View source for Anil Moonesinghe

{{Short description|Sri Lankan politician (1927–2002)}}
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{{Tone|date=July 2018}}
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{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[The Honourable|Hon.]]
| name                = Anil Kumar Moonesinghe
| honorific-suffix    = 
| image               = Anil Moonesinghe.jpg
| caption             = 
| constituency_MP1     = [[Kalutara Electoral District|Kalutara District]]
| parliament1          = Sri Lankan
| majority1            =
| term_start1          = 1989
| term_end1            = 2000
| predecessor1         =
| successor1           = 
| constituency_MP2     = [[Matugama Electoral District|Matugama]]
| parliament2          = Sri Lankan
| majority2            =
| term_start2          = 1983
| term_end2            = 1989
| predecessor2         = [[Reginald V. Wijegunaratne]]
| successor2           = 
| constituency_MP3     = [[Agalawatte Electoral District|Agalawatte]]
| parliament3          = Ceylon
| majority3            =
| term_start3          = 1956
| term_end3            = 1967
| predecessor3         = [[C.W.W. Kannangara]]
| successor3           = [[Colvin R de Silva]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1927|02|15|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Colombo]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2002|12|08|1927|02|15|df=y}}
| death_place         = Colombo
| nationality         = [[Sri Lanka]]n
| party               = [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]]
| otherparty          = [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]], [[Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944)|Revolutionary Communist Party]], [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]
| spouse              = [[Jeanne Hoban]], Joan de Zilva
| partner             = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married -->
| relations           = [[Don Carolis Hewavitharana]], [[Anagarika Dharmapala]], [[Susil Moonesinghe]], [[Mangala Moonesinghe]]
| children            = Janaki, Vinod, Previn, Priyanka
| residence           = [[Welikadawatte]], Kirulapone
| alma_mater          = [[Royal College, Colombo]]
| occupation          = Politician, [[Trade Unionist]]
| profession          = Lawyer
| signature           =
| website             =
| footnotes           =
}}
'''Anil Moonesinghe''' (15 February 1927 – 8 December 2002) was a Sri Lankan [[Trotskyist]] revolutionary politician and trade unionist. He became a member of parliament, a Cabinet Minister of Transport in 1964, the [[Deputy Speaker]] of Parliament from 1994 to 2000 and a diplomat. He has authored several books and edited newspapers and magazines. He was chairman and general manager of a State corporation. He briefly held the honorary rank of [[colonel]].

==Background and education==
Moonesinghe was born in [[Colombo]] Sri Lanka (then called [[Ceylon]]), on 15 February 1927. A member of the family of [[Anagarika Dharmapala]], who named him 'Anil Kumar', he was raised with [[Buddhist]] and [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] nationalist values, as well as a strong opposition to the colonial power, [[British Empire|Britain]].

He attended [[Royal College, Colombo]], an elite institution known for producing many [[Extremism|radicals]], civil servants and [[bourgeois]] politicians, where he excelled in [[Sport of athletics|athletics]] and earned his colors. During the [[Second World War]], he organized a group of boys to aid the Japanese in the event of a landing on the island, earning himself the nickname '[[Rommel]]' at school. Later, he became influenced by [[communism]], expressing admiration for the [[Red Air Force]]. Alongside [[Osmund Jayaratne]] and Dicky Attygala, he formed a communist group at [[Royal College, Colombo|Royal College]], which eventually adopted a Trotskyist stance.

Moonesinghe went on to [[University College Ceylon]] (which later became [[University of Ceylon]]), where he excelled in athletics. He represented his university at the All India Universities Athletic Meet held in [[Lahore]] in 1944, an event held regularly during that time. He briefly taught at [[Royal Preparatory School|Royal Primary School]], which had been relocated to [[Glendale Bungalow]], [[Bandarawela]]. He was awarded an exhibition to the [[University of London]] and traveled to Britain in 1945 aboard a [[troopship]]. When news of [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]]'s defeat in the general election reached the ship, all the soldiers on board cheered and threw their caps in the air, which greatly encouraged him.

==Revolutionary Communist Party==
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Jeanne1958.jpg|thumb|left|Jeanne Hoban in 1958|{{deletable image-caption|1=Saturday, 21 March 2009}}]] -->
At [[University College, London]], he studied law. It was during this time that he met his future wife, [[Jeanne Hoban]], a member of the [[Communist Party of Great Britain]] (CPGB) whom he influenced towards Trotskyism. He also befriended [[Stan Newens]], who would later serve as a [[Co-operative Party|Labour & Co-op]] MP. They joined the [[Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944)|Revolutionary Communist Party]] (RCP), where they were affiliated with the faction led by [[Tony Cliff]], known as the 'State-Caps' due to their characterization of the USSR as 'State-Capitalist'. 
The group later became the Socialist Review Group (SRG), centered around the publication [[Socialist Review]], which eventually evolved into the [[Socialist Workers Party (Britain)|Socialist Workers Party]] (SWP). Both Anil and Jeanne were in attendance at the founding conference of the SRG.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Birchall|first1=Ian |title=A socialist diamond jubilee|url=http://socialistreview.org.uk/351/socialist-diamond-jubilee |website=Socialist Review|publisher=socialistreview.org.uk|access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref>
Through his involvement in the group, he became acquainted with [[Max Shachtman]] and his theory of 'bureaucratic revolution'. He also interacted with figures like [[Jock Haston]] and [[Ted Grant]]. Within the RCP, he used the pseudonym 'Anil Kumaran'.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Plant |first1=John |title=Marking the death of Cyril Smith |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/smith-cyril/obituary.htm |website=Marxists Internet Archive |publisher=marxists.org |access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref>

===Marriage===
For a period, he worked as an overhead crane operator at Southern Forge Ltd in [[Langley, Slough]]. He married Jeanne Hoban in 1948, and together they moved into a houseboat named 'Red October' that they constructed themselves, located on the Thames near Marlow. They both joined the Labour Party in [[Slough]], following a faction of the RCP led by Jock Haston. Anil became a speaker for the National Council of Labour Colleges, while Jeanne was elected to the Executive of the [[Labour Leagues of Youth]] and later placed on the list of Labour Parliamentary candidates. They were both connected with the MP for Slough, [[Fenner Brockway]], and with [[George Padmore]], the prophet of Black African Liberation.

==LSSP Days==
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Anil Agalawatte 1958.jpg|thumb|right|Anil Moonesinghe addresses a LSSP rally in Agalawatte 21 December 1958]] -->
In 1952, Anil was urgently summoned back to Colombo by his parents. After being called to the Bar, he practiced law throughout the island. Both he and Jeanne joined the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] (LSSP) and worked with the [[Lanka Estate Workers' Union]] (LEWU), which organized laborers on the tea and rubber plantations. Despite Ceylon gaining a form of independence in 1948, British influence remained strong on the island. British planters pressured the government to [[deport]] Jeanne, but she went into hiding, and the LSSP successfully fought to prevent her deportation.

In 1954,  the LEWU sent Anil to the Mohomediya Estate in [[Agalawatte]], located in the Pasdun Korale, to organize a strike. His efforts were so successful that the Agalawatte branch of the LSSP requested him as the party's parliamentary candidate for the constituency. At that time, the seat was held by the [[United National Party]] (UNP) with a comfortable majority, as the plantation workers, a significant minority of the electorate, had been disenfranchised by the UNP government in 1949. In 1956, he won the election and represented Agalawatte in Parliament for 11 years. During his tenure, he worked diligently for his constituency, constructing roads and schools through self-help initiatives and advocating for the welfare of the poorest sections, particularly the neglected lower [[castes]].

He also successfully contested the working-class Dematagoda [[Ward (politics)|Ward]] of the [[Colombo Municipal Council]]. However, his commitments in Agalawatte demanded so much of his time that he was unable to dedicate sufficient attention to his responsibilities in the ward.

Together with Jeanne, he joined Sri Lanka's first [[co-operative]] housing scheme, the Gothatuwa Building Society. This initiative was founded by Herbert Keuneman, [[Seneka Bibile]], 'Bonnie' Fernando and other members of the radical [[intelligentsia]]. Their involvement contributed to the establishment of the [[Welikadawatte]] housing estate, which became known as a hub of intellectual creativity.

He was elected to the Central Committee of the LSSP and then onto its Political Bureau ([[Politburo]]), a position he never lost until he left the party. In 1956 he spoke in Parliament condemning the [[Soviet invasion of Hungary]]. In 1960, [[Yugoslavia]] opened an embassy in Colombo, and he advised the new ambassador unofficially on how to operate in Sri Lanka.

In 1963, he attended an [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] conference in Yugoslavia. During this visit, he closely observed the operation of [[Workers' Councils]] and was deeply impressed by the level of open debate within these councils. This experience proved valuable to him in later years.

===Cabinet Minister===
At the 1964 LSSP conference, he was aligned with Dr [[N.M. Perera]] on the question of whether or not to enter the [[Coalition Government]] of Mrs [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]. The party did enter the government and he became one of the first three Trotskyist cabinet ministers. He received the portfolio of Communications (Transport) and set to work to build up the country's transport resources. He established [[Employees’ council|Employees' Councils]] to help run the [[Sri Lanka Railways|Ceylon Government Railway]] and the [[Ceylon Transport Board]] (CTB). He obtained a large parcel of land in the centre of Colombo for establishing a Central Bus Station (CBS) in close proximity to the main Fort Railway Station. The construction of the [[Bandaranaike International Airport|new International Airport]] at [[Katunayake]] (a former [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] base which had been taken over in 1957) was also started by him. He negotiated an agreement with the [[FIAT]] company to build buses in Sri Lanka. However, the government was defeated shortly thereafter and he was unable to complete his work – the next government did not sign the agreement with FIAT.

===Back in opposition===
At the next general election, at which the coalition was defeated, he held his Parliamentary seat. However, in 1967 he lost it on an election petition, although the LSSP retained the Agalawatte seat at the subsequent by-election. He was editor of the daily ''[[Janadina]]'' newspaper for a short while around this time.

In 1966, the police arrested several lower-ranking soldiers and civilians, implicated in an alleged attempted coup d'état, the so-called '[[1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt|Lavatory Coup]]'. Several army officers, including the Army Commander Major General [[Richard Udugama]], were dismissed or suspended. Moonesinghe was lawyer for the 9th accused, Mayadunne, in the subsequent trial.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Magistrate's Court of Colombo |title=The Queen v. Rev. H. Gnanaseeha Thero and 21 Others |url=http://www.lawnet.lk/docs/case_law/nlr/common/html/NLR73V154.htm |website=lawnet.lk |access-date=15 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716205838/http://www.lawnet.lk/docs/case_law/nlr/common/html/NLR73V154.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref>

He visited [[Czechoslovakia]] during the '[[Prague Spring]]' and was again impressed by the activities of the [[Workers' Councils]] there. He later wrote a book condemning the Soviet invasion which ousted [[Alexander Dubček]].

He succeeded Dr N.M. Perera as president of the redoubtable [[All Ceylon United Motor Workers' Union]] (ACUMWU). He also set about organising the [[United Corporations and Mercantile Union]] (UCMU) which brought together workers in government corporations, and of which he was general secretary. He went around the country from factory to factory and built up a union of several tens of thousands of members. One of his lieutenants in this task was [[Vasudeva Nanayakkara]], who became an MP in 1970. At the 1970 general election, the UCMU also sponsored the candidature of novice [[Mahinda Rajapakse]], who was the chairman of its Vidyodaya University branch and who was later to become Prime Minister and then President of Sri Lanka.

===CTB chairman===
After the 1970 election, at which the [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]] (UF) won a landslide victory, the workers at the CTB spontaneously established workers' committees and took over the running of the institution. They also asked for Anil Moonesinghe to be made chairman of the board. The new Government therefore appointed him chairman and general manager. Thus began the most successful years of the CTB as an institution. For the last two of the five years he was there, the CTB ran at a profit, while providing a service which was never previously or subsequently matched. In this he was aided by his Minister, [[Leslie Goonewardene]].

<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Anil Thalangama Depot 1970.jpg|thumb|right|Anil Moonesinghe (at centre in white bush shirt) enters Thalangama depot shortly after being appointed chairman, CTB, June 1970]] -->
Senior citizens still nostalgically refer to the CTB under Moonesinghe, which provided an efficient and disciplined service to the public.<ref>{{cite news |title=Resurrecting the CTB |url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2005/03/27/editorial.html |access-date=15 July 2018 |work=The Sunday Observer |date=27 March 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204040201/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2005/03/27/editorial.html |archive-date=4 February 2012}}</ref> He would dress in a bush shirt and trousers and operate as a one-man flying squad to catch errant bus crews in the act, lying in wait in his metallic blue [[Volkswagen Variant]] or his [[Citroën 2CV]] at places like Dematagoda Junction to prowl on them.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Edirisuriya |first1=Chandra |title=To mark landmark foreign participation in public transport in Sri Lanka : Annals of omnibus transport |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/12/18/fea08.html |access-date=15 July 2018 |work=Daily News |date=18 December 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204034331/http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/12/18/fea08.html |archive-date=4 February 2012}}</ref> Stories would abound (all untrue) of him being spotted disguised with a beard. To prove that eight buses could be serviced in a day, he once personally carried out eight vehicle services at the Central Workshops, Werahera.

In addition to the role in management of the Employees' Councils (which the workers' committees were transformed into after being properly constituted, with democratic elections supervised by the Elections Commission), commuter organisations were included in an advisory role. The services were expanded and measures were taken to improve efficiency, including rationalising bus types. The CTB started buying buses from the [[Isuzu]] Company of Japan, to offset any cartelisation by [[TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company|Tata]] and [[Ashok Leyland]], the main suppliers, and also purchased [[Ikarus Bus|Ikarus]] buses from Hungary. Several new bus stands and bus depots were established. A modern, multi-storied bus station was planned at the CBS, complete with hotel and cinema, but this would never be completed.

Moonesinghe also took measures to build up local industry and the CTB became well equipped with foundries and workshops: the Central Workshop at Werahera became the largest in South Asia. The local modification of ticket machines was started after employees pointed out many unsuitable features, and a new workshop was acquired for this. In 1974 he started the assembly of bus chassis and prototypes of a locally manufactured bus and a car rolled out of Werahera.

In 1971, when the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] (JVP) staged an insurrection, he formed a 2,000-strong paramilitary body, the [[Hansa Regiment]] (of which he was honorary Colonel), from among the employees of the CTB to guard bus depots, bus stops and workshops. He also created 'CANTAB', a secret intelligence organisation, the agents of whom were employees of the CTB, which provided accurate reports of the strength and distribution of JVP units.

At this time he joined the editorial board of ''State'', a theoretical journal of the LSSP, published in three languages.

In 1975, Leslie Gunawardena and he were preparing the ground for a major shift in the management of the CTB, whereby Employees' Council representatives were to form half the board of directors. However, in September that year the UF broke up and the LSSP Ministers were removed, so Anil resigned from the CTB.

===Back in opposition===
He was briefly employed at this time, by the Government of [[Guyana]], as a consultant on transport.

He contested the 1977 election for the [[Matugama]] constituency, which lay next to Agalawatte. He was narrowly beaten into third place by the sitting member of the SLFP. He became deputy secretary of the LSSP in 1978, having supported the group led by NM Perera at that year's conference. In 1980, he was arrested for his part in the General Strike, but later released without any charges being made. At this time he wrote a book on the repression of the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] union in [[Poland]].

About this time, he coined the term 'Casino Capitalism' to describe the economic set-up under the UNP regime.<ref>{{cite news |title=Respond firmly to crime |url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/news_update/EditorialReviews/erev200103/20010327editorialreview.html |access-date=15 July 2018 |agency=Daily News |date=27 March 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050420140625/http://www.priu.gov.lk/news_update/EditorialReviews/erev200103/20010327editorialreview.html |archive-date=20 April 2005}}</ref>

==SLFP Days==
He split from the LSSP in 1982 over its refusal to go into coalition with Mrs [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]'s [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party]] (SLFP), forming the [[Sri Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] (SLSSP) with other breakaways. He supported [[Hector Kobbekaduwa]] at the Presidential Election of that year. In 1983 the SLSSP dissolved itself and he joined the SLFP and contested the Matugama seat at a by-election and won. He represented Matugama until 1989 and then was one of the MPs – under [[proportional representation]] – for the [[Kalutara District]] until 2000. During the 1983 anti-Tamil pogrom, he intervened to save several people from death. During the 'White Terror' of 1988–90, he was active in saving hundreds of suspects from [[summary execution]] – at one point having to threaten an Army commandant with attack.

In the early 1990s he was elected a vice-president of the SLFP and was part of a re-organisation drive led by [[Anura Bandaranaike]], DM Jayaratne, Berty Premalal Dissanayake and [[Mahinda Rajapakse]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Obeyesekere |first1=Upali |title=Long trek from Weeraketiya to President's House |url=http://www.lankaeverything.com/vinews/politics/20060306162525.php |access-date=15 July 2018 |publisher=Lankaeverything.com |date=6 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928090539/http://www.lankaeverything.com/vinews/politics/20060306162525.php |archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref>

In opposition, he was the spokesperson for Transport (he was also President of the Sri Lanka National Transport Workers' Union) and, being acknowledged as the best man to take care of the public transport sector, was expected to receive that portfolio in the event of the SLFP returning to power. However, after the victory in 1994 of the [[People's Alliance (Sri Lanka)|People's Alliance]], the new prime minister, [[Chandrika Kumaratunga]] did not care to revive the CTB and did not make Moonesinghe a Minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=Battling iron-eating rats in the CTB |url=http://www.island.lk/2008/09/04/editorial.html |access-date=15 July 2018 |agency=The Island |date=4 September 2008}}</ref>

Instead, he became [[deputy speaker]] and chairman of Committees of Parliament. Soon after this, he was elected president of the [[Mahabodhi Society]], a Buddhist Missionary organisation headquartered in Colombo.

He was disoriented by the rather [[Derogatory use of 'Byzantine'|Byzantine]] internal politics of the SLFP. In the LSSP debate was out open and was democratic, with matters being finally settled with a vote. His habit of speaking his mind, which had only irritated others in the LSSP, proved to be a liability in his new political home. After becoming Deputy Speaker, he grew close to Mrs Bandaranaike, who had herself been deserted by many of her closest allies. Her death affected him deeply.

==Diplomat==
In 2000 he was appointed Sri Lanka's ambassador to [[Austria]], the UN and accredited to the [[Yugoslavia|former Yugoslav republics]], [[Hungary]], the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]]. On 14 March 2002 he presented his credentials as the first Sri Lankan ambassador to [[Croatia]]. He had a close relationship with [[Václav Havel]], the president of the Czech Republic, due to his connections with the oppositional movement in Czechoslovakia since the Prague Spring.

After the victory of the UNP at the general election of December 2001, he was recalled.

He died on 8 December 2002 in Colombo. He left four children, Janaki, Vinod, Previn and Priyanka, the last two by a second marriage to Joan de Zilva.

==Publications==
* [http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/win/vol07/no06/indonesia.htm Kumaran, Anil (pseudonym). "The Indonesian Movement", ''Workers’ International News'', January–February 1949.]
* [https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/ys-ceylon/n04-v01n04-jan-mar-1962-young-socialist.pdf Moonasinghe, Anil. "Accumulation in backward countries", ''Young Socialist'', January-March 1962]
* Moonesinghe, Anil, ''Chekoslovækiyava'', Janadina Publications, Colombo, 1968.
* Moonesinghe, Anil, "The Nature of the State", ''State'', Colombo, 1975, No 1.
* Moonesinghe, Anil, ''Polanthaya – 1980'', Janadina Publications, Colombo, 1980.

==See also==
*[[Sri Lankan Non Career Diplomats]]
*[[List of political families in Sri Lanka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050309193921/http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/12/09/pol01.html 'Anil Moonesinghe dies', ''Daily News'', 9 December 2002]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041228090906/http://www.dailynews.lk/2003/12/06/fea04.html Anura Bandaranaike, 'Anil Moonesinghe: an appreciation', ''Daily News'', 6 December 2003]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204034344/http://www.dailynews.lk/2005/12/08/fea01.htm Dinesh Gunawardena, 'Anil Moonesinghe – a political and managerial visionary', ''Daily News'', 8 December 2005]
*[http://www.rootsweb.com/~lkawgw/gen3006.htm 'HEWAVITHARANA, (Wijeyaguneratne) Don Carolis – Family #3006', ''Sri Lankan Sinhalese Family Genealogy'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051210130125/http://www.dailynews.lk/2003/02/15/fea05.html 'Memories of Anil Moonesinghe', ''Daily News'', 15 February 2003]
*[https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2006/12/10/imp05.asp Vasudeva Nanyakkara, 'Anil Moonesinghe', ''Sunday Observer'', 10 December 2007]
*[http://sundaytimes.lk/960421/news3.html Roshan Peiris, 'Anil, 50 not out in politics: he misses the CTB', ''Sunday Times'', 21 April 1996]
*[https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2002/12/15/fea05.html Ajith Samaranayake, 'A Leftist to the last', ''Sunday Observer'', 15 December 2002]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050215035214/http://www.dailynews.lk/2004/12/08/fea04.html Nihal Seneviratne, 'Anil Kumar Moonesinghe: Stormy petrel of the Centre-Left', ''Daily News'', 8 December 2004]
*[http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2000/bio540.html 'New Permanent Representative of Sri Lanka Presents Credentials', ''UN Information Service, Vienna'', 4 October 2000]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110518213132/http://www.southasianmedia.net/profile/srilanka/srilanka_foreignrelations.cfm 'Sri Lanka: Foreign Affairs', ''South Asian Media Net'']}}
*[http://www.island.lk/2008/09/04/editorial.html 'Battling iron-eating rats in the CTB', ''The Island'', 4 September 2008.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081212020937/http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/12/08/fea02.asp  A leader par excellence]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091213011029/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/12/08/fea04.asp Scott Direckze, 'Anil K. Moonesinghe and the Citroen project', ''Daily News'', 8 December 2009]

{{Sri Lankan Telecommunications ministers}}
{{Members of 3rd Parliament of Ceylon}}
{{Members of 4th Parliament of Ceylon}}
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{{Members of 9th Parliament of Sri Lanka}}
{{Members of 10th Parliament of Sri Lanka}}

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[[Category:1927 births]]
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