View source for Anisakis

{{Short description|Genus of parasitic nematodes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Anisakis.jpg
| image_caption = ''Anisakis simplex''
| taxon = Anisakis
| authority = [[Félix Dujardin|Dujardin]], 1845
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
* ''A. berlandi''
* ''A. brevispiculata''
* ''A. nascettii''
* ''A. oceanica''
* ''A. paggiae''
* ''A. pegreffii''
* ''A. physeteris''
* ''A. schupakovi''
* ''A. similis''
* ''[[Anisakis simplex|A. simplex]]''
* ''A. typica''
* ''A. ziphidarum''
}}

'''''Anisakis'''''  ({{IPAc-en|æ|n|ə|ˈ|s|ɑː|k|iː|z}} {{respell|a|nə|SAH|keez}}) is a [[genus]] of [[parasitic]] [[nematode]]s that have life cycles involving fish and [[marine mammal]]s.<ref>Berger SA, Marr JS (2006). ''Human Parasitic Diseases Sourcebook''. Jones and Bartlett Publishers: Sudbury, Massachusetts</ref> They are infective to humans and cause [[#Anisakiasis|anisakiasis]]. People who produce [[immunoglobulin E]] in response to this parasite may subsequently have an allergic reaction, including [[anaphylactic|anaphylaxis]], after eating fish infected with ''Anisakis'' species.

==Etymology==
The genus ''Anisakis'' was defined in 1845<ref>Dujardin F. (1845). [https://archive.org/details/histoirenaturell1845duja ''Histoire naturelle des helminthes ou vers intestinaux'']. xvi, 654+15 pp. (''Anisakis'': p. 220) {{open access}}</ref> by [[Félix Dujardin]] as a subgenus of the [[genus (biology)|genus]] ''[[Ascaris]]'' [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]. Dujardin did not make explicit the [[etymology]], but stated that the subgenus included the species in which the males have unequal [[spicule (nematode)|spicules]] ("''mâles ayant des spicules inégaux''"); thus, the name ''Anisakis'' is based on ''anis-'' (Greek prefix for different) and ''akis'' (Greek for spine or spicule). Two species were included in the new subgenus, ''Ascaris'' (''Anisakis'') ''distans'' [[Karl Asmund Rudolphi|Rudolphi]], 1809 and [[Anisakis simplex|''Ascaris'' (''Anisakis'') simplex]] Rudolphi, 1809.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

==Life cycle==
[[File:Anisakiasis 01.svg|thumb|left|Complex life cycle of ''Anisakis'' worms]]
''Anisakis'' species have complex [[biological life cycle|life cycle]]s which pass through several hosts through the course of their lives. Eggs hatch in seawater, and [[larva]]e are eaten by crustaceans, usually [[Krill|euphausids]]. The infected [[crustacean]]s are subsequently eaten by fish or squid, and the [[nematode]]s burrow into the wall of the [[Gut (zoology)|gut]] and [[cyst|encyst]] in a protective coat, usually on the outside of the [[viscera]]l organs, but occasionally in the [[muscle]] or beneath the [[skin]]. The life cycle is completed when an infected fish is eaten by a marine mammal, such as a [[whale]], [[Pinniped|seal]], [[sea lion]], [[dolphin]] or another animal like a [[seabird]] or [[shark]]. The nematode excysts in the intestine, feeds, grows, mates, and releases eggs into the seawater in the host's [[feces]]. As the gut of a marine mammal is functionally very similar to that of a human, ''Anisakis'' species can infect humans who eat raw or undercooked fish.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

===Reproduction===
Sexual reproduction occurs once the larvae have reached a definitive host and completed their final molt, at which point sexual organs are developed.<ref name="Ángeles-Hernández">{{cite journal |last1=Ángeles-Hernández |first1=Juan C. |last2=Gómez-de Anda |first2=Fabian R. |last3=Reyes-Rodríguez |first3=Nydia E. |last4=Vega-Sánchez |first4=Vicente |last5=García-Reyna |first5=Patricia B. |last6=Campos-Montiel |first6=Rafael G. |last7=Calderón-Apodaca |first7=Norma L. |last8=Salgado-Miranda |first8=Celene |last9=Zepeda-Velázquez |first9=Andrea P. |title=Genera and Species of the Anisakidae Family and Their Geographical Distribution |journal=Animals |date=2020 |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=2374 |doi=10.3390/ani10122374|pmid=33322260 |pmc=7763134 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Females are capable of producing 2.6 million eggs, depending on species and size at sexual maturity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ugland|first1=Karl Inne|last2=Strømnes|first2=Einar|last3=Berland|first3=Bjørn|last4=Aspholm|first4=Paul Eric|date=1 April 2004|title=Growth, fecundity and sex ratio of adult whaleworm ( Anisakis simplex; Nematoda, Ascaridoidea, Anisakidae) in three whale species from the North-East Atlantic|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=92|issue=6|pages=484–489|doi=10.1007/s00436-003-1065-5|pmid=14999465|s2cid=7128855}}</ref>

The known [[biodiversity|diversity]] of the genus has increased greatly since mid-1980s with the advent of modern [[gene]]tic techniques in [[scientific classification|species identification]].<ref name="MattiucciNascetti2006">{{cite journal |last1=Mattiucci |first1=S. |last2=Nascetti |first2=G. |title=Molecular systematics, phylogeny and ecology of anisakid nematodes of the genus ''Anisakis'' Dujardin, 1845: an update |journal=Parasite |date=15 June 2006 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=99–113 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2006132099 |pmid=16800118 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Each final host species was discovered to have its own biochemically and genetically identifiable "sibling species" of ''Anisakis'', which is reproductively isolated. This finding has allowed the proportion of different sibling species in a fish to be used as an indicator of [[population]] identity in fish stocks.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

==Morphology==
[[File:So4b-08.jpg|thumb|right|A scanning electron micrograph of the mouthparts of ''A. simplex'']]
Anisakis share the common features of all nematodes: the [[wikt:vermiform|vermiform]] body plan, round in [[cross section (geometry)|cross section]], and a lack of [[segmentation (biology)|segmentation]]. The body cavity is reduced to a narrow [[body cavity|pseudocoel]]. The [[Mouth (animal)|mouth]] is located [[anterior]]ly and surrounded by projections used in feeding and sensation, with the [[anus]] slightly offset from the [[Posterior (anatomy)|posterior]]. The [[squamous epithelium]] secretes a layered [[cuticle]] to protect the body from digestive acids.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

As with all parasites with a complex life cycle involving several hosts, details of the morphology vary depending on the host and life cycle stage. In the stage that infects fish, ''Anisakis'' species are found in a distinctive "watch-spring coil" shape. They are roughly two centimeters long when uncoiled. When in the final host, anisakids are longer, thicker, and more sturdy, to deal with the hazardous environment of a mammalian gut.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

==Health implications==
{{Split section|Anisakiasis |discuss={{TALKPAGENAME}}#Split proposed |date=January 2024}}
Anisakids pose a risk to human health through intestinal infection with worms from the eating of underprocessed fish and through allergic reactions to chemicals left by the worms in fish flesh.<ref name="pmid17823758">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amato Neto V, Amato JG, Amato VS |title=Probable recognition of human anisakiasis in Brazil |journal=Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=261–62 |year=2007 |pmid=17823758 |doi= 10.1590/s0036-46652007000400013|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Anisakiasis===
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Anisakiasis
| synonyms        =
| image           = Symptoms of Raw fish infection.png
| caption         = Differential symptoms of parasite infection by raw fish: ''[[Clonorchis sinensis]]'' (trematode/fluke), ''Anisakis'' (nematode/roundworm) and ''[[Diphyllobothrium]]'' (cestode/tapeworm),<ref name=wai>[http://www.13.waisays.com/fish.htm WaiSays: "About Consuming Raw Fish"] Retrieved on April 14, 2009</ref> all have gastrointestinal, but otherwise distinct, symptoms.<ref>For Chlonorchiasis: [http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/msds-ftss/msds34e-eng.php Public Health Agency of Canada > Clonorchis sinensis – Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)] Retrieved on April 14, 2009</ref><ref>For Anisakiasis: [http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/a/anisakiasis/symptoms.htm WrongDiagnosis: "Symptoms of Anisakiasis"] Retrieved on April 14, 2009</ref><ref>For Diphyllobothrium: [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001375.htm#Symptoms MedlinePlus > "Diphyllobothriasis"] Updated by: Arnold L. Lentnek, MD. Retrieved on April 14, 2009</ref><ref>For symptoms of diphyllobothrium due to vitamin B<sub>12</sub>-deficiency [http://www.umm.edu/blood/aneper.htm University of Maryland Medical Center > "Megaloblastic (Pernicious) Anemia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126022240/http://www.umm.edu/blood/aneper.htm |date=2011-11-26 }} Retrieved on April 14, 2009</ref>
| pronounce       =
| field           = [[Infectious disease (medical speciality)|Infectious disease]]
| symptoms        =
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}}
Anisakiasis is a human parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood containing larvae of the [[nematode]] ''Anisakis simplex''.

Within a few hours of ingestion, the parasitic worm tries to burrow through the intestinal wall, but since it cannot penetrate it, it gets stuck and dies. The presence of the parasite triggers an immune response; immune cells surround the worms, forming a ball-like structure that can block the [[digestive system]], causing severe abdominal pain, malnutrition, and vomiting. Occasionally, the larvae are regurgitated.  If the larvae pass into the bowel or large intestine, a severe [[eosinophilic]] [[granulomatous]] response may also occur one to two weeks following infection, causing symptoms mimicking [[Crohn's disease]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Montalto |first1=M. |last2=Miele |first2=L. |last3=Marcheggiano |first3=A. |last4=Santoro |first4=L. |last5=Curigliano |first5=V. |last6=Vastola |first6=M. |last7=Gasbarrini |first7=G. |title=Anisakis infestation: a case of acute abdomen mimicking Crohn's disease and eosinophilic gastroenteritis |journal=Digestive and Liver Disease |date=January 2005 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=62–64 |doi=10.1016/j.dld.2004.05.014 |pmid=15702862 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-16 |title=CDC - DPDx - Anisakiasis |url=https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/anisakiasis/index.html |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Anisakiasis may present as a gastric, intestinal, or allergic disease.<ref name="Biomedica2019">{{cite journal |last1=Patiño |first1=JA |last2=Olivera |first2=MJ |title=Gastro-allergic anisakiasis: The first case reported in Colombia and a literature review. |journal=Biomedica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud |date=15 June 2019 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=241–246 |doi=10.7705/biomedica.v39i2.3936 |pmid=31529811|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The first case of human infection by a member of the family Anisakidae was reported in the Netherlands by Van Thiel, who described the presence of a marine nematode in a patient suffering from acute abdominal pain.<ref name="Audicana">{{cite journal |last1=Audicana |first1=Maria Teresa |last2=Kennedy |first2=MW |year=2008 |title=Anisakis Simplex: From Obscure Infectious Worm to Inducer of Immune Hypersensitivity |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=360–79 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00012-07 |pmc=2292572 |pmid=18400801}}</ref> It is frequently reported in areas of the world where fish is consumed raw, lightly pickled, or salted.  The areas of highest prevalence are Scandinavia (from [[cod]] [[livers]]), Japan (after eating [[sashimi]]), the Netherlands (by eating infected [[Soused herring|fermented herrings]] (''maatjes''), Spain (from eating anchovies and other fish marinated in ''[[escabeche]]''), and along the Pacific coast of South America (from eating ''[[ceviche]]''). The frequency in the United States is unknown because the disease is not reportable{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} and can go undetected or be mistaken for other illnesses. Anisakiasis was first recognized in the 1960s.
During the 1970s, about 10 cases per year were reported in the literature. The frequency is probably much higher, due to home preparation of raw or undercooked fish dishes. In Japan, more than 1,000 cases are reported annually.<ref name="FDA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130418013247/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/UCM297627.pdf ''Bad Bug Book: Foodborne Pathogens Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook''], 2nd edition Food and Drug Administration.</ref> Development of better diagnostic tools and greater awareness has led to more frequent reporting of anisakiasis.

==== Diagnosis ====
Diagnosis can be made by gastroscopic examination, during which the 2-cm larvae are visually observed and removed, or by histopathologic examination of tissue removed at biopsy or during surgery.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Important clues for the diagnosis of anisakiasis include a recent history of eating raw or insufficiently cooked fish or squid followed by the sudden start of epigastric or right lower quadrant stomach pain. The removal and examination of the larva by gastroscopy or surgery provides a definitive diagnosis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hochberg |first1=Natasha S. |last2=Hamer |first2=Davidson H. |date=2010-10-01 |title=Anisakidosis: Perils of the deep |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=51 |issue=7 |pages=806–812 |doi=10.1086/656238 |issn=1537-6591 |pmid=20804423 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Prevention ====
Raising consumer and producer awareness about the existence of anisakid worms in fish is a critical and effective prevention strategy. Anisakiasis can be easily prevented by adequate cooking at temperatures greater than 60&nbsp;°C{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} or freezing. The FDA recommends all shellfish and fish intended for raw consumption be blast frozen to −35&nbsp;°C or below for 15 hours or be regularly frozen to −20&nbsp;°C or below for seven days.<ref name="FDA" /> Salting and marinating will not necessarily kill the parasites, as in Italy where two-thirds of cases were attributed to [[European anchovy|anchovies]] marinated in lemon or vinegar.<ref name="GuardoneArmani2018">{{cite journal |last1=Guardone |first1=Lisa |last2=Armani |first2=Andrea |last3=Nucera |first3=Daniele |last4=Costanzo |first4=Francesco |last5=Mattiucci |first5=Simonetta |last6=Bruschi |first6=Fabrizio |date=30 July 2018 |title=Human anisakiasis in Italy: a retrospective epidemiological study over two decades |journal=Parasite |volume=25 |pages=41 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2018034 |pmc=6065268 |pmid=30058531}}</ref> Humans are thought to be more at risk of anisakiasis from eating wild fish rather than farmed fish. {{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} Many countries require all types of fish with potential risk intended for raw consumption to be previously frozen to kill parasites. The mandate to freeze herring in the Netherlands has virtually eliminated human anisakiasis in the Netherlands.<ref name="John">{{cite book |last=John |first=David T. |url=https://archive.org/details/markellvogesmedi0000mark_8thed/page/267 |title=Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology |author2=William Petri |publisher=Saunders |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7216-7634-0 |location=St. Louis |pages=[https://archive.org/details/markellvogesmedi0000mark_8thed/page/267 267–70]}}</ref>

The best preventive measure for Anisiakis is to avoid eating raw or undercooked fish or squid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-16 |title =Anisakiasis FAQs |url= https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/anisakiasis/faqs.html |access-date= |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Another common prevention method is the thermal treatment of the fish or squid prior to consumption. The fish or squid should be cooked at >60&nbsp;°C for >1 min or frozen whole at −20&nbsp;°C for >24 h.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Adroher-Auroux |first1=Francisco Javier |last2=Benítez-Rodríguez |first2=Rocío |date=2020-10-01 |title=Anisakiasis and Anisakis: An underdiagnosed emerging disease and its main etiological agents |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034528820309759 |journal=Research in Veterinary Science |language=en |volume=132 |pages=535–545 |doi=10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.08.003 |issn=0034-5288 |pmid=32828066 |s2cid=221258565|hdl=10481/89372 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==== Treatment ====
For the worm, humans are a dead-end host. ''Anisakis'' and ''Pseudoterranova'' larvae cannot survive in humans, and eventually die. In some cases, the infection resolves with only symptomatic treatment.<ref name="pmid19336962">{{cite journal |last1=Nakaji |first1=Konosuke |date=2009 |title=Enteric Anisakiasis Which Improved with Conservative Treatment |journal=Internal Medicine |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=573 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.48.1905 |pmid=19336962 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In other cases, however, the infection can lead to [[small bowel obstruction]], which may require surgery,<ref name="pmid18427347">{{cite journal |last1=Sugita |first1=Satoshi |last2=Sasaki |first2=Atsushi |last3=Shiraishi |first3=Norio |last4=Kitano |first4=Seigo |date=April 2008 |title=Laparoscopic Treatment for a Case of Ileal Anisakiasis |journal=Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=216–218 |doi=10.1097/SLE.0b013e318166145c |pmid=18427347}}</ref> although treatment with [[albendazole]] alone (avoiding surgery) has been reported to be successful. [[Intestinal perforation]] (an emergency) is a possible complication.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pacios |first1=Enrique |last2=Arias-Diaz |first2=Javier |last3=Zuloaga |first3=Jaime |last4=Gonzalez-Armengol |first4=Juan |last5=Villarroel |first5=Pedro |last6=Balibrea |first6=Jose L. |date=December 2005 |title=Albendazole for the Treatment of Anisakiasis Ileus |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=41 |issue=12 |pages=1825–1826 |doi=10.1086/498309 |pmid=16288416 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Allergic reactions===
Even when the fish is thoroughly cooked, ''Anisakis'' larvae pose a health risk to humans. Anisakids (and related species such as the sealworm, ''Pseudoterranova'' species, and the codworm ''Hysterothylacium aduncum'') release many [[biochemical]]s into the surrounding tissues when they infect a fish. They are also often consumed whole, accidentally, inside a fillet of fish.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

[[File:Anisakids.jpg|thumb|right|Anisakid larvae in the body cavity of a [[herring]] (''Clupea harengus'')]]

Acute allergic manifestations, such as [[urticaria]] and [[anaphylaxis]], may occur with or without accompanying gastrointestinal symptoms. The frequency of allergic symptoms in connection with fish ingestion has led to the concept of gastroallergic anisakiasis, an acute IgE-mediated generalized reaction.<ref name=Audicana/> Occupational allergy, including asthma, conjunctivitis, and contact dermatitis, has been observed in fish processing workers.<ref name=Nieuwenhuizen>{{cite journal  | last1 = Nieuwenhuizen  | first1 = N  | title = Exposure to the Fish Parasite Anisakis Causes Allergic Airway Hyperreactivity and Dermatitis  | journal = The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology  | volume = 117  | issue = 5  | year = 2003  | pages = 1098–105  | pmid = 16675338  | last2 = Lopata  | first2 = AL  | last3 = Jeebhay  | first3 = MF  | last4 = Herbert  | first4 = DR  | last5 = Robins  | first5 = TG  | last6 = Brombacher  | first6 = F  | doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.1357| doi-access = free  }}</ref>
sensitization and allergy is determined by skin-prick test and detection of specific antibodies against ''Anisakis''. Hypersensitivity is indicated by a rapid rise in levels of [[immunoglobulin E|IgE]] in the first several days following consumption of infected fish.<ref name=Audicana/> A 2018 review of cases in France has shown that allergic cases were more commonly found, although the number of human ''Anisakis'' infections was decreasing.<ref name="YeraFréalle2018">{{cite journal |last1=Yera |first1=Hélène |last2=Fréalle |first2=Émilie |last3=Dutoit |first3=Emmanuel |last4=Dupouy-Camet |first4=Jean |title=A national retrospective survey of anisakidosis in France (2010-2014): decreasing incidence, female predominance, and emerging allergic potential |journal=Parasite |date=11 April 2018 |volume=25 |pages=23 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2018016 |pmid=29637891 |pmc=5894341}}</ref>

==Occurrence==
[[File:004 Fish parasites marked with circles - anisakis nematode parasites in mackerel fish caught in Norway.jpg|thumb|right|Anisakid larvae in the body cavity of a mackerel (''Scomber scombrus'')]]
Larval anisakids are common parasites of marine and anadromous fish (e.g. [[salmon]], [[sardine]]), and can also be found in squid and cuttlefish. In contrast, they are absent from fish in waters of low salinity, due to the physiological requirements of [[krill]], which are involved in the completion of the worm's life cycle.
Anisakids are also uncommon in areas where [[cetacea]]ns are rare, such as the southern [[North Sea]].<ref name="Grabda1976">{{cite journal |last1=Grabda |first1=Jadwiga |title=Studies on the life cycle and morphogenesis of Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809) (Nematoda: Anisakidae) cultured in vitro |journal=Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria |date=30 June 1976 |volume=06 |issue=1 |pages=119–141 |doi=10.3750/AIP1976.06.1.08 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Due to having complex life cycles, species-specific relationships and their eggs being released in the feces of their definitive host, the identification of anisakids in local fish populations can be a useful tool in assessing the range or migratory patterns of their definitive host.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Klimpel |first1=Sven |last2=Kuhn |first2=Thomas |last3=Busch |first3=Markus W. |last4=Karl |first4=Horst |last5=Palm |first5=Harry W. |title=Deep-water life cycle of Anisakis paggiae (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in the Irminger Sea indicates kogiid whale distribution in north Atlantic waters |journal=Polar Biology |date=June 2011 |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=899–906 |doi=10.1007/s00300-010-0946-1|bibcode=2011PoBio..34..899K |s2cid=41015930 }}</ref>

Unusual hosts of ''Anisakis'' larvae in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], rarely reported, include [[seabird]]s, [[shark]]s, or [[sea krait]]s.<ref name="ShamsiBriand2017">{{cite journal |last1=Shamsi |first1=Shokoofeh |last2=Briand |first2=Marine J. |last3=Justine |first3=Jean-Lou |title=Occurrence of ''Anisakis'' (Nematoda: Anisakidae) larvae in unusual hosts in Southern hemisphere |journal=Parasitology International |date=December 2017 |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=837–840 |doi=10.1016/j.parint.2017.08.002 |pmid=28797592 }}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
There are currently 13 species known to exist in this genus, with 12 formally described and one additional species given a temporary name (''A. simplex'' sensu Davey, 1971 is a temporary name). There are three additional species classified as ''[[Species inquirenda|taxon inquirendum]]'' (''A. dussumierii'' (Brenden, 1870), ''A. insignis'' (Diesing, 1851), and ''A. salaris'' (Gmelin, 1790) Yamaguti, 1935). There is one another species classified as nomen dubium (''A. diomedeae'' (Linstow)). An additional 17 species names are now currently considered synonyms for the 13 species believed to exist in this genus.<ref>[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=22832 Anisakis Dujardin, 1845]</ref>

== Similar parasites ==
* Cod or seal worm ''[[Pseudoterranova]] (Phocanema, Terranova) decipiens ''
* ''[[Contracaecum]]'' spp.
* ''[[Hysterothylacium (Thynnascaris)]]'' spp.

== See also ==
* [[List of parasites of humans]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Medical resources
|  DiseasesDB     = 32147
|  ICD11          = 1F61
|  ICD10          = B81.0
|  ICD9           = {{ICD9|127.1}}
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|  eMedicineSubj  = 
|  eMedicineTopic = 
|  MeshID         = D017129
}}
* [https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/anisakiasis/index.html CDC page on Anisakiasis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928081429/http://www.daveproject.org/ViewFilms.cfm?film_id=220 Endoscopy video of Anisakiasis]
* [http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/172/3/329 Sushi, nematodes and allergies in Canada]

{{Fish disease topics}}
{{Helminthiases}}
{{Consumer Food Safety}}
{{Taxonbar |from=Q548871}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Parasitic nematodes of fish]]
[[Category:Parasitic nematodes of mammals]]
[[Category:Zoonotic parasitic diseases]]
[[Category:Ascaridomorpha]]
[[Category:Rhabditida genera]]