View source for Annals of the Four Masters

{{Short description|Chronicles of medieval Irish history}}
{{Italic title}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title      = <!--(see above)-->
| name              = Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland
| image             = Annals of the Four Masters AD432 entry.jpg
| image_size        = 
| border            = 
| alt               = 
| caption           = Entry for AD 432
| author            = [[Mícheál Ó Cléirigh]]<br />[[Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh]]<br />[[Fearfeasa Ó Maol Chonaire]]<br />[[Cú Choigríche Ó Duibhgeannáin]]
| audio_read_by     = 
| title_orig        = {{lang|mga|italics=unset|Annála Ríoghachta Éireann}}
| orig_lang_code    = ga
| title_working     = 
| translator        = [[Owen Connellan]]<br />[[John O'Donovan (scholar)|John O'Donovan]]
| illustrator       = 
| cover_artist      = 
| country           = Ireland
| language          = [[Early Modern Irish]] and [[Latin]]
| series            = 
| release_number    = 
| subject           = [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] [[Irish history]]
| genre             = [[annals]]
| set_in            = 
| publisher         = 
| publisher2        = 
| pub_date          = 1636
| english_pub_date  = 1846
| published         = 
| media_type        = Manuscript
| pages             = 
| awards            = 
| isbn              = 
| isbn_note         = 
| oclc              = 
| dewey             = 941.5
| congress          = 	DA905 .A6
| preceded_by       = <!-- for books in a series -->
| followed_by       = <!-- for books in a series -->
| native_wikisource = 
| wikisource        = 
| notes             = 
| exclude_cover     = 
| website           = https://www.ria.ie/library/catalogues/special-collections/medieval-and-early-modern-manuscripts/annals-four-masters
}}
[[Image:Annals of the Four Masters Signature.jpg|thumb|right|Signature page from the ''Annals of the Four Masters'']]

The '''''Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland''''' ({{langx|mga|Annála Ríoghachta Éireann}}) or the '''''Annals of the Four Masters''''' ({{lang|mga|Annála na gCeithre Máistrí}}) are [[chronicle]]s of [[Middle Ages|medieval]] [[Irish history]]. The entries span from the [[Genesis flood narrative|Deluge]], dated as 2,242 [[Anno Mundi|years after creation]]<ref>[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005A/text001.html The Age of the World, to this Year of the Deluge, 2242], in ''Corpus of Electronic Texts'' translation.</ref> to AD 1616.<ref>[http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005F/text024.html The Age of Christ, one thousand six hundred sixteen], in ''Corpus of Electronic Texts'' translation.</ref>

==Publication delay==
Due to the criticisms by 17th-century Irish historian [[Tuileagna Ó Maol Chonaire]], the text was not published in the lifetimes of any of the participants.

==Text==
[[File:Plaque, Drones River - geograph.org.uk - 1422094.jpg|thumb|Monument to the Four Masters, located at the bridge over the Drowes River near [[Kinlough]], near the homeland of [[Cú Choigríche Ó Duibhgeannáin]]]] 
The annals are mainly a compilation of earlier annals, although there is some original work. They were compiled between 1632 and 1636,<ref>{{cite book |last=Welch |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Anthony Welch |year=2000 |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature|The Concise Oxford Companion to Irish Literature]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=11 |isbn=9780192800800}}</ref> allegedly in a cottage beside the ruins of [[Donegal Abbey]], just outside [[Donegal (town)|Donegal Town]].<ref>John O'Donovan, [https://archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo01ocle/page/n31 ''Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland''], Second Edition, Volume 1, pp. xxviii-xxix, Hodges, Smith, and Co, Dublin (1856).</ref> At this time, however, the Franciscans had a house of refuge by the River Drowes in County Leitrim, just outside Ballyshannon, and it was here, according to others, that the ''Annals'' were compiled.<ref>[https://www.franciscans.ie/friaries/killiney/ ''Franciscans: Studies in the Irish Province''.] Perhaps John O'Donovan was referring to this house of refuge, which is over 20 km from the ruined abbey, when he wrote of ''huts or cottages near the monastery''.</ref> The patron of the project was [[Fearghal Ó Gadhra]], [[Member of Parliament|MP]], a [[Gaelic nobility of Ireland|Gaelic]] [[Tighearna|lord]] of [[Coolavin]], County Sligo.

The chief compiler of the annals was [[Brother (Catholic)|Brother]] [[Mícheál Ó Cléirigh]] from [[Ballyshannon]], who was assisted by, among others, [[Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh]], [[Fearfeasa Ó Maol Chonaire]] and [[Cú Choigríche Ó Duibhgeannáin]]. Although only one of the authors, Mícheál Ó Cléirigh, was a [[Franciscan]] [[friar]], they became known as "the Four Friars" or in the original Irish, {{lang|mga|na Ceithre Máistrí}}. The Anglicized version of this was "the Four Masters", the name that has become associated with the annals themselves.

The annals are written in Irish. The several manuscript copies are held at [[Trinity College Dublin]], the [[Royal Irish Academy]], [[University College Dublin]], and the [[National Library of Ireland]].

==Translation==
The first substantial English translation (starting at AD 1171) was published by [[Owen Connellan]] in 1846. The Connellan translation included the annals from the eleventh to the seventeenth centuries.  The only version to have a four-colour frontispiece, it included a large folding map showing the location of families in Ireland. This edition, neglected for over 150 years, was republished in the early twenty-first century. The original Connellan translation was followed in the 1850s by a full translation by the historian [[John O'Donovan (scholar)|John O'Donovan]]. The translation was funded by a government grant of £1,000 obtained by the notable mathematician [[Sir William Rowan Hamilton]] while he was president of the [[Royal Irish Academy]].

The Annals are one of the principal Irish-language sources for Irish history up to 1616. While many of the early chapters are essentially lists of names and dates, the later chapters, dealing with events of which the authors had first-hand accounts, are much more detailed.

==Importance==
As a historical source, the ''Annals'' are largely limited to the accounts of the births, deaths and activities of the [[Gaelic nobility of Ireland]], and therefore the wider social trends or events are up for contemporary historians to establish.

On the other hand, the ''Annals'', as one of the few prose sources in Irish from this period, also provide a valuable insight into events such as the [[Desmond Rebellions]] and the [[Nine Years War (Ireland)|Nine Years War]] from a Gaelic Irish perspective.

The early part of this work is based upon the ''[[Lebor Gabála Érenn|Lebor Gabála]]''. Today, most scholars regard the ''Lebor Gabála'' as primarily a myth rather than history. It appears to be mostly based on medieval Christian pseudo-histories, but it also incorporates some of Ireland's native pagan mythology. Scholars believe the goal of its writers was to provide an epic history for Ireland that could compare to that of the Israelites or the Romans, and which reconciled native myth with the Christian view of history. It is suggested, for example, that there are six 'takings' to match the [[Six Ages of the World]].<ref name="Williams2016"/> Medievalist academic Mark Williams  writes of ''Lebor Gabála Érenn'' that it is a "highly influential Middle Irish prose-and-verse treatise [...] written in order to bridge the chasm between Christian world-chronology and the prehistory of Ireland".<ref name="Williams2016">{{Cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Mark|title=Ireland's Immortals: A History of the Gods of Irish Myth|date=2016|chapter=New Mythologies: Pseudohistories and the lore of poets|pages=128–193|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691157313|location=Princeton, NJ}}</ref>{{rp|130}}

==Editions and translations==
[[File:Annals of The Four Masters.jpg|thumb|upright|Illustration of "the four masters" by B. H. Holbrooke, 1846]]
*{{citation |translator-last=O'Donovan |translator-first=John |translator-link=John O'Donovan (scholar) |title=Annala Rioghachta Eireann: Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland, by the Four Masters, from the earliest period to the year 1616 |edition=2nd |date=1856}}, 7 volumes, Royal Irish Academy:
**{{citation |title=Volume 1 (2952 BC – AD 902) |date=1856 |publisher= Dublin, Hodges, Smith, and co. |url= https://archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo01ocleuoft |via=[[Corpus of Electronic Texts|CELT]]}}: [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005A English], [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100005A Irish]
**{{citation |title=Volume 2 (AD 903–1171) |date=1856 |publisher= Dublin, Hodges, Smith, and co. |url= https://archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo02ocleuoft |via=CELT}}: [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005B English], [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100005B Irish]
**{{citation |title=Volume 3 (AD 1172–1372) |date=1856 |publisher= Dublin, Hodges, Smith, and co. |url= https://archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo03ocleuoft |via=CELT}}: [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005C English], [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100005C Irish]
**{{citation |title=Volume 4 (AD 1373–1500) |date=1856 |publisher= Dublin, Hodges, Smith, and co. |url= https://archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo04ocleuoft |via=CELT}}: [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005D English], [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100005D Irish]
**{{citation |title=Volume 5 (AD 1501–1588) |date=1856 |publisher= Dublin, Hodges, Smith, and co. |url= https://archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo05ocleuoft |via=CELT}}: [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005E English], [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100005E Irish]
**{{citation |title=Volume 6 (AD 1589–1616) |date=1856 |publisher= Dublin, Hodges, Smith, and co. |url= https://archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo06ocleuoft |via=CELT}}: [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005F English], [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100005F Irish] <sup>*</sup>
**{{citation |title=Volume 7 (Indices) |date=1856 |publisher= Dublin, Hodges, Smith, and co. |url= https://archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo07ocleuoft |via=CELT}}

{{in5}}<sup>*</sup> The appendix of volume 6 contains pedigrees of a small selection of the Gaelic Irish nobility, pp.&nbsp;2377 ff.

==See also==
* [[Cronan Balnae]]
* [[Irish annals]]
* [[The Chronicle of Ireland]]
* [[Template:Cite AFM]] for citing the Annal in articles at Wikipedia

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Bernadette |title=The Annals of the Four Masters: Irish History, Kingship and Society in the Early Seventeenth Century |location=Dublin |publisher=Four Courts |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-84682-203-2}}
*{{Cite book |editor1-first=Bernadette |editor1-last=Cunningham|title=O'Donnell Histories: Donegal and the Annals of the Four Masters |publisher=Rathmullan & District Local Historical Society |location=Rathmullan |date=2007}}
*{{Cite book |first=Daniel P. |last=Mc Carthy |title=The Irish Annals: Their Genesis, Evolution and History |location=Dublin |date=2008 |publisher=Four Courts}}
*{{Cite web |first=Daniel P. |last=Mc Carthy |title=Irish Chronicles and Their Chronology |date=2005 |url=http://www.cs.tcd.ie/Dan.McCarthy/chronology/synchronisms/annals-chron.htm |access-date=5 April 2010 }}
*{{Cite journal |first=Nollaig |last=Ó Muraíle |title=The autograph manuscripts of the Annals of the Four Masters |journal=Celtica |volume=19 |date=1987 |pages=75–95}}
*{{Cite journal |first=William |last=O'Sullivan |title=The Slane manuscript of the Annals of the Four Masters |journal=Ríocht na Mídhe: Journal of the County Meath Historical Society |volume= 10 |date=1999 |pages=78–85}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06163b.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia: Annals of the Four Masters'']
*[http://celt.ucc.ie/publishd.html List of Published Texts at CELT] — [[University College Cork]]'s ''[[Corpus of Electronic Texts]]'' project has the full text of the annals online, both in the original Irish and in O'Donovan's translation.
*[http://www.isos.dias.ie/ Irish Script On Screen] — The ISOS project at the [[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]] has high-resolution digital images of the Royal Irish Academy's copy of the ''Annals''.

{{Irish mythology (mythological)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Annals of the Four Masters}}
[[Category:1630s books]]
[[Category:17th-century documents]]
[[Category:17th-century history books]]
[[Category:Donegal (town)]]
[[Category:Irish chronicles]]
[[Category:Texts in Irish]]
[[Category:Irish-language literature]]