 194.</ref>

[[Marmaduke Darrell]] was sent from London with money for the expenses of her journey and the group of ladies sent by the [[Privy Council of England|Privy Council]] to attend her.{{Sfnp|Devon|1836|pp=2–3}} Anne duly travelled south with Prince Henry, their progress causing a sensation in England. Princess [[Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia|Elizabeth]] followed two days later and soon caught up, but [[Charles I of England|Prince Charles]] was left at Dunfermline, being sickly.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=171}} Anne kept with her the body of the child she had miscarried.{{Sfnp|McManus|2002|p=91}}

She was met at York on 11 June by [[Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter|Thomas Cecil, Lord Burghley]]. He wrote to [[Sir Robert Cecil]], "she will prove, if I be not deceived, a magnifical prince, a kind wife and a constant mistress".{{Sfn|Calendar of the Manuscripts of Marquess of Salisbury vol. 15 (1930)|p=133}} Her large crowd of followers was disorderly and there were quarrels between the [[Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll|Earl of Argyll]] and the [[Robert Radclyffe, 5th Earl of Sussex|Earl of Sussex]], and between [[Thomas Somerset, 1st Viscount Somerset|Thomas Somerset]] and [[Catherine Murray, Lady Abercairny|William Murray]] who argued about the role of Master of Horse.<ref>Maurice Lee, ''Dudley Carleton to John Chamberlain: Jacobean Letters'' (Rutgers, 1972), p. 35.</ref> The [[Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox|Duke of Lennox]] and the Earls of [[Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury|Shrewsbury]] and [[George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland|Cumberland]] made a proclamation at [[Worksop Manor]] that her followers should put aside any private quarrels, and hangers-on without formal roles should leave.<ref>[[Mary Anne Everett Green|Green, Mary Anne Everett]], [https://archive.org/details/calendarstatepa00greegoog/page/24/mode/2up ''Calendar of State Papers Domestic, 1603–1610''] (London, 1857), p. 24 TNA SP 14/2 f.13]</ref>

Courtiers and gentry made efforts to meet her on her journey. [[Lady Anne Clifford]] recorded that she and her mother killed three horses in their haste to see the Queen at [[Dingley, Northamptonshire|Dingley]]. In the great hall at [[Windsor Castle]], "there was such an infinite number of lords and ladies and so great a Court as I think I shall never see the like again."{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|pp=164–165}} Lady Anne Clifford was thirteen years old at the time.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=79}}

Anne and James were [[Coronation of James I and Anne|crowned at Westminster Abbey]] on 25 July 1603. The coronation prayers for Anne alluded to [[Esther]], the [[Parable of the Ten Virgins|Wise Virgins]], and other Biblical heroines.<ref>[[John Wickham Legg]], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044055077309&view=1up&seq=187&skin=2021 ''Coronation Order of James I'' (London, 1902), pp. 45–50 from Lambeth MS 1075b]</ref>

===An English estate and income for the Queen===
A council was appointed in 1593 by the [[Parliament of Scotland]] to look after her landed estates and income.<ref>[[Thomas Thomson (advocate)|Thomas Thomson]], ''Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland: 1593–1625'', vol. 4 (1816), pp. 24–27; {{Harvp|Calendar of State Papers Scotland vol. 11|pp=120, 697}}.</ref> Anne of Denmark's household expenses in Scotland were alleviated by [[English subsidy of James VI|money given to James VI by Elizabeth I]]. Between July 1591 and September 1594, she received £18,796 [[Pounds Scots|Scots]].{{Sfnp|Kerr-Peterson|Pearce|2020|p=85}} At the end of December 1595, the Queen's council, re-appointed as a financial administration known as the [[Octavians]], gave Anne of Denmark a purse of gold which she then presented to the king as a New Year's Day gift.<ref>[[Julian Goodare]], "The Octavians", Miles Kerr-Peterson & Steven J. Reid, ''James VI and Noble Power in Scotland'' (Routledge, 2017), pp. 177–178, 191 fn. 7.</ref>

{{anchor|Queen Anne's Jointure Act 1603}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Queen Anne's Jointure Act 1604
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of England
| long_title            = An Acte of Confirmation of the Jointure of the moste highe and mightie Princesse Anne Queene of England Scotland France and Ireland.
| year                  = 1604
| citation              = [[1 Jas. 1]]. c. ''1'' {{Small|Pr.}}
| territorial_extent    = [[England and Wales]]
| royal_assent          = 7 July 1604
| commencement          = 19 March 1604{{efn|Start of session.}}
| repeal_date           = 
| repealing_legislation = 
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = Current
| original_text         = 
| collapsed             = yes
}}
Anne's financial position changed in England when she was awarded a new jointure estate based on lands, manors, and parks which had previously been given to [[Catherine of Aragon]].<ref>{{Harvp|Field|2020|pp=46–47}}; {{Cite book |last=Veerapen |first=Steven |title=The Wisest Fool: The Lavish Life of James VI and I |date=2023 |publisher=Birlinn |isbn=978-1-78027-816-2 |location=Edinburgh |page=240}}</ref> Administrators, led by [[Sir Robert Cecil]], were appointed in November 1603, while the court was at [[Wilton House]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fisher |first=N. R. R. |date=April 1993 |title=The Queenes Courte in Her Councell Chamber at Westminster |journal=The English Historical Review |volume=108 |issue=427 |page=318}}</ref> The yearly income would be £6,376 according to a summary sent by King James to Anne's brother Christian IV for approval in December 1603.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macray |first=William Dunn |url=https://archive.org/details/report184019084647grea/page/n171/mode/2up |title=Report on Archives in Denmark |date=1886 |publisher=Eyre and Spottiswoode |series=46th Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records |location=London |page=4}}</ref> Anne wrote to Christian IV, pleased by the comparison with Catherine of Aragon, who was also a king's daughter.{{Sfn|Calendar of the Manuscripts of Marquess of Salisbury vol. 15 (1930)|pp=347–348}} An Act for the Confirmation of the Jointure was discussed and read in the [[House of Commons]] on 24 May 1604.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/sim_great-britain-house-of-commons-journal_november-8-1547-march-2-1628_1/page/224/mode/2up ''House of Commons Journal'', vol. 1, p. 224]</ref>

The estate included [[Somerset House]], the [[Hatfield House|Honour of Hatfield]], [[Pontefract Castle]], [[Nonsuch Palace]], and the old palace at [[Havering Palace|Havering-atte-Bower]]. Robert Cecil had considered other royal dowries, including those of [[Cecily of York]], [[Mary I of England|Mary Tudor]], and [[Mary Tudor, Queen of France|Mary of France]]. [[Thomas Edmondes]] heard the settlement was "as much, or rather more, than has been granted to any former King's wife".{{Sfnp|Nichols|1828|p=271|loc=volume 1}} The manor of [[Topsham, Devon|Topsham]] in Devon included admiralty rights at the port, and in July 1606 (after the sudden death of its owner) she obtained a cargo of tobacco from [[Venezuela]].{{Sfn|Calendar of the Manuscripts of Marquess of Salisbury vol. 15 (1930)|pp=448–449}}

The English jointure income was to be spent on Anne's clothes and her household wages and rewards. King James would pay the other costs of her household, stable, and food. The Venetian diplomat [[Giovanni Carlo Scaramelli|Scaramelli]] heard she had received a gift of valuable jewels from James, Nonsuch Palace, and a yearly income of 40,000 crowns. If she became a widow she would be independent of her son, Prince Henry.{{Sfnp|Calendar of State Papers Venice vol. 10|pp=87 no. 88, 95 no. 132}} Anne would be able to grant leases of her English manors. An advisory committee was appointed to manage the property and income in England.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lodge |first=Edmund |author-link=Edmund Lodge |title=Illustrations of British History |date=1791 |publisher=London |volume=3 |pages=206–213}}</ref> She would continue to draw an income from her Scottish jointure properties.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Doran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=we0V0AEACAAJ |title=From Tudor to Stewart: The regime change from Elizabeth I to James I |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford |isbn=9780198754640 |page=202}}</ref> A similar commission for her Scottish properties had been appointed in April 1603 under the leadership of [[Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Dunfermline|Alexander Seton, Lord Fyvie]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Masson |first=David |title=Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, 1599–1604 |date=1884 |publisher=Edinburgh |volume=6 |pages=556–557}}</ref> [[Henry Wardlaw of Pitreavie]] was chamberlain of the Scottish lands, comprising the Lordship of Dunfermline, the Earldom of Ross, and Lordships of Ardmannoch and Etrrick Forest, and compiled accounts of the queen's revenue.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/statepapersandmi02hadduoft |title=Melros Papers |date=1837 |publisher=Edinburgh |volume=2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/statepapersandmi02hadduoft/page/364/mode/2up 364]}}</ref>

On 13 February 1610, [[John Chamberlain (letter writer)|John Chamberlain]] wrote that Anne "hath been somewhat melancholy of late about her jointure, that was not fully to her liking" and King James had promised additional funds.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macdonald |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Macdonald (antiquary) |title=Letters to King James the Sixth from the Queen |date=1838 |publisher=Edinburgh |page=xliv}}, citing {{Cite book |title=Winwood's Memorials |volume=3 |publisher=London |date=1725 |page=117}}</ref> In the autumn of 1617, King James changed the settlement, giving Anne an additional £20,000, to make £50,0000 yearly, from which she would pay for her household diet and stable if he died before her.{{Sfn|HMC Downshire vol. 6|pp=261 no. 572, 300 no. 636}}

===Marital frictions===
Observers regularly noted incidents of marital discord between Anne and James. The so-called [[Gowrie conspiracy]] of 1600, in which the young [[John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie|Earl of Gowrie, John Ruthven]], and his brother [[Alexander Ruthven]] were killed by James's attendants for a supposed assault on the King, triggered the dismissal of their sisters Beatrix and [[Barbara Ruthven]] as ladies-in-waiting to Anne, with whom they were "in chiefest credit."{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|pp=61–63}}{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|p=25}} The Queen, who was five months pregnant,{{Efn|She gave birth to her second son, [[Charles I of England|Charles]], on the evening of 19 November 1600, at the same time as the Ruthven brothers' corpses were being hanged, drawn, and quartered.{{Sfnmp|1a1=Barroll|1y=2001|1p=26|2a1=Williams|2y=1970|2p=66}}}} refused to get out of bed unless they were reinstated and stayed there for two days, also refusing to eat. When James tried to command her, she warned him to take care how he treated her because she was not the Earl of Gowrie.{{Efn|James Melville, who witnessed the scene, wrote in his diary: "Foremost among those refraining to believe in the guilt of the two brothers was the Queen herself. She remained in her apartment and refused to be dressed for two days&nbsp;... Although the King receiving full information of his wife's conduct and of the consequences to be drawn from it, he could not be persuaded to take up the matter right, but sought by all means to cover his folly."{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=63}}}} James placated her for the moment by paying a famous acrobat to entertain her,{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|pp=63–64}} but she never gave up, and her stubborn support for the Ruthvens over the next three years was taken seriously enough by the government to be regarded as a security issue.{{Efn|Barroll notes a "politically relentless" streak in Anne.{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|p=23}} Anne, however, always promised she would never take part in any "practice" against James.{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|p=28}}}} In 1602, after discovering that Anne had smuggled Beatrix Ruthven into Holyrood, James carried out a cross-examination of the entire household;{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|pp=64–65}}{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|p=27}} in 1603, he finally decided to grant Beatrix Ruthven a pension of £200, "because though her family is hateful on account of the abominable attempt against the King, she has shown no malicious disposition".{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=65}}

In 1603, James fought with Anne over the proposed composition of her English household, sending her a message that "his Majesty took her continued perversity very heinously."{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=76}} In turn, Anne took exception to James's drinking: in 1604 she confided to the French ambassador [[Christophe de Harlay, Count of Beaumont|Beaumont]] that "the King drinks so much, and conducts himself so ill in every respect, that I expect an early and evil result."{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|page=24}}

A briefer confrontation occurred in 1613 when Anne shot and killed James's favourite dog during a hunting session at [[Theobalds]]. After his initial rage, James smoothed things over by giving her a £2,000 diamond in memory of the dog, whose name was Jewel.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|pp=164–165}}

===Separate life===
[[File:Eliz bohemia 3.jpg|thumb|upright|Anne's daughter Elizabeth, c. 1606, by [[Robert Peake the Elder]]]]
Anne enjoyed living in London, while James preferred to escape the capital, most often at his hunting lodge in [[Royston, Hertfordshire|Royston]].{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=181}} Anne's chaplain, [[Godfrey Goodman]], later summed up the royal relationship: "The King himself was a very chaste man, and there was little in the Queen to make him [[wikt:uxorious|uxorious]]; yet they did love as well as man and wife could do, not conversing together."{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=182|loc='conversing together' in the now obsolete sense of ''living together''}} Anne moved into [[Greenwich Palace]] and then [[Somerset House]], which she renamed Denmark House. After 1607, she and James rarely lived together,{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=403}} by which time she had borne seven children and suffered at least three miscarriages. After narrowly surviving the birth and death of her last baby, Sophia, in 1607, Anne's decision to have no more children may have widened the gulf between her and James.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=112}}

=== A funeral and a wedding ===
{{main|Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V of the Palatinate}}
The death of their son Henry in November 1612 at the age of eighteen, probably from [[typhoid]] and the departure of their daughter [[Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia|Elizabeth]] further weakened the family ties binding Anne and James.{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|p=89}} Henry's death hit Anne particularly hard; the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] ambassador [[Antonio Foscarini|Foscarini]] was advised not to offer condolences to her "because she cannot bear to have it mentioned; nor does she ever recall it without abundant tears and sighs".{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|p=134}} The letter writer [[John Chamberlain (letter writer)|John Chamberlain]] suggested that Anne absented herself from the investiture of [[Charles I of England|Charles]] as [[Prince of Wales]] four years later "lest she renew her grief by the memory of the last Prince."{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=249}}

At first, Anne had objected to her daughter's match with [[Frederick V of the Palatinate]], regarding it as beneath the royal family's dignity. She did not come to a betrothal ceremony at [[Whitehall Palace|Whitehall]], due to an attack with [[gout]]. However, she had warmed to Frederick, and attended the wedding itself on 14 February 1613. She was saddened by the tournaments on the following day, which reminded her of Henry. The couple left England for [[Heidelberg]] in April.{{Sfnmp|1a1=Stewart|1y=2003|1pp=247, 250|2a1=Williams|2y=1970|2pp=154–157}} From this time forward, Anne's health deteriorated, and she withdrew from the centre of cultural and political activities, staging her last known [[masque]] in 1614, and no longer maintaining a royal court.{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|p=89}} Anne's ailments included gout, [[dropsy]], [[arthritis]] and swollen feet.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=159}} Her influence over James visibly waned as he became openly dependent on powerful favourites.{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|p=89}}

===Reaction to favourites===
Although James had always adopted male [[favourite]]s among his courtiers, he now encouraged them to play a role in the government. Anne reacted very differently to the two powerful favourites who dominated the second half of her husband's English reign, [[Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset]], and [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham|George Villiers]], the future Duke of Buckingham. She detested Carr,{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|p=89}} and although acknowledging his marriage in ''[[The Somerset Masque]]'',{{Sfnp|McManus|2002|p=172}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bergeron |first=David M. |title=The Duke of Lennox 1574–1624: A Jacobean Courtier's Life |date=2022 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |page=125}}</ref> she encouraged the rise of Villiers, whom James knighted in her bedchamber.{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|p=148}} [[George Abbot (Archbishop of Canterbury)|Archbishop of Canterbury George Abbot]] and others had pressed Anne to support Villiers's appointment as a [[Gentleman of the Bedchamber]]; at first, she refused, saying, according to Abbot's own account, "if Villiers get once into his favour, those who shall have most contributed to his preferment will be the first sufferers by him. I shall be no more spared than the rest"; but Carr's enemies nonetheless persuaded the Queen to advocate for Villiers.{{Sfnmp|1a1=Stewart|1y=2003|1pp=268–269|2a1=Williams|2y=1970|2p=170|3a1=Willson|3y=1963|3p=352}} She developed friendly relations with Villiers, calling him her "dog".{{Efn|Williams reproduces a facsimile of a letter from Anne to Villiers which begins: "My kind dog, I have receaved your letter which is verie wellcom to me yow doe verie well in lugging the sowes eare. {{sic}}" Williams (1970), plate facing page 152. Villiers wrote back that he had pulled the King's ear until it was as long as any sow's. {{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=172}}}} Even so, Anne found herself increasingly ignored after Buckingham's rise and became a lonely figure towards the end of her life.{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|p=100}}

==Religion==
[[File:Anne of Denmark by Paul Van Somer.jpg|thumb|Anne of Denmark, c. 1616, by [[Paul van Somer]]]]

A further source of difference between Anne and James was the issue of religion; for example, she abstained from the [[Anglican]] [[Eucharist|communion]] at her English coronation.{{Efn|Willson takes Anne's abstention as a sign of Catholicism.{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=221}} McManus cautions that it may have signalled reformed-church distrust of the [[Eucharist]].{{Sfnp|McManus|2002|pp=92–93}}}} Anne had been brought up a [[Lutheran]], and had a Lutheran chaplain, [[Hans Sering]], in her household. However, she may have secretly [[Catholicisation|converted]] to [[Catholicism]] at some point, a politically embarrassing scenario which alarmed ministers of the Scottish [[Kirk]] and caused suspicion in Anglican England.{{Efn|Historians are divided on whether Anne ever converted to Catholicism. "Some time in the 1590s, Anne became a Roman Catholic."{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=95}} "Some time after 1600, but well before March 1603, Queen Anne was received into the Catholic Church in a secret chamber in the royal palace";<ref>Fraser, 15</ref> "The Queen&nbsp;... [converted] from her native Lutheranism to a discreet, but still politically embarrassing Catholicism which alienated many ministers of the Kirk."{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|pp=24–35}} "Catholic foreign ambassadors—who would surely have welcomed such a situation—were certain that the Queen was beyond their reach. 'She is a Lutheran', concluded the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] envoy Nicolo Molin in 1606."{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=182}} "In 1602 a report appeared, claiming that Anne&nbsp;... had converted to the Catholic faith some years before. The author of this report, the Scottish [[Jesuit]] [[Robert Abercromby (missionary)|Robert Abercromby]], testified that James had received his wife's desertion with equanimity, commenting, 'Well, wife, if you cannot live without this sort of thing, do your best to keep things as quiet as possible.' Anne would, indeed, keep her religious beliefs as quiet as possible: for the remainder of her life—even after her death—they remained obfuscated."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hogge |first=Alice |title=God's Secret Agents: Queen Elizabeth's Forbidden Priests and the Hatching of the Gunpowder Plot |date=2005 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=0-00-715637-5 |location=London |pages=303–304}}</ref>}}

Queen Elizabeth had certainly been worried about that possibility, sending messages to Anne warning her to ignore [[papist]] counsellors and requesting the names of anyone who had tried to convert her; Anne had replied that there was no need to name names because any such efforts had failed.{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|p=25}}{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=143}} Anne drew criticism from the Kirk for keeping [[Henrietta Stewart|Henrietta Gordon]], wife of the exiled Catholic [[George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly]], as a confidante;{{Efn|The Countess of Huntly, a strong supporter of the Jesuits, was the daughter of [[Esmé Stewart, 1st Duke of Lennox]], James's boyhood favourite, who had been hounded out of the country in 1582; she was therefore the sister of [[Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox]].{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=45}}}} after Huntly's return in 1596, the [[St Andrews]] minister David Black called Anne an [[atheist]] and remarked in a [[sermon]] that "the Queen of Scotland was a woman for whom, for fashion's sake, the clergy might pray but from whom no good could be hoped."{{Sfnmp|1a1=Stewart|1y=2003|1p=144|2a1=Williams|2y=1970|2p=59}}

When former intelligencer Sir [[Anthony Standen (spy)|Anthony Standen]] was discovered bringing Anne a [[rosary]] from [[Pope Clement VIII]] in 1603, James imprisoned him in the Tower for ten months.{{Efn|James sent the rosary back to the Pope.{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|pp=221–222}} Standen had confided to the [[Jesuit]] subversive [[Robert Persons|Robert Parsons]] that he was acting in Rome for the Queen. Haynes, 41. Willson assumes this incident is a proof of Anne's Catholicism, Haynes that it represents growing "Catholic leanings".}} Anne protested her annoyance at the gift, but eventually secured Standen's release.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=112}}

Like James, Anne later supported a Catholic match for both their sons, and her correspondence with the potential bride, [[Infanta Maria Anna of Spain]], included a request that two [[friar]]s be sent to [[Jerusalem]] to pray for her and the King.{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|pp=221–222}} The papacy itself was never quite sure where Anne stood; in 1612, [[Pope Paul V]] advised a [[nuncio]]: "Not considering the inconstancy of that Queen and the many changes she had made in religious matters and that even if it might be true that she might be a Catholic, one should not take on oneself any judgement."{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=200}}

==Court and politics==
[[File:Portrait of Anne of Danemark.jpg|thumb|upright|Anne of Denmark, c. 1617, by [[Paul van Somer]]]]
[[File:Anne of Denmark Gheeraerts.jpg|thumb|upright|Anne of Denmark, c. 1611–1614, attributed to [[Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger]].]]
In Scotland, Anne sometimes exploited court factionalism for her own ends, in particular by supporting the enemies of the [[Earl of Mar]].{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=53}} As a result, James did not trust her with secrets of state. [[Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton|Henry Howard]], active in the [[Secret correspondence of James VI|highly secret diplomacy]] concerning the English succession, subtly reminded James that though Anne possessed every virtue, [[Eve#Eve in Christianity|Eve]] was corrupted by the [[Serpent (Bible)|serpent]].{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|pp=156–157}} Another of James's secret correspondents, [[Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury|Robert Cecil]], believed that "the Queen was weak and a tool in the hands of clever and unscrupulous persons."{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=93}} In practice, Anne seems to have been little interested in high politics unless they touched on the fate of her children or friends, and later told Secretary of State Robert Cecil that "she was more contented with her pictures than he with his great employments."{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=93}} However, in November 1600 Robert Cecil had been anxious to find out about correspondence she had with [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Archduke Albert]], Governor of the [[Spanish Netherlands]].{{Sfnp|Calendar of State Papers Scotland vol. 13|p=728 (part 2)}}

In England, Anne largely turned from political to social and artistic activities.{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|p=35}} Though she participated fully in the life of James's court and maintained a court of her own, often attracting those not welcomed by James, she rarely took political sides against her husband. Whatever her private difficulties with James, she proved a diplomatic asset to him in England, conducting herself with discretion and graciousness in public. Anne played a crucial role, for example, in conveying to ambassadors and foreign visitors the prestige of the [[Stuart dynasty]] and its [[House of Oldenburg|Danish connections]].{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|p=25}}

The [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] envoy, [[Nicolò Molin]], wrote this description of Anne in 1606:

{{cquote|She is intelligent and prudent; and knows the disorders of the government, in which she has no part, though many hold that as the King is most devoted to her, she might play as large a role as she wished. But she is young and averse to trouble; she sees that those who govern desire to be left alone, and so she professes indifference. All she ever does is to beg a favour for someone. She is full of kindness for those who support her, but on the other hand she is terrible, proud, unendurable to those she dislikes.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=182|loc='conversing together' in the now obsolete sense of ''living together''}}}}

Anne's comments did attract attention and were reported by diplomats. In May 1612 the [[Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon|Duke of Bouillon]] came to London as the ambassador of [[Marie de' Medici]], dowager of France. According to the Venetian ambassador, [[Antonio Foscarini]], his instructions included a proposal of marriage between [[Christine of France|Princess Christine]], the second Princess of France, and Prince Henry. Anne told one of his senior companions that she would prefer Prince Henry married a French princess without a dowry than a Florentine princess with any amount of gold.{{Sfnp|Calendar of State Papers Venice vol. 12|pages=[https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/venice/vol12/pp358-366 358–366] (May 1612, 16–31)}}

===Reputation===
Anne has traditionally been regarded with condescension by historians, who have emphasised her triviality and extravagance.{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|p=55}} Along with James, she tended to be dismissed by a historical tradition, beginning with the anti-Stuart historians of the mid-17th century, which saw in the self-indulgence and vanity of the Jacobean court the origins of the [[English Civil War]]. Historian [[David Harris Willson]], in his 1956 biography of James, delivered this damning verdict: "Anne had little influence over her husband. She could not share his intellectual interests, and she confirmed the foolish contempt with which he regarded women. Alas! The king had married a stupid wife."{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=95}} The 19th-century biographer [[Agnes Strickland]] condemned Anne's actions to regain custody of Prince Henry as irresponsible: "It must lower the character of Anne of Denmark in the eyes of everyone, both as a woman and queen, that she&nbsp;... preferred to indulge the mere instincts of maternity at the risk of involving her husband, her infant, and their kingdom, in the strife and misery of unnatural warfare."{{Sfnp|Strickland|1848|p=276}}

However, the reassessment of James in the past two decades, as an able ruler who extended royal power in Scotland and preserved his kingdoms from war throughout his reign,{{Efn|Croft summarises the elements of this reappraisal in her introduction to ''King James''{{Sfnp|Croft|2003}}}} has been accompanied by a re-evaluation of Anne as an influential political figure and assertive mother, at least for as long as the royal marriage remained a reality.{{Sfnmp|1a1=Croft|1y=2003|1p=55|1loc="Queen Anne has traditionally been regarded with condescension by male historians who emphasised her extravagance and triviality. Recent studies have pointed instead to her influence, certainly as long as her marriage (despite its obvious frictions) remained alive."|2a1=McManus|2y=2002|2p=82|2loc="...&nbsp;the power of Anna's politicised maternity."}} John Leeds Barroll argues in his cultural biography of Anne that her political interventions in Scotland were more significant, and certainly more troublesome, than previously noticed; and Clare McManus, among other cultural historians, has highlighted Anne's influential role in the Jacobean cultural flowering, not only as a patron of writers and artists but as a performer herself.<ref>See: {{Harvp|Barroll|2001}} and {{Harvp|McManus|2002}}.</ref>

==Patron of the arts==
Anne shared with James the fault of extravagance, though it took her several years to exhaust her considerable dowry.{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|p=25}} In 1593, James appointed a special Council, known as the "[[Octavians]]", to sort out Anne's accounts and make economies.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|pp=142–143}} She loved dancing and pageants, activities often frowned upon in [[Presbyterian]] Scotland, but for which she found a vibrant outlet in [[Jacobean era|Jacobean]] London, where she created a "rich and hospitable" cultural climate at the royal court,{{Sfnmp|1a1=Barroll|1y=2001|1p=161|1loc="The cultural interests of Queen Anne and Prince Henry led to a brief flowering of elegance in the Royal Family."|2a1=Croft|2y=2003|2p=129}} became an enthusiastic playgoer, and sponsored lavish [[masque]]s. [[Sir Walter Cope]], asked by Robert Cecil to select a play for the Queen during her brother [[Ulrik of Denmark (1578–1624)|Ulrik of Holstein]]'s visit, wrote, "Burbage is come and says there is no new play the Queen has not seen but they have revived an old one called ''[[Love's Labour's Lost]]'' which for wit and mirth he says will please her exceedingly."{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=99}}{{Efn|This Burbage was probably [[Cuthbert Burbage]], brother of [[Richard Burbage]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCrea |first=Scott |title=The Case For Shakespeare: The End of the Authorship Question |date=2005 |publisher=Praeger/Greenwood |isbn=0-275-98527-X |location=Westport, Connecticut |page=119}}; {{Cite book |last=Ackroyd |first=Peter |date=2006 |title=Shakespeare: The Biography |location=London |publisher=Vintage |isbn=0-7493-8655-X |page=411}}</ref>}} Anne's masques, scaling unprecedented heights of dramatic staging and spectacle,{{Sfnmp|1a1=Barroll|1y=2001|1p=58|1loc="These spectacles lasted (not counting rehearsals) for the space of only one night a year and were not even performed every year of her reign. Thus, although surveys of the period define James's Queen via these masquings, they were, in the end, only the tip of the iceberg."|2a1=Croft|2y=2003|2pp=2–3, 56|3a1=Stewart|3y=2003|3p=183|3loc="The allure of these elaborate, expensive pieces of theatre is by no means clear from their surviving scripts, suggesting that their appeal lay instead in the design of their sets and costumes, in their special effects, in their music and dancing, and in the novelty of having royalty and nobility performing on stage."}} were avidly attended by foreign ambassadors and dignitaries and functioned as a potent demonstration of the English crown's European significance. [[Zorzi Giustinian]], the Venetian ambassador, wrote of the Christmas 1604 masque that "in everyone's opinion no other Court could have displayed such pomp and riches".{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|pp=108–109}}

[[File:Queens House.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Queen's House]] at Greenwich, begun for Anne in 1616]]
Anne's masques were responsible for almost all the courtly female performance in the first two decades of the 17th-century and are regarded as crucial to the history of women's performance.{{Sfnmp|1a1=Barroll|1y=2001|1p=58|1loc=uses the extant masque lists from 1603–1610 to identify the noblewomen of Anne's inner circle.|2a1=McManus|2y=2002|2p=3}} Anne sometimes performed with her ladies in the masques herself, occasionally offending or scandalising members of the audience. In Anne's first masque, [[Samuel Daniel]]'s ''[[The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses]]'' of 1604, she played [[Athena|Pallas Athena]], wearing a tunic that [[Dudley Carleton, 1st Viscount Dorchester|Dudley Carleton]] judged too short, because it revealed her legs and feet. Anne commissioned the leading talents of the day to create these masques, including [[Ben Jonson]] and [[Inigo Jones]].{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|p=56}}{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=183}}{{Efn|"The part she played in promoting the fortunes of Ben Jonson and Inigo Jones has never been sufficiently recognised."{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=124}} Other writers employed by Anne included [[Samuel Daniel]], [[Thomas Campion]] and [[John Donne]].{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=157}}}} In ''[[The Masque of Blackness]]'' of 1605, Anne performed while six months pregnant, and caused further scandal by appearing, alongside several of her ladies in waiting, with their skin painted as "blackamores".{{Sfnp|McManus|2002|p=11}} Carleton reported that, when the Queen afterwards danced with the Spanish ambassador, he kissed her hand "though there was danger it would have left a mark upon his lips".{{Sfnmp|1a1=McManus|1y=2002|1pp=2–3|2a1=Williams|2y=1970|2p=126}} 

Jones, a gifted architect steeped in the latest European taste, also designed the [[Queen's House]] at Greenwich for Anne, one of the first true [[Palladian]] buildings in England,{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|p=3}}{{Efn|Probably, the first floor was finished at Anne's death.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=181}}}} as well as ornamental gateways for her gardens and vineyard at [[Oatlands Palace|Oatlands]]. The [[Sergeant Painter]] [[John de Critz]] decorated a fireplace in her "tiring chamber", her dressing room at Somerset House with various colours of [[Marbleizing|marbling]] and imitation stone, and painted black and white marble in the chapel at Oatlands. In 1618 a passage at Somerset House was decorated with Renaissance style [[Grotesque|grotesque work]], recorded as "crotesque".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bristow |first=Ian C. |title=Architectural Colour in British Interiors, 1615–1840 |date=1996 |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=2–3, 12}}</ref>

The diplomat [[Ralph Winwood]] obtained special greyhounds for her hunting from Jacob van den Eynde, Governor of [[Woerden]].<ref>[https://archive.org/details/buccleuchqueensb01greauoft/page/n155/mode/2up ''HMC (45) Buccleuch'', vol. 1 (London, 1899), p. 110]</ref> The Dutch inventor [[Salomon de Caus]] laid out her gardens at Greenwich and Somerset House.{{Sfnp|Field|2020|p=69}} She had a barge for her journeys on the Thames, with glass windows.{{Sfnp|Devon|1836|p=215}} Anne particularly loved music and patronised the lutenist and composer [[John Dowland]],{{Efn|Dowland dedicated his [[Lachrimae, or Seaven Teares|''Lachrymae'']] to Anne.{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|p=58}}}} previously employed at her brother's court in Denmark, as well as "more than a good many" French musicians.{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|p=58}}{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=182}} Between 1607 and her death in 1619 she also employed the Irish harper [[Daniel Duff O'Cahill]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donnelly |first=Seán |date=2000 |title=A Cork Musician at the Early Stuart Court: Daniel Duff O'Cahill (c. 1580–c. 1660), 'The Queen's Harper' |url=https://corkhist.ie/wp-content/uploads/jfiles/2000/b2000-002.pdf |journal=Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society |volume=105 |pages=1–26 [6–10]}}</ref>

Anne also commissioned artists such as [[Paul van Somer]], [[Isaac Oliver]], and [[Daniel Mytens]], who led English taste in visual arts for a generation.{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|page=24}} Under Anne, the [[Royal Collection]] began once more to expand,{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|p=58}} a policy continued by Anne's son, [[Charles I of England|Charles]]. With some irony, Anne's servant [[Jean Ker, Countess of Roxburghe|Jean Drummond]] compared the queen's reputation to be content among "harmless pictures in a paltry gallery" with the Earl of Salisbury's "great employments in fair rooms".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilks |first=Timothy |date=1997 |title=Art Collecting at the English Court: 1612–1619 |journal=Journal of the History of Collections |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=31–48 [citing [[The National Archives|TNA]] SP14/67/104]|doi=10.1093/jhc/9.1.31 }}</ref> Drummond's remark contrasts the smaller and more private spaces housing the queen's collection with the halls and presence chambers where statecraft was enacted.{{Sfnp|Field|2020|p=43}} Two paintings from her collection are now held by the [[Montreal Museum of Fine Arts]], depicting ''Christ and the woman at the well'' and ''Christ and the Canaanite woman''.<ref>John Steegman, "Two Unpublished Paintings from Charles I's Collection", ''The Burlington Magazine'', 99:656 (November 1957), pp. 378–380.</ref>

She was involved in an unsuccessful attempt to found a college or university at [[Ripon]] in Yorkshire in 1604. The scheme was promoted by Cecily Sandys, the widow of the Bishop [[Edwin Sandys (bishop)|Edwin Sandys]] and other supporters including [[Bess of Hardwick]] and [[Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury]].<ref>[[Francis Peck]], ''Desiderata Curiosa'', vol. 1 (London, 1779), p. 290.</ref> Historian Alan Stewart suggests that many of the phenomena now seen as peculiarly [[Jacobean era|Jacobean]] can be identified more closely with Anne's patronage than with James, who "fell asleep during some of England's most celebrated plays".{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=183}}{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=106}}

Anne had a surprisingly good relationship with [[James Montague (bishop)|James Montague]], one of James's closest aides and Bishop of Bath and Wells from 1608 to 1616. Her first visit to Bath may have been timed to coincide with the completion of the re-roofing of Bath Abbey, at the bishop's own expense, and Montague staged a "Panegiricall entertainement", probably at the bishop's palace in Wells in 1613, in which the character of [[Joseph of Arimathea]] presented the queen with a bough from the [[Holy Thorn of Glastonbury]].<ref>Stout, Adam (2020) ''Glastonbury Holy Thorn: Story of a Legend'', Green & Pleasant Publishing, pp. 28–30 {{ISBN| 978-1-9162686-1-6}}</ref>

==Later years and illness==

[[File:EH1393844 Temple Bar 13.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A photograph of a white statue of a woman clothed in a long robe looking to the right and placing her left hand on her chest in a white archway in a wall|A statue of Anne of Denmark in the [[Temple Bar Gate]]]]
Anne of Denmark received "great good" from recipes provided by [[Walter Raleigh]].{{Sfnp|Birch|Williams|1849|p=97}} The royal physician Sir [[Theodore de Mayerne]] left extensive Latin notes describing his treatment of Anne of Denmark from 10 April 1612 to her death.<ref>[[Joseph Browne (physician)|Joseph Browne]],[https://archive.org/details/b30459709/page/222/mode/2up?q=regina ''Theo. Turquet Mayernii Opera medica: Formulae Annae & Mariae'' (London, 1703), pp. 1–97]</ref>
From September 1614 Anne was troubled by pain in her feet, as described in the letters of her chamberlain [[Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester|Viscount Lisle]] and the countesses of Bedford and Roxburghe.<ref>''HMC Downshire'', vol. 5 (London, 1988), p. 22 no. 56; {{Harvp|Private Correspondence of Jane Lady Cornwallis Bacon |p=41}}</ref> Lisle first noted "the Queen hath been a little lame" as early as October 1611.<ref>William A. Shaw, ''HMC 77 Report on the manuscripts of Lord de l'Isle & Dudley: Sidney Papers 1608–1611'', vol. 4 (London, 1926), p. 294.</ref> She was ill in March 1615, suspected to have dropsy.<ref>''HMC Mar & Kellie'', 2 (London, 1930), p. 59.</ref> In August an attack of [[gout]] forced her to stay an extra week in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], her second [[Anne of Denmark and the spa at Bath|visit to the spa town for its medicinal waters]].<ref>William Shaw & G. Dyfnallt Owen, ''HMC 77 Viscount De L'Isle Penshurst'', vol. 5 (London, 1961), p. 307.</ref>

Although she danced at a Christmas masque, said to be "a good sign of her convalescence",<ref>G. Dyfnallt Owen, ''HMC Downshire'', vol. 5 (London, 1988), p. 404 no. 839.</ref> in January 1616 she moved from Whitehall Palace to Somerset House suffering from gout. King James planned to visit Scotland, and it was said that she dreamed of ruling England as regent in his absence.{{Sfnp|Birch|Williams|1849|p=385}} The [[Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Dunfermline|Earl of Dunfermline]] noted in February that "her majesty looks very well, but yet I think is not perfectly well, she infrequently dresses, and keeps her bedchamber and a solitary life most times."<ref>William Fraser, [https://archive.org/details/memorialsofearv200fras/page/134/mode/2up ''Memorials of the Earls of Haddington'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1889) p. 134]</ref> James went to Scotland, while Anne stayed at Greenwich Palace and moved to Oatlands in June.{{Sfn|HMC Downshire vol. 6|pp=208 no. 466, 264 no. 574}} She was well enough to go hunting in August 1617.<ref>William Shaw & G. Dyfnallt Owen, ''HMC 77 Manuscripts of the Viscount De L'Isle'', vol. 5 (London, 1962), p. 413.</ref> By late 1617, Anne's bouts of illness had become debilitating; the letter writer [[John Chamberlain (letter writer)|John Chamberlain]] recorded: "The Queen continues still ill disposed and though she would fain lay all her infirmities upon the gout yet most of her physicians fear a further inconvenience of an ill habit or disposition through her whole body."{{Sfnp|Birch|Williams|1849|p=42}}

In December 1617 the Venetian ambassador [[Piero Contarini]] had to wait a few days to get an audience with her because of illness. He described her appearance at Somerset House. She was seated under a canopy of gold brocade. Her costume was pink and gold, low cut at the front in an oval shape, and her [[farthingale]] was four feet wide. Her hair was dressed with [[jewels of Anne of Denmark|diamonds and other jewels]] and extended in rays, or like the petals of a sunflower, with artificial hair. She had two little dogs who barked at the ambassador.{{Sfnp|Calendar of State Papers Venice vol. 15 |pp=80–81}} Contarini had a second audience with Anne in December and was led through private corridors in the palace by a richly dressed lady in waiting carrying a candle.{{Sfnp|Calendar of State Papers Venice vol. 15 |p=85}}

On 9 April 1618 she was well enough to make a shopping trip incognito to the [[Royal Exchange, London|Royal Exchange]], and was discovered, drawing a crowd of onlookers.{{Sfnmp|1a1=Nichols|1y=1828|1p=477|1loc=volume 3|2a1=Chamberlain|2y=1966|2p=144}} She had a nosebleed at Oatlands in September 1618 that confined her to bed and disrupted her travel plans.{{Sfnp|Nichols|1828|p= 493|loc=volume 3}} Lucy, Countess of Bedford, thought it had weakened her, and she appeared "dangerously ill".{{Sfn|Private Correspondence of Jane Lady Cornwallis Bacon |p=93}} In November, a [[Great comet|comet]] was interpreted as a portent of her death, but she was reported to be in good health and had watched a fox hunt from her bedroom window.{{Sfnp|Chamberlain|1966|p=147}} [[Lady Anne Clifford]] recorded that Anne was ill throughout Christmas and missed seeing masque performed at the Whitehall [[Banqueting House]].<ref>Jessica L. Malay, ''Anne Clifford's Autobiographical Writings'' (Manchester University Press, 2018), 72.</ref>

==Death and funeral==
{{Main|Death and funeral of Anne of Denmark}}
Anne moved to [[Hampton Court]] and was attended by Mayerne and [[Henry Atkins (physician)|Henry Atkins]].<ref>William Shaw & G. Dyfnallt Owen, ''HMC 77 Viscount De L'Isle Penshurst'', vol. 5 (London, 1961), pp. 418–9.</ref> In January 1619 Mayerne instructed Anne to saw wood to improve her blood flow, but the exertion served to make her worse.<ref>[[William Harvey]], who discovered the circulation of blood, was a pupil of Mayerne. Williams (1970) pp. 194–198.</ref> Mayerne attributed the queen's ill-health to her cold and northerly upbringing, and wrote in his notes that as a child she had been carried around by her nurses until the age of nine, rather than allowed to walk.<ref>Henry Ellis, ''Original Letters'', 2nd series vol. 3 (London, 1827), p. 198.</ref>

James visited Anne only three times during her last illness,{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|page=100}}{{Efn|David Willson, on the other hand, says that James visited her twice a week until he moved to [[Newmarket Palace|Newmarket]] in February.{{Sfnp|Willson|1963}} Both James, through messengers, and Charles were anxious Anne should make a will (James distrusted Charles's interest in the matter, fearing Anne might make him her sole heir), but she would not co-operate.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|pp=198–200}}}} though their son [[Charles I of England|Charles]] often slept in the adjoining bedroom at [[Hampton Court Palace]] and was at her bedside during her last hours, when she had lost her sight.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=300}} With her until the end was her personal maid, Anna Kaas, who had arrived with her from Denmark in 1590.{{Sfnmp|1a1=Stewart|1y=2003|1pp=121, 300|2a1=Williams|2y=1970|2p=201}}

Queen Anne died aged 44 on 2 March 1619, of [[dropsy]].{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=403}}

Despite his neglect of Anne, James was emotionally affected by her death.{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|page=24}} James had also fallen seriously ill when Prince Henry was dying.{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=285}} He did not visit her during her dying days or attend her funeral, being himself sick, the symptoms, according to Sir Theodore de Mayerne, including "fainting, sighing, dread, incredible sadness&nbsp;...".{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=300}} The king "took her death seemly".{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=403}} The inquest discovered Anne to be "much wasted within, specially her liver".{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=300}} After a prolonged delay, due to a lack of ready money to pay the funeral expenses, the monarchy already being in great debt to its suppliers,{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=202}} [[Death and funeral of Anne of Denmark|she was buried]] in [[Henry VII Lady Chapel|King Henry's Chapel]], [[Westminster Abbey]], on 13 May 1619.{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=456}} [[John Chamberlain (letter writer)|John Chamberlain]] recorded that the funeral procession turned into "a drawling, tedious sight", since the noblewomen had to walk such a distance and became so exhausted by the weight of their clothes that "they came laggering all along", leaning on the gentlemen for support "or else I see not how they had been able to hold out".{{Sfnmp|1a1=McManus|1y=2002|1p=204|2a1=Williams|2y=1970|2p=204}}

The [[catafalque]] placed over her grave, designed by [[Maximilian Colt]], was destroyed during the [[English Civil War]].{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=219}} Inigo Jones had provided an alternative design for the catalfaque with more complex sculptural symbolism than Colt's.{{Sfnp|McManus|2002|pp=205–208}}

As he had done before he ever met her, King James turned to verse to pay his respects:

{{Poem quote|So did my Queen from hence her court remove
And left off earth to be enthroned above.
She's changed, not dead, for sure no good prince dies,
But, as the sun, sets, only for to rise.{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=404}}}}

[[Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex|Lionel Cranfield]], as Master of Great Wardrobe, spent £20,000 on the funeral.{{Sfnp|Devon|1836|pp=239–240}} After the funeral, her French servant [[Piero Hugon]], and Anna, a Danish maiden of honour, were arrested and accused of stealing jewels worth £30,000. Another servant, [[Margaret Hartsyde]], had faced similar charges a decade earlier.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McClure |first=Norman |title=Letters of John Chamberlain |date=1939 |publisher=Philadelphia |volume=2 |page=240}}; {{Harvp|Williams|1970|p=203}}.</ref>

==Issue==
[[File:Family tree of King James I and VI of England and Scotland.jpg|thumb|alt=A painting of a family tree consisting of fourteen oval portraits arranged in five rows with two in the first and last rows, four in the middle row, and three in the other two rows|upright|A family tree depicting James's ancestors]]

Anne gave birth to seven children who survived beyond childbirth, four of whom died in infancy or early childhood.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|pp=140, 142}} She also suffered at least three miscarriages.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=112}} The physician [[Martin Schöner]] attended her pregnancies.{{Sfnp|Field|2020|p=184}} Her second son succeeded James as [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]]. Her daughter [[Elizabeth of Bohemia|Elizabeth]] was the "Winter Queen" of Bohemia and the grandmother of [[King George I of Great Britain]].

# miscarriage (September 1590)
# [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales]] (19 February 1594&nbsp;– 6 November 1612). Died, probably of [[typhoid fever]], aged 18.{{Efn|[[John Chamberlain (letter writer)|John Chamberlain]] recorded: "It was verily thought that the disease was no other than the ordinary [[wikt:ague|ague]] that had reigned and raged all over England". Alan Stewart writes that latter-day experts have suggested [[enteric fever]], typhoid fever, or [[porphyria]], but that at the time poison was the most popular explanation.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=248}}}}
# miscarriage (July 1595).
# [[Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia]] (19 August 1596&nbsp;– 13 February 1662). Married 1613, [[Frederick V, Elector Palatine]]. Died aged 65.
# [[Margaret Stuart (1598–1600)|Margaret]] (24 December 1598 [[Dalkeith Palace]] – March 1600 [[Linlithgow Palace]]). Died aged fifteen months. Buried at [[Holyrood Abbey]].
# [[Charles I of England|Charles I, King of England, Scotland and Ireland]] (19 November 1600&nbsp;– 30 January 1649). Married 1625, [[Henrietta Maria of France]]. Executed aged 48.
# [[Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre|Robert, Duke of Kintyre]] (18 January 1602&nbsp;– 27 May 1602). Died aged four months.{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=452}}{{Sfnp|Barroll|2001|p=27}}
# miscarriage (10 May 1603).<ref>[[Nadine Akkerman]], ''Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Hearts'' (Oxford, 2021), pp. 26–7, 417 fn.54.</ref>
# [[Mary Stuart (1605–1607)|Mary]] (8 April 1605 [[Greenwich Palace]] – 16 December 1607 [[Stanwell]], Surrey). Died aged two.
# [[Sophia Stuart (1606)|Sophia]] (22 June 1606&nbsp;– 23 June 1606). Born and died at [[Greenwich Palace]].{{Sfnp|Croft|2003|page=24}}{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=142}} Sophia was buried at [[Henry VII Lady Chapel|King Henry's Chapel]] in a tiny alabaster tomb shaped like a cradle, designed by [[Maximilian Colt]].{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|page=112}}{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=456}}
{{clear}}

==Ancestry==
{{see also|Mecklenburg Ancestral Table}}
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|title=Ancestors of Anne of Denmark<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nykøbing Fl |url=http://www.gravstenogepitafier.dk/nykoebing.htm |website=www.gravstenogepitafier.dk}}</ref>
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Anne of Denmark'''
|2= 2. [[Frederick II of Denmark]]
|3= 3. [[Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow|Sophie of Mecklenburg]]
|4= 4. [[Christian III of Denmark]]
|5= 5. [[Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg]]
|6= 6. [[Ulrich, Duke of Mecklenburg]]
|7= 7. [[Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg|Elizabeth of Denmark]]
|8= 8. [[Frederick I of Denmark]] (=14)
|9= 9. [[Anna of Brandenburg]]
|10= 10. [[Magnus I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg]]
|11= 11. [[Catherine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg|Catherine of Brunswick]]
|12= 12. [[Albert VII, Duke of Mecklenburg]]
|13= 13. [[Anna of Brandenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg|Anna of Brandenburg]]
|14= 14. [[Frederick I of Denmark]] (=8)
|15= 15. [[Sophie of Pomerania]]
}}

==In literature==
Anne of Denmark features as a central character in Jean Findlay's historical novel, ''The Queen's Lender'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Findlay |first=Jean |date=2022 |title=The Queen's Lender |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Scotland Street Press |isbn=9781910895559}}</ref>

Anne of Denmark features as a point of view character in Susanna Kearsley’s historical novel “The King’s Messenger” (2025).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kearsley |first=Susanna |date=2025 |title=The King’s Messenger  |publisher=Sourcebooks |isbn=9781492689065}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cape Ann]], Massachusetts
* [[Sign of Hertoghe]]
* [[Anne of Denmark and contrary winds]]
* [https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/detail/FOLGERCM1~6~6~876237~158067:Autograph-letter-signed--Anna-R---m Letter from Queen Anne to the Duke of Buckingham, Folger Shakespeare Library.]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bain |first=Joseph |title=Border Papers |volume=2 |publisher=Edinburgh |date=1896 |page=321 no. 627}}
* {{Cite book |last=Barroll |first=John Leeds |title=Anna of Denmark, Queen of England: A Cultural Biography |date=2001 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |isbn=0-8122-3574-6 |location=Philadelphia}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Birch |first1=Thomas |author-link1=Thomas Birch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPUhAQAAMAAJ |title=Court and Times of James the First |last2=Williams |first2=Robert Folkestone |author-link2=Robert Folkestone Williams |date=1849 |publisher=Colburn |volume=1 |location=London |ol=1563314W}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/privatecorrespon0000baco |title=The Private Correspondence of Jane Lady Cornwallis Bacon, 1613–1644 |date=2003 |publisher=S. and J. Bentley, et al. |editor-last=Braybrooke |editor-first=Richard Griffin Neville |editor-link=Richard Griffin, 3rd Baron Braybrooke |location=London |isbn=978-0-8386-3985-6 |ref={{SfnRef|Private Correspondence of Jane Lady Cornwallis Bacon}} |orig-date=1842 |editor-last2=Moody |editor-first2=Joanna}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chamberlain |first=John |title=The Chamberlain letters: a selection of the letters of John Chamberlain |date=1966 |publisher=Capricorn |editor-last=Thomson |editor-first=Elizabeth McClure |location=New York |oclc=37697217}}
* {{Cite book |last=Croft |first=Pauline |author-link=Pauline Croft |title=King James |date=2003 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=0-333-61395-3 |location=Basingstoke and New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Devon |first=Frederick |title=Issues of the Exchequer being Payments Made out of his Majesty's Revenue during the reign of King James |date=1836 |publisher=John Rodwell |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Field |first=Jemma |author-link=Jemma Field |title=Anna of Denmark: The Material and Visual Culture of the Stuart Courts, 1589–1619 |date=2020 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-5261-4249-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Giuseppi |first=Montague Spencer |title=Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Most Honourable the Marquess of Salisbury |date=1930 |publisher=Historical Manuscripts Commission |volume=15 |location=London |ref={{SfnRef|Calendar of the Manuscripts of Marquess of Salisbury vol. 15 (1930)}}}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/reportonmanuscri0006hist |title=Report on the Manuscripts of the Most Honourable the Marquess of Downshire |date=1995 |publisher=[[Historical Manuscripts Commission]] |editor-last=Owen |editor-first=G. Dyfnallt |volume=VI: Papers of William Trumbull the elder September 1616–December 1618 |location=London |isbn=978-0-11-440230-3 |ref={{SfnRef|HMC Downshire vol. 6}} |editor-last2=Anderson |editor-first2=Sonia P.}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kerr-Peterson |first1=Miles |title=Miscellany of the Scottish History Society XVI |last2=Pearce |first2=Michael |date=2020 |publisher=Scottish History Society |isbn=978-0-906245-45-3 |location=Edinburgh |chapter=James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts, 1588-1596}}
* {{Cite book |last=McManus |first=Clare |title=Women on the Renaissance Stage: Anna of Denmark and Female Masquing in the Stuart Court, 1590–1619 |date=2002 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=0-7190-6092-3 |location=Manchester}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Pearce |first=Michael |date=2019 |title=Anna of Denmark: Fashioning a Danish Court in Scotland |journal=The Court Historian |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=138–151 |doi=10.1080/14629712.2019.1626110}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nichols |first=John |title=Progresses of James the First |date=1828 |publisher=London}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Pearce |first=Michael |date=2022 |title=Maskerye Claythis for James VI and Anna of Denmark |url=https://boydellandbrewer.com/9781843846307/medieval-english-theatre-43 |journal=Medieval English Theatre |location=Cambridge |publisher=D. S. Brewer |volume=43 |pages=108–123 |doi=10.1515/9781800105362-008|isbn=978-1-80010-536-2 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Sharpe |first=Kevin |title=The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor & Stuart Britain |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-289327-0 |editor-last=Morrill |editor-first=John S. |editor-link=John S. Morrill |location=Oxford |chapter=Stuart Monarchy and Political Culture}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=David |date=1997 |title=Scotland's Last Royal Wedding: James VI and Anne of Denmark |location=Edinburgh |publisher=John Donald |isbn=0-85976-451-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=Alan |title=The Cradle King: A Life of James VI & 1 |date=2003 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |isbn=0-7011-6984-2 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Ethel Carleton |title=Anne of Denmark |date=1970 |publisher=Longman |isbn=0-582-12783-1 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Willson |first=David Harris |author-link=David Harris Willson |title=King James VI & 1 |date=1963 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |location=London |ol=14967635M |orig-date=1956}}

==== Calendars of State Papers ====

'''Scotland'''
* {{Cite web |date=1936 |editor-last=Boyd |editor-first=William K. |title=Calendar of State Papers Scotland: Volume 10, 1589-1593 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/scotland/vol10 |access-date=17 April 2025 |publisher=Edinburgh |via=British History Online |ref={{SfnRef|Calendar of State Papers Scotland vol. 10}} |editor-first2=Henry W. |editor-last2=Meikle}}
* {{Cite web |date=1936 |editor-last=Cameron |editor-first=Annie I. |editor-link=Annie Cameron |title=Calendar of State Papers Scotland: Volume 11, 1593-1595 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/scotland/vol11 |access-date=17 April 2025 |publisher=Edinburgh |via=British History Online |ref={{SfnRef|Calendar of State Papers Scotland vol. 11}}}}
* {{Cite book |title=Calendar of State Papers Scotland: 1597–1603 |date=1969 |publisher=Edinburgh |volume=13 |ref={{SfnRef|Calendar of State Papers Scotland vol. 13}}}}
'''Venice'''
* {{Cite web |date=1900 |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Horatio F. |editor-link=Horatio Brown |title=Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 10, 1603-1607 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/venice/vol10 |access-date=17 April 2025 |publisher=London |via=British History Online |ref={{SfnRef|Calendar of State Papers Venice vol. 10}}}}
* {{Cite web |date=1905 |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Horatio F. |editor-link=Horatio Brown |title=Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 12, 1610-1613 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/venice/vol12 |access-date=17 April 2025 |publisher=London |via=British History Online |ref={{SfnRef|Calendar of State Papers Venice vol. 12}}}}
* {{Cite web |date=1909 |editor-last=Hinds |editor-first=Allen B. |title=Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 15, 1617-1619 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/venice/vol15 |access-date=17 April 2025 |publisher=London |via=British History Online |ref={{SfnRef|Calendar of State Papers Venice vol. 15}}}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite Q|Q115750486|editor-first=Henry Gardiner |editor-last=Adams}}<!-- [[s:A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Anne of Denmark]] -->
* Ayres, Sara (2020). [https://jhna.org/articles/a-mirror-for-the-prince-anne-of-denmark-in-hunting-costume-with-her-dogs-1617-by-paul-van-somer/ 'A Mirror for the Prince: Anne of Denmark in Hunting Costume', ''JHNA'' 12:2]
* Cerasano, Susan, and Marion Wynne-Davies (1996). ''Renaissance Drama by Women: Texts and Documents''. London and New York: Routledge; {{ISBN|0-415-09806-8}}.
* [[Antonia Fraser|Fraser, Lady Antonia]] ([1996] 1997 edition). ''The Gunpowder Plot: Terror and Faith in 1605''. London: Mandarin Paperbacks; {{ISBN|0-7493-2357-4}}.
* Haynes, Alan ([1994] 2005 edition). ''The Gunpowder Plot''. Stroud: Sutton Publishing; {{ISBN|0-7509-4215-0}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Strickland |first=Agnes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rd0IAAAAIAAJ |title=Lives of the Queens of England: From the Norman Conquest |date=1848a |publisher=Lea and Blanchard ([[Stanford University]]) |volume=VII |location=Philadelphia |access-date=10 May 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/livesqueensengl11strigoog |archive-date=20 April 2006}}
* {{Cite EB1911 |last=Yorke |first=Philip Chesney |wstitle=Anne of Denmark |volume=2 |pp=69–70 |short=1}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/anne-of-denmark-queen-of-great-britain-1574-1619#/type/subject Anne of Denmark] at the official website of the [[Royal Collection Trust]]
* {{NPG name}}
* [https://www.herstoryproj.com/post/revising-anne-anna-of-denmark Revising Anne: Anna of Denmark, HerStory project]
* [https://vanishedcomforts.org/2020/01/11/anna-of-denmark-costume-colours-and-identities-in-scotland/ Anne of Denmark: Costume, Colours, and Identities in Scotland]

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Oldenburg]]|12 December|1574|2 March|1619}}
{{S-roy}}
|-
{{S-vac|last=[[James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell|James Hepburn]]|as=consort}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen consort of Scotland]]|years=1589–1619}}
{{S-vac|rows=2|next=[[Henrietta Maria of France]]}}
|-
{{S-vac| last= [[Catherine Parr]]}}
{{S-ttl| title = [[List of English royal consorts|Queen consort of England and Ireland]] | years = 1603–1619}}
{{s-end}}

{{British consort}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anne of Denmark| ]]
[[Category:1574 births]]
[[Category:1619 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Danish people]]
[[Category:16th-century Danish women]]

[[Category:16th-century Scottish people]]
[[Category:16th-century Scottish women]]

[[Category:17th-century English people]]
[[Category:17th-century English women]]

[[Category:17th-century philanthropists]]
[[Category:17th-century Scottish people]]
[[Category:17th-century Scottish women]]
[[Category:17th-century English royal consorts]]

[[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]]
[[Category:Children of Frederick II of Denmark]]
[[Category:Immigrants to the Kingdom of England]]

[[Category:Princesses from Denmark–Norway]]
[[Category:Danish expatriate royalty]]
[[Category:Daughters of kings]]
[[Category:Deaths from edema]]
[[Category:English patrons of the arts]]
[[Category:English women philanthropists]]

[[Category:Mothers of English monarchs]]
[[Category:Mothers of Scottish monarchs]]

[[Category:Scottish patrons of the arts]]
[[Category:Scottish philanthropists]]
[[Category:Scottish royal consorts]]
[[Category:17th-century women philanthropists]]