View source for Anguilla

{{Short description|British Overseas Territory in the Leeward Islands}}
{{About|the Caribbean British Overseas Territory||Anguilla (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Anguillita|Antigua}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = Anguilla
| settlement_type = [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]
| image_flag = Flag of Anguilla.svg
| flag_size = 130
| flag_link = Flag of Anguilla
| image_seal = Coat of arms of Anguilla.svg
| seal_size = 65
| seal_type = Coat of arms
| seal_link = Coat of arms of Anguilla
| motto = "Unity, Strength and Endurance"
| anthem = "[[God Save the King]]"{{Efn|"God Save the King" is the [[national anthem]] by custom, not statute, and there is no authorised version. Typically only the first verse is usually sung, although the second verse is also often sung as well at state and public events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Anthem |url=https://www.royal.uk/encyclopedia/national-anthem |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=The Royal Family |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520130352/https://www.royal.uk/encyclopedia/national-anthem |url-status=live }}</ref> The words ''King, he, him, his'', used at present, are replaced by ''Queen, she, her'' when the monarch is female.}}<br />[[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the Queen.ogg|God Save the King / Queen <!-- Do not change file name due to computer error without ensuring that the file is playable. -->]]
| song_type = '''National song'''
| song = "[[God Bless Anguilla]]"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:National Anthem of Anguilla - God bless Anguilla.ogg]]</div>
| image_map = Anguilla in United Kingdom.svg
| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=red }}
| mapsize = 290px
| image_map2 = Anguilla - Location Map (2013) - AIA - UNOCHA.svg
| mapsize2 = 290px
| map_caption2 = 
| subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| established_title = [[Treaty of Breda (1667)|English control]]
| established_date = 1667
| established_title2 = [[Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla|Federation with Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
| established_date2 = 1871
| established_title3 = [[Republic of Anguilla|Secession and independence]]
| established_date3 = 12 July 1967
| established_title4 = British control restored
| established_date4 = 18 March 1969
| established_title5 = [[Anguilla Act 1980|Formal secession from Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
| established_date5 = 16 December 1980
| official_languages = English
| demonym = Anguillian
| capital = [[The Valley, Anguilla|The Valley]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|18|13|15|N|63|03|06|W|region:AI_type:city|display=inline}}
| largest_city = capital
| ethnic_groups = {{Plainlist|
* 85.3% [[Black British people|African]]
* 4.9% [[Latin American migration to the United Kingdom|Hispanic]]
* 3.8% [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed]]
* 3.2% [[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]
* 1.0% [[British Indian|Indian]]
* 1.9% [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|Other]]
* 0.3% No answer
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2011
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Anguilla|access-date=20 September 2019 |year=2019}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Monarch]]
| leader_name1 = {{Current UK monarch|Charles III}}
| leader_title2 = [[Governor of Anguilla|Governor]]
| leader_name2 = [[Julia Crouch (diplomat)|Julia Crouch]]
| leader_title3 = Deputy Governor
| leader_name3 = [[Perin A. Bradley]]
| leader_title4 = [[Premier of Anguilla|Premier]]
| leader_name4= [[Cora Richardson-Hodge]]
| legislature = [[House of Assembly (Anguilla)|House of Assembly]]
| national_representation = [[Government of the United Kingdom]]
| national_representation_type1 = [[Minister of State for Europe, North America and Overseas Territories|Minister]]
| national_representation1 = [[Stephen Doughty]]
| area_km2 = 91
| area_sq_mi =
| area_rank = <!-- Area rank should match List of countries and dependencies by area:none -->
| percent_water = negligible
| elevation_max_m = 73
| population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Anguilla}}{{UN_Population|ref}}
| population_census = 13,452
| population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}}
| population_estimate_rank = not ranked
| population_census_year = 2011
| population_density_km2 = 132
| population_density_rank = not ranked
| population_density_sq_mi = 342
| GDP_PPP = $311&nbsp;million<ref name="UN Data">{{cite web |url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Anguilla |title=UN Data |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230131850/http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Anguilla |archive-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2014
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,493
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal = US$307,000,000<ref>{{Cite web|last=UNCTAD|title=UNCTADstat - General Profile: Anguilla|url=http://unctadstat.unctad.org/countryprofile/generalprofile/en-gb/660/index.html|access-date=2021-08-09|website=UNCTADstat|language=en-GB|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809154623/http://unctadstat.unctad.org/countryprofile/generalprofile/en-gb/660/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2020
| GDP_nominal_rank =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| Gini =
| Gini_year =
| Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
| Gini_ref = 
| HDI = <!-- number only -->
| HDI_year = <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
| HDI_ref = 
| HDI_rank =
| currency = [[Eastern Caribbean dollar]]
| currency_code = XCD
| timezone = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset = −04:00
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on = left
| calling_code = [[North American Numbering Plan|+1]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]]
| postal_code = AI-2640
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:AI|AI]]
| cctld = [[.ai]]
|website=[https://gov.ai gov.ai] 
}}

'''Anguilla'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|æ|ŋ|ˈ|ɡ|w|ɪ|l|ə}} {{respell|ang|GWIL|ə}}}} is a [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]] in the [[Caribbean]].<ref name="Introduction ::Anguilla">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Anguilla|access-date=31 October 2009|year=2009}}</ref> It is one of the most northerly of the [[Leeward Islands]] in the [[Lesser Antilles]], lying east of [[Puerto Rico]] and the [[Virgin Islands]] and directly north of [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]].<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Anguilla-island-West-Indies |title=Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla |access-date=12 July 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807102108/https://www.britannica.com/place/Anguilla-island-West-Indies |url-status=live }}</ref> The territory consists of the main island of Anguilla, approximately {{convert|16|mi|km|abbr=off}} long by {{convert|3|mi|km|0}} wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and [[cay]]s with no permanent population. The territory's capital is [[The Valley, Anguilla|The Valley]].<ref name="CIA World Factbook- Anguilla">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Anguilla|access-date= 11 July 2019|year=2019}}</ref> The total land area of the territory is {{convert|35|mi2|km2}},<ref name="facts">{{cite web|title=Anguilla Facts|url=http://www.gov.ai/anguillafacts.php|publisher=Government of Anguilla|access-date=1 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517012925/http://www.gov.ai/anguillafacts.php|archive-date=17 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> with a population of approximately {{UN_Population|Anguilla}}{{UN_Population|ref}} ({{UN_Population|Year}}).

==Etymology==
The native [[Arawak]] name for the island was ''Malliouhana''.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/>

In reference to the island's shape, the Italian ''{{lang|it|anguilla}}'', meaning "eel" (in turn, from the Latin diminutive of ''anguis'', "snake") was used as its name.<ref name="CIA World Factbook- Anguilla"/>{{sfnp|Martin|1839}}{{sfnp|EB|1878}}{{sfnp|EB|1911}} Anguillan tradition holds that [[Christopher Columbus]] named the island.<ref name=Africana>{{cite encyclopedia | last = Robinson | first = Lisa Clayton | year = 2005 |chapter = Anguilla | title = Encyclopedia of Africa | volume = 1 | edition = 2 | pages = 212–213 | publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn =  9780195223255 | editor1-last = Appiah | editor1-first = Kwame Anthony | editor2-last = Gates | editor2-first = Henry Louis Jr. }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Anguilla}}
[[File:Wallblake House, The Valley.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wallblake House]], a plantation house thought to be the oldest building in Anguilla]]
Anguilla was first settled by Indigenous American peoples who migrated from South America.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/> The earliest Native American artefacts found on Anguilla have been dated to around 1300&nbsp;BC; remains of settlements date from AD&nbsp;600.<ref>''Caribbean Islands'', Sarah Cameron (Footprint Travel Guides), p. 466 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=G74-rZzX64cC Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407032148/https://books.google.com/books?id=G74-rZzX64cC |date=7 April 2023 }})</ref><ref name=gov>{{citation |contribution=Anguilla's History |contribution-url=http://gov.ai/elections/anguillahistory.htm |publisher=Government of Anguilla |title=The Anguilla House of Assembly Elections<!--sic--> |year=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813051037/http://gov.ai/elections/anguillahistory.htm |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-date=13 August 2007 }}</ref>
There are two known [[petroglyph]] sites in Anguilla: Big Spring and Fountain Cavern. The rock ledges of Big Spring contain more than 100 petroglyphs (dating back to AD&nbsp;600–1200), the majority consisting of three indentations that form faces.<ref>Source: [https://axanationaltrust.com/protected-areas/ The Anguilla National Trust - Preservation for Generations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406224250/https://axanationaltrust.com/protected-areas/ |date=6 April 2023 }}.</ref>

Precisely when Anguilla was first seen by Europeans is uncertain: some sources claim that Columbus sighted the island during his second voyage in 1493, while others state that the first European explorer was the [[Kingdom of France|French]] Huguenot nobleman and merchant [[René Goulaine de Laudonnière]] in 1564.<ref name=gov/> The [[Dutch West India Company]] established a fort on the island in 1631. However, the Company later withdrew after its fort was destroyed by the Spanish in 1633.<ref>Source: [http://www.atlasofmutualheritage.nl/nl/Anguilla.1009p Atlas of Mutual Heritage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004331/http://www.atlasofmutualheritage.nl/nl/Anguilla.1009p |date=29 January 2018 }}.</ref>

Traditional accounts state that Anguilla was first colonised by [[Kingdom of England|English]] settlers from [[Saint Kitts]] beginning in 1650.{{sfnp|Martin|1839}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Historical Geography of the British Colonies: The West Indies|first=Charles Prestwood|last=Lucas|page=143|isbn=978-1-4590-0868-7|publisher=General Books LLC|year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Anguilla-island-West-Indies |title=Encyclopedia Britannica - Anguilla |access-date=12 July 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807102108/https://www.britannica.com/place/Anguilla-island-West-Indies |url-status=live }}</ref> The settlers focused on planting tobacco, and to a lesser extent cotton.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/> The French temporarily took over the island in 1666 but returned it to English control under the terms of the [[Treaty of Breda (1667)|Treaty of Breda]] the next year.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/> Major John Scott, who visited in September 1667, wrote of leaving the island "in good condition" and noted that in July 1668, "200 or 300 people fled thither in time of war".<ref>British Colonial and State Papers 1661–1668, 16 November 1667 and 9 July 1668.</ref> The French attacked again in 1688, [[Battle of Anguilla|1745]] and 1798, causing much destruction but failing to capture the island.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/><ref name=gov/>

It is likely that the early European settlers brought enslaved Africans with them. Historians confirm that [[Atlantic slave trade|African slaves]] lived in the region in the early 17th century, such as slaves from [[Senegal]] living on St Kitts in the mid-1600s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hubbard |first1=Vincent K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NMcnAAAAYAAJ&q=senegal |title=A History of St Kitts: The Sweet Trade |publisher=Macmillan |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-333-74760-5 |language=en |access-date=9 February 2021 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530191503/https://books.google.com/books?id=NMcnAAAAYAAJ&q=senegal |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1672 a slave depot existed on the island of [[Nevis]], serving the [[Leeward Islands]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walicek |first=Don E. |date=2012-06-17 |title=Migration from Anguilla to 18th Century Puerto Rico: A Socio-linguistic Approach to African Identities in Caribbean Context |url=https://revistas.upr.edu/index.php/cih/article/view/16400/13936 |journal=Cuadernos de Investigación Histórica |language=es |issue=7 |pages=51–68 |issn=3065-6591}}</ref> While the time of African arrival in Anguilla is difficult to place precisely, archival evidence indicates a substantial African presence of at least 100 enslaved people by 1683; these seem to have come from Central Africa as well as West Africa.<ref name="Walicek, Don E 2009. pp. 349-3722">Walicek, Don E. (2009). "The Founder Principle and Anguilla's Homestead Society," ''Gradual Creolization: Studies Celebrating Jacques Arends'', ed. by M. van den Berg, H. Cardoso, and R. Selbach. (Creole Language Library Series 34), Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 349–372.</ref> The slaves were forced to work on the sugar plantations which had begun to replace tobacco as Anguilla's main crop.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla2"/> Over time, the African slaves and their descendants came to vastly outnumber the white settlers.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla2"/> The African slave trade was eventually terminated within the British Empire in 1807, and slavery outlawed completely in 1834.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla2">{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Anguilla-island-West-Indies |access-date=12 July 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807102108/https://www.britannica.com/place/Anguilla-island-West-Indies |url-status=live }}</ref> Many planters subsequently sold up or left the island.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla2"/>

During the early colonial period, Anguilla was administered by the British through Antigua; in 1825, it was placed under the administrative control of nearby Saint Kitts.<ref name=gov/> Anguilla was federated with St Kitts and Nevis in 1882, against the wishes of many Anguillans.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/> Economic stagnation, and the severe effects of several droughts in the 1890s and later the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s led many Anguillans to emigrate for better prospects elsewhere.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/>

[[File:Flag of Anguilla (1967–1969).svg|thumb|left|Flag of the short-lived Republic of Anguilla]]

Full adult suffrage was introduced to Anguilla in 1952.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/> After a brief period as part of the [[West Indies Federation]] (1958–1962), the island of Anguilla became part of the [[associated state]] of [[Saint Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla]] with full internal autonomy in 1967.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Kitts-and-Nevis |title=Encyclopedia Britannica – St Kitts and Nevis |access-date=10 July 2019 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803155513/https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Kitts-and-Nevis |url-status=live }}</ref> However many Anguillans had no wish to be a part of this union, and resented the dominance of St Kitts within it. On 30 May, 1967, Anguillans forcibly ejected the St Kitts police force from the island and declared their separation from St Kitts following a [[1967 Anguillan separation referendum|referendum]].<ref name=DD>[http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=ai011967 Anguilla, 11 July 1967: Separation from St Kitts and Nevis; Peace Committee as Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626122436/http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=ai011967 |date=26 June 2015 }} Direct Democracy {{in lang|de}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/><ref>Noack, David X., [https://amerika21.de/analyse/160106/anguilla-kolonie-separatisten ''Die abtrünnige Republik Anguilla''], amerika21.de, 27 September 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2017. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417180508/https://amerika21.de/analyse/160106/anguilla-kolonie-separatisten |date=17 April 2019 }}.</ref> The events, led by [[Atlin Harrigan]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gov.ai/documents/budget/Budget_2009.pdf |title=Budget Address 2009, 'Strengthening the Collective: We are the Solution' |access-date=22 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020162301/http://www.gov.ai/documents/budget/Budget_2009.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=live  }}</ref> and [[Ronald Webster]] among others, became known as the Anguillan Revolution; its goal was not independence per se, but rather independence from Saint Kitts and Nevis and a return to being a British colony.

With negotiations failing to break the deadlock, a [[1969 Anguillan constitutional referendum|second referendum]] confirming Anguillans' desire for separation from St Kitts was held and the [[Republic of Anguilla]] was declared unilaterally, with Ronald Webster as president. Efforts by British envoy [[William Whitlock (politician)|William Whitlock]] failed to break the impasse and [[Operation Sheepskin|300 British troops were subsequently sent in March 1969]].<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/> British authority was restored, and confirmed by the [[Anguilla Act 1971]] (c. 63) of July 1971.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/> In 1980, Anguilla was finally allowed to formally secede from Saint Kitts and Nevis and become a separate [[British Crown colony]] (now a [[British overseas territory]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |date=2013 |title=The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ |pages=656–657 |publisher=Abc-Clio |isbn=9780313344978 |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530191504/https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Hubbard>{{cite book|last1=Hubbard|first1=Vincent|title=A History of St. Kitts|date=2002|publisher=Macmillan Caribbean|isbn=9780333747605|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofstkitts00vinc/page/147 147–149]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofstkitts00vinc/page/147}}</ref><ref name="britannica.com"/><ref name="Introduction ::Anguilla"/><ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/> Since then, Anguilla has been politically stable, and has seen a large growth in its tourism and offshore financing sectors.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/>

== Geography and geology ==
{{Main|Geography of Anguilla}}
[[File:Anguilla-aerial view western portion.jpg|thumb|right|An aerial view of the western portion of the island of Anguilla. The Blowing Point ferry terminal is visible in the lower right, as are (right to left) Shaddick Point, Rendezvous Bay, Cove Bay and Maundays Bay.]]

Anguilla is a flat, low-lying island of [[coral]] and [[limestone]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]], measuring some 16 miles (26&nbsp;km) long and 3.5 miles (6&nbsp;km) in width.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/> It lies to the east of [[Puerto Rico]] and the [[Virgin Islands]] and directly north of [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]], separated from that island by the [[Anguilla Channel]].<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/><ref name="CIA World Factbook- Anguilla"/> The soil is generally thin and poor, supporting scrub, tropical and forest vegetation.<ref name="CIA World Factbook- Anguilla"/> The terrain is generally low-lying, with the highest terrain located in the vicinity of The Valley; [[Crocus Hill]], Anguilla's highest peak at {{convert|240|ft}}, lies in the western regions of the town.<ref name="CIA World Factbook- Anguilla"/>

Anguilla is noted for its ecologically important [[coral reef]]s and beaches. Apart from the main island of Anguilla itself, the territory includes a number of other smaller islands and [[cays]], mostly tiny and uninhabited:
* [[Anguillita]]
* [[Blowing Rock, Anguilla|Blowing Rock]]
* [[Dog Island, Anguilla|Dog Island]]
* [[Little Scrub Island]]
* [[Prickly Pear Cays]]
* [[Scrub Island, Anguilla|Scrub Island]]
* [[Seal Island, Anguilla|Seal Island]]
* [[Sombrero, Anguilla|Sombrero]], also known as Hat Island
* [[Sandy Island, Anguilla|Sandy Island]]
* [[Scilly Cay]]
In Anguilla, [[forest cover]] is around 61% of the total land area, equivalent to 5,500 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, which was unchanged from 1990.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Anguilla |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/AIA/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref>

===Geology===
{{main|Geology of Anguilla}}

Anguilla (and the wider Anguilla Bank) is of volcanic origin, lying on the Lesser Antilles volcanic island arc, and [[tuff]]s and volcaniclastic [[breccia]]s of [[Eocene]] age are exposed locally on the island.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Budd |first1=A. F. |last2=Johnson |first2=K. G. |last3=Edwards |first3=J. C. |date=May 1995 |title=Caribbean reef coral diversity during the early to middle Miocene: an example from the Anguilla Formation |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00303432 |journal=Coral Reefs |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=109–117 |doi=10.1007/BF00303432 |bibcode=1995CorRe..14..109B |s2cid=22827668 |issn=0722-4028 |access-date=16 June 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530191506/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00303432 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The island was largely submerged during the [[Miocene]], leading to the formation of the reefal limestone Anguilla Formation, which was subsequently tectonically uplifted and covers most of the island today.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Christman |first=Robert A. |title=Geology of St. Bartholomew, St. Martin, and Anguilla, Lesser Antilles |date=1953 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsabulletin/article/64/1/65-96/4529 |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |language=en |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=85 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1953)64[85:GOSBSM]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0016-7606 |access-date=16 June 2022 |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617000657/https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsabulletin/article/64/1/65-96/4529 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Since the late Pleistocene, however, Anguilla has undergone tectonic subsidence at a rate of around 1–2&nbsp;mm/yr.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van Rijsingen |first1=Elenora |last2=Calais |first2=Eric |last3=Jolivet |first3=Romain |last4=de Chabalier |first4=Jean-Bernard |last5=Robertson |first5=Richard |last6=Ryan |first6=Graham |last7=Symithe |first7=Steeve |date=2021-03-03 |title=Vertical tectonic motions in the Lesser Antilles: linking short- and long-term observations |journal=EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts |url=https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU21/EGU21-934.html |doi=10.5194/egusphere-egu21-934 |bibcode=2021EGUGA..23..934V |s2cid=235385841 |doi-access=free |access-date=16 June 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920034551/https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU21/EGU21-934.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{|
|- valign = top
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[[File:SSS Islands Map.png|thumb|300px|left|Map showing the location of Anguilla relative to [[Saint Martin (island)|Sint Maarten/Saint Martin]] and other islands to its south]]
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[[File:Anguilla map.svg|thumb|450px|left|Map of Anguilla]]
|}

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Anguilla}}

====Temperature====
Northeastern trade winds keep this tropical island relatively cool and dry. Average annual temperature is {{convert|80|°F|°C|abbr=on}}.<ref name="facts" /> July–October is its hottest period, December–February, its coolest.

====Rainfall====
Rainfall averages {{convert|35|in|mm}} annually,<ref name="facts" /> although the figures vary from season to season and year to year. The island is subject to both sudden tropical storms and hurricanes, which occur in the period from July to November. The island suffered damage from [[Hurricane Luis]] in 1995, severe flooding {{convert|5|to|20|ft|m|round=0.5|abbr=off}} from [[Hurricane Lenny]] in 1999 and severe damage from [[Hurricane Irma]] in 2017, which remains the most powerful hurricane to hit the island.<ref name="TCR"/><ref name=CEDIM/>

== Governance ==

===Political system===
{{Main|Politics of Anguilla}}
{{See also|Law of Anguilla}}
Anguilla is an internally self-governing [[British overseas territory|overseas territory]] of the United Kingdom.<ref name="CIA World Factbook- Anguilla"/> Its politics take place in a framework of a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]], whereby the [[Premier of Anguilla|Premier]] is the [[head of government]], and of a [[wikt:pluriform|pluriform]] multi-party system.<ref name="CIA World Factbook- Anguilla"/> A governor is appointed by the British government to represent the King.

The [[United Nations Committee on Decolonization]] includes Anguilla on the [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories]]. The territory's constitution is the Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982 (amended 1990).<ref name="CIA World Factbook- Anguilla"/> [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government, with [[legislative power]] being vested in both the government and the [[Anguilla House of Assembly|House of Assembly]].<ref name="CIA World Factbook- Anguilla"/> The [[judiciary]] is independent of the executive and the legislature.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/>

===Defence===
As a British overseas territory, the UK is responsible for Anguilla's military defence,<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/><ref name="CIA World Factbook- Anguilla"/> although there are no active [[garrisons]] or armed forces present in the territory. Since 2020, the [[Royal Navy]] has forward-deployed the offshore patrol vessel [[HMS Medway (P223)|HMS ''Medway'']] long-term to the Caribbean for patrol and sovereignty protection duties.<ref>{{cite news |title=HMS Medway Sets Sail for the Caribbean |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2020/january/20/200120-hms-medway-sets-sail-for-the-caribbean |access-date=1 October 2020 |agency=[[Royal Navy]] |date=20 January 2019 |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510053232/https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2020/january/20/200120-hms-medway-sets-sail-for-the-caribbean |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2023, the destroyer [[HMS Dauntless (D33)|HMS Dauntless]] (which had temporarily replaced ''Medway'' on her normal Caribbean tasking), visited the territory in order to assist local authorities in preparing for the climax of the hurricane season.<ref>{{cite news |title=HMS Dauntless visits trio of Caribbean Islands in disaster relief preparation mission |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2023/october/04/231004-dauntless-caribbean-hop |access-date=4 October 2023 |agency=[[Royal Navy]] |date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004143659/https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2023/october/04/231004-dauntless-caribbean-hop |url-status=live }}</ref>

Anguilla had a small [[marine police]] force, comprising around 32 personnel, which operated one [[VT Group|VT Halmatic]] M160-class {{convert|16|m|adj=on|disp=flip}} fast [[patrol boat]].{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Policing on the island is the responsibility of the [[Royal Anguilla Police Force]].

== Population ==
=== Demographics ===
{{Main|Demographics of Anguilla}}
The majority of residents (90.08%) are of West African ancestry, most of whom are the descendants of enslaved people transported from Africa.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/> Minorities include whites at 3.74% and people of mixed race at 4.65% (figures from 2001 census). Of the population, 72% is Anguillan while 28% is non-Anguillan (2001 census). Of the non-Anguillan population, many are citizens of the United States, United Kingdom, [[St Kitts & Nevis]], the [[Dominican Republic]], and [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Demography, Culture, Migration, Crime, Marital Status and Fertility of the Resident Population of Anguilla According to the May 2001 Census|url=http://www.gov.ai/statistics/census/images/Demography%20culture%20marital%20status%20and%20fertility.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190328/http://www.gov.ai/statistics/census/images/Demography%20culture%20marital%20status%20and%20fertility.pdf|archive-date=9 July 2021|access-date=12 September 2021}}</ref>

The years 2006 and 2007 saw an influx of large numbers of Chinese, Indian and [[Mexican people|Mexican]] workers, brought in as labour for major tourist developments due to the local population not being large enough to support the labour requirements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.ai/documents/statistics/Anguilla_CPA_-_Main_Report_Final_(Submitted).pdf|title=Anguilla Country Poverty Assessment 2007/2009|date=n.d.|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=11 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711003410/http://www.gov.ai/documents/statistics/Anguilla_CPA_-_Main_Report_Final_(Submitted).pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
Christian churches did not have a consistent or strong presence during the initial period of English colonisation; spiritual and religious practices of Europeans and Africans tended to reflect their regional origins. As early as 1813, Christian ministers formally ministered to enslaved Africans and promoted literacy among converts.<ref>Walicek, Don E. (2011). "Christianity, Literacy, and Creolization in Nineteenth-Century Anguilla". In ''Anansi's Defiant Webs, Contact, Continuity, Convergence, and Complexity in the Language, Literatures and Cultures of the Greater Caribbean'', ed. by N. Faraclas, R. Severing, et al., Willemstad: University of Curaçao and Fundashon pa Planifikashon di Idioma, pp. 181–189.</ref> The [[Wesleyan]] (Methodist) [[Missionary Society of England]] built churches and schools from 1817.<ref>Hodge, S. Wilfred (2003). "Bethel—the road—and due west" In Wilbert Forker (Ed.), ''Born in Slavery: A Story of Methodism in Anguilla and Its Influence in the Caribbean'' (pp. 20–29). Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press.</ref>

According to the 2001 census, Christianity is Anguilla's predominant religion, with 29% of the population practising [[Anglicanism]]; another 23.9% are [[Methodist]].<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/> Other churches on the island include [[Seventh-day Adventist]], [[Baptist]], [[Roman Catholic]] (served by the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint John's–Basseterre|Diocese of Saint John's–Basseterre]], with the See at Saint John on [[Antigua and Barbuda]]) and a small community of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (0.7%).<ref name="statistics census">{{cite web|url=http://gov.ai/statistics/census/Demography%20&%20Culture%20tables.htm|title=Persons by Religion, Census 1992 and 2001 (Table 14)|publisher=Statistics Department of Anguilla|access-date=16 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124150450/http://gov.ai/statistics/census/Demography%20%26%20Culture%20tables.htm|archive-date=24 November 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> Between 1992 and 2001, the number of followers of the [[Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)|Church of God]] and [[Pentecostals]] increased considerably.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} There are at least 15 churches on the island. Although a minority on the island, Anguilla is an important location to followers of [[Rastafari movement|Rastafarian]] religion as the birthplace of [[Robert Athlyi Rogers]], author of the ''[[Holy Piby]]'' which had a strong influence on Rastafarian and other Africa-centre belief systems.<ref name="Introduction & Analysis">{{cite book |last1=Selassie I, PhD |first1=W. Gabriel |title=Introduction and Analysis: The Holy Piby, The Blackman's Bible |date=2017 |publisher=Orunmilla, Inc. |location=Los Angeles |isbn=978-0986381904 |pages=xiii}}</ref><ref name="Price2009">{{cite book|first=Charles |last=Price|title=Becoming Rasta: Origins of Rastafari Identity in Jamaica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OC399TZD2BwC&pg=PA49|year=2009|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-6768-9|pages=48–49}}</ref> More recently, a Muslim cultural centre has opened on the island.<ref name="statistics census"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religions in Anguilla<ref name="statistics census"/><br /><small>by percentage</small>
! Religion !! 1992 !! 2001 !! 2011
|-
| [[Church in the Province of the West Indies|Anglican]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 40.4
| style="text-align:center;"| 29.0
| style="text-align:center;"| 22.7
|-
| [[Methodist]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 33.2
| style="text-align:center;"| 23.9
| style="text-align:center;"| 19.4
|-
| [[Pentecostal]]
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 7.7
| style="text-align:center;"| 10.5
|-
| [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 7.0
| style="text-align:center;"| 7.6
| style="text-align:center;"| 8.3
|-
| [[Baptist]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 4.7
| style="text-align:center;"| 7.3
| style="text-align:center;"| 7.1
|-
| [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3.2
| style="text-align:center;"| 5.7
| style="text-align:center;"| 6.8
|-
| [[Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)|Church of God]]
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 7.6
| style="text-align:center;"| 4.9
|-
| [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.7
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.1
|-
| [[Rastafarian]]
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.7
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]]
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.5
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| [[Plymouth Brethren]]
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.3
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.1
|-
| [[Muslim]]
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.3
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| [[Presbyterian]]
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.2
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.2
|-
| [[Hindu]]
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.4
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| Jewish
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.1
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| None
| style="text-align:center;"| –
| style="text-align:center;"| 4.0
| style="text-align:center;"| 4.5
|-
| Other
| style="text-align:center;"| 10.7
| style="text-align:center;"| 3.5
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| Not stated
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.7
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.3
| style="text-align:center;"|
|}

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Anguillian Creole}}
[[File:Distribution of Anguillan Creole.svg|thumb|Distribution of Anguillan Creole]]
Today most people in Anguilla speak a British-influenced variety of standard English.<ref name="CIA World Factbook- Anguilla"/> Other languages are also spoken on the island, including varieties of Spanish, Chinese and the languages of other immigrant communities. However, the most common language other than Standard English is the island's own English-[[lexifier]] Creole language (not to be confused with [[Antillean Creole]] ('French Creole'), spoken in French islands such as [[Martinique]] and [[Guadeloupe]]). It is referred to locally by terms such as "dialect" (pronounced "dialek"), Anguilla Talk or "Anguillian".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whatwedoinanguilla.com/language/|title=Anguillian Language 101|website=Whatwedoinanguilla.com|access-date=11 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605183937/https://whatwedoinanguilla.com/language/|url-status=live}}</ref> It has its main roots in early varieties of English and West African languages, and is similar to the dialects spoken in English-speaking islands throughout the Eastern Caribbean in terms of its structural features.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=aig|title=Antigua and Barbuda Creole English|work=Ethnologue|access-date=11 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019010527/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=aig|archive-date=19 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

Linguists who are interested in the origins of Anguillan and other Caribbean Creoles point out that some of its grammatical features can be traced to African languages while others can be traced to European languages. Three areas have been identified as significant for the identification of the linguistic origins of those forced migrants who arrived before 1710: the [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]], the [[Slave Coast of West Africa|Slave Coast]] and the [[Windward Coast]].<ref>Singler, John. 1993. African influence upon Afro-American language varieties: A consideration of sociohistorical factors. In Africanisms in Afro-American language varieties, S. Mufwene and n. Condon (eds.), 235–253. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.</ref>

Sociohistorical information from Anguilla's archives suggest that Africans and Europeans formed two distinct, but perhaps overlapping speech communities in the early phases of the island's colonisation. "Anguillian" is believed to have emerged as the language of the masses as time passed, slavery was abolished and locals began to see themselves as "belonging" to Anguillan society.<ref name="Walicek, Don E 2009. pp. 349-3722" />

== Education ==
{{main|Education in Anguilla}}

There are six government primary schools, one government secondary school ([[Albena Lake Hodge Comprehensive School]]), and two private schools.<ref name=schools>"[http://www.gov.ai/schools.php Schools] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215045309/http://www.gov.ai/schools.php |date=15 December 2017 }}." Government of Anguilla. Retrieved 7 December 2017.</ref> There is a single library, the Edison L. Hughes Education & Library Complex of the Anguilla Public Library.<ref>"[http://www.gov.ai/library.php The Edison L. Hughes Education & Library Complex] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120024636/http://www.gov.ai/library.php |date=20 November 2017 }}." Government of Anguilla. Retrieved 7 December 2017.</ref> A branch of the [[Saint James School of Medicine]] was established in 2011 in Anguilla.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saint James Medical School Officially Opened|url=http://www.festival.ai/article/view/10024/1/135|work=The Anguillian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331160505/http://www.festival.ai/article/view/10024/1/135|archive-date=31 March 2012 }}</ref> It is a [[private university|private]], [[For-profit school|for-profit]] medical school headquartered in [[Park Ridge, Illinois|Park Ridge]], Illinois.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bonaire.sjsm.org/md-program |title=Saint James School of Medicine's top MD Program |publisher=Bonaire.sjsm.org |date=7 January 2014 |access-date=9 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617080228/http://bonaire.sjsm.org/md-program/ |archive-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

There is a [[University of the West Indies]] Open campus site in the island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.open.uwi.edu/anguilla|title=The Open Campus in Anguilla – Open Campus|website=open.uwi.edu|access-date=11 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142512/http://www.open.uwi.edu/anguilla|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Culture ==
[[File:Cap Juluca - Anguilla.jpg|thumb|right|The beach at the Cap Juluca resort on Maundays Bay]]
[[File:Sandy Ground Anguilla.jpg|thumb|Sandy Ground beach]]
The island's cultural history begins with the native [[Taíno people|Taino]], [[Arawak]] and [[Kalina people|Carib]]. Their artefacts have been found around the island, telling of life before European settlers arrived.<ref name="Hailey et al. 2011">{{cite book|last1=Hailey|first1=Adrian|last2=Wilson|first2=Byron|last3=Horrocks|first3=Julia|title=Conservation of Caribbean Island Herpetofaunas Volume 2: Regional Accounts of the West Indies|date=7 April 2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004194083|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNdbVSDfF6oC&q=Anguilla+antilles|access-date=12 June 2016|archive-date=30 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530191505/https://books.google.com/books?id=QNdbVSDfF6oC&q=Anguilla+antilles#v=snippet&q=Anguilla%20antilles&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

Anguillan culture has also been built through immigration. Many European families have moved to the island and have affected the formalities of the Anguillan people.

Similar to nearby islands, Anguillans geography and location require a cultural reliance on the ocean. The island's abundance of sea life has led to the incorporation of many fish and crustacean into daily life. They have become a part of the local cuisine, opened up opportunities for ecotourism, and introduced celebrations such as Lobster Fest and boat races.

As throughout the [[Caribbean]], holidays are a cultural fixture. Anguilla's most important holidays are of historic as much as cultural importance – particularly the anniversary of the emancipation (previously August Monday in the Park), celebrated as the Summer Festival, or Carnival,<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla" /> the sailboat races, and Lobster Fest. British festivities, such as the [[King's Official Birthday|King's Birthday]], are also celebrated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whatwedoinanguilla.com/calendar/public-holiday-queen-birthday/|title=Public Holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of Her Majesty The Queen|date=17 June 2019|website=Whatwedoinanguila.com|access-date=10 February 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072337/https://whatwedoinanguilla.com/calendar/public-holiday-queen-birthday/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Music in Anguilla presents itself as an important part of its culture as well. All different genres of music are played at the celebrations mentioned above. This music represents the deep history of talent that Anguillans have displayed for decades.

The Anguilla National Trust (ANT) was established in 1989 and opened its current office in 1991 charged with the responsibility of preserving the heritage of the island, including its cultural heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://axanationaltrust.com/about-us/ |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=Anguilla National Trust |language=en-GB |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711005055/https://axanationaltrust.com/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Heritage Collection Museum]] used to showcase the history and artefacts of Anguilla, but in 2024 the collection was handed over to the [[Anguilla National Museum]].<ref name="f277">{{cite web | title=Heritage Collection Museum turns over artifacts to the Government of Anguilla | website=The Anguillian Newspaper - The Weekly Independent Paper of Anguilla | date=2024-01-26 | url=https://theanguillian.com/2024/01/heritage-collection-museum-turns-over-artifacts-to-the-government-of-anguilla/ | access-date=2024-05-20 | archive-date=30 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530191508/https://theanguillian.com/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Anguillan cuisine}}

[[File:Sunshine Shack Anguilla.jpg|thumb|Sunshine Shack Beachbar N Grill located in Rendezvous Bay]]
Anguillan cuisine is influenced by native Caribbean, West African, Spanish, French, and English cuisines.<ref name="UsaToday">Robinson, Peg. [http://traveltips.usatoday.com/foods-important-anguilla-20339.html "Foods That Are Important in Anguilla."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224035840/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/foods-important-anguilla-20339.html |date=24 December 2011 }} [http://traveltips.usatoday.com ''USA Today Travel''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717012905/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/ |date=17 July 2011 }}. Retrieved July 2011.</ref> Seafood is abundant, including prawns, shrimp, crab, [[spiny lobster]], [[conch]], [[mahi-mahi]], [[Lutjanus campechanus|red snapper]], [[marlin]], and [[grouper]].<ref name="UsaToday"/> [[Salt cod]] is a staple food eaten on its own and used in stews, casseroles and soups.<ref name="UsaToday"/> Livestock is limited due to the small size of the island and people there use poultry, pork, goat, and mutton, along with imported beef.<ref name="UsaToday"/> Goat is the most commonly eaten meat, used in a variety of dishes.<ref name="UsaToday"/> The official national food of Anguilla is [[pigeon pea]]s and rice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baconismagic.ca/anguilla/traditional-anguilla-food/|title=29 Tasty Anguilla Food and Drink You'll Love – Bacon is Magic|date=3 June 2019|website=Bacon is Magic – The Best Food Around the World|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920035813/https://www.baconismagic.ca/anguilla/traditional-anguilla-food/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A significant amount of the island's produce is imported due to limited land suitable for agriculture production; much of the soil is sandy and infertile.<ref name="UsaToday"/> The agriculture produce of Anguilla includes tomatoes, [[Bell pepper|peppers]], limes and other [[citrus fruit]]s, onion, garlic, squash, pigeon peas, and [[callaloo]]. Starch staple foods include imported rice and other foods that are imported or locally grown, including [[Yam (vegetable)|yams]],<ref name="NewYorkTimes">Higgins, Michelle (28 January 2007). [http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/travel/28anguilla.html "For Foodies: Anguilla."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813021644/http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/travel/28anguilla.html |date=13 August 2011 }} [http://travel.nytimes.com ''The New York Times – Travel''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717043729/http://travel.nytimes.com/ |date=17 July 2011 }}. Retrieved July 2011.</ref> sweet potatoes<ref name="NewYorkTimes"/> and [[breadfruit]].<ref name="UsaToday"/>

Anguilla celebrates its cuisine at annual island-wide and village festivals including [https://festivaldelmar.ai/ Festival del Mar] over Easter weekend, [https://anguillaculinaryexperience.com/ Anguilla Culinary Experience] in May and [https://theanguillian.com/2025/06/welches-fest-2025-a-spectacular-success/ Welches Festival] around Anguilla's Whit Monday.

===Literature===
The Anguilla National Trust has programmes encouraging Anguillan writers and the preservation of the island's history. In 2015, ''Where I See The Sun – Contemporary Poetry in Anguilla'' A New Anthology by [[Lasana M. Sekou]] was published by House of Nehesi Publishers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theanguillian.com/2015/05/where-i-see-the-sun-anthology-available-in-anguilla/|title="WHERE I SEE THE SUN" ANTHOLOGY AVAILABLE IN ANGUILLA|work=The Anguillian Newspaper - The Weekly Independent Paper of Anguilla |date=29 May 2015|access-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622072500/http://theanguillian.com/2015/05/where-i-see-the-sun-anthology-available-in-anguilla/|archive-date=22 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the forty three poets in the collection are Rita Celestine-Carty, [[Bankie Banx]], John T. Harrigan, [[Patricia J. Adams]], Fabian Fahie, Dr. Oluwakemi Linda Banks, and Reuel Ben Lewi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://soualiganewsday.com/local/soualiga-newsday-features/item/3890-think-and-know-where-i-see-the-sun-%E2%80%93-contemporary-poetry-in-anguilla.html |title=Think and Know: ''Where I See The Sun – Contemporary Poetry in Anguilla'' |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407200910/http://soualiganewsday.com/local/soualiga-newsday-features/item/3890-think-and-know-where-i-see-the-sun-%E2%80%93-contemporary-poetry-in-anguilla.html |archive-date=7 April 2016 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Anguilla}}

[[File:BankieBanx.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bankie Banx]], noted reggae artist and poet from Anguilla who has built up an international following]]
Various Caribbean musical genres are popular on the island, such as [[soca music|soca]] and [[calypso music|calypso]], but reggae most deeply roots itself in Anguillan society. Anguilla has produced many artists and groups in this genre.

Reggae has shown itself to be the most popular genre in Anguilla. The most successful of reggae artists originating in Anguilla come from the Banks family. Bankie "Banx" and his son Omari Banks have had many chart-topping songs listened to around the world. The two musicians continue to provide live performances across the island quite often.

British Dependency has also gained popularity throughout the 21st century. The band, who began in Anguilla, boasts the island's first female bass player. Performing alongside The Wailers on tour, British Dependency have earned attention from an American audience.

One of many musical events that take place in Anguilla is Moonsplash. Moonsplash is an annual reggae music festival that has occurred in Anguilla for 33 consecutive years and proves to be the oldest independent musical event in the Caribbean. Along with its longstanding history, it is the largest festival annually alongside carnival.

While not many soca and calypso artists have gained extreme popularity, the genres are still widely listened to across the island.

=== Sports ===
{{See also|Sailing in Anguilla|Cricket in the West Indies|Rugby union in Anguilla}}
Boat racing has deep roots in Anguillan culture and is the national sport.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/> There are regular sailing [[regattas]] on national holidays, such as Carnival, which are contested by locally built and designed boats. These boats have names and have sponsors that print their logo on their sails.

As in many other former [[British Colony|British colonies]], cricket is also a popular sport. Anguilla is the home of [[Omari Banks]], who played for the [[West Indies Cricket Team]], while [[Cardigan Connor]] played first-class cricket for English county side [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] and was 'chef de mission' (team manager) for Anguilla's [[Commonwealth Games]] team in 2002. Other noted players include [[Chesney Hughes]], who played for [[Derbyshire County Cricket Club]] in England.

[[Rugby union]] is represented in Anguilla by the Anguilla Eels RFC, who were formed in April 2006.<ref>[http://www.news.ai/gl//article.php?story=20060425160749670 Rugby in Anguilla!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521021347/http://www.news.ai/gl//article.php?story=20060425160749670 |date=21 May 2018 }}, Anguilla News</ref> The Eels have been finalists in the St. Martin tournament in November 2006 and semi-finalists in 2007, 2008, 2009 and Champions in 2010. The Eels were formed in 2006 by Scottish club national second row Martin Welsh, Club Sponsor and President of the AERFC Ms. Jacquie Ruan, and Canadian standout Scrumhalf Mark Harris (Toronto Scottish RFC).

Anguilla is the birthplace of sprinter [[Zharnel Hughes]] who has represented Great Britain since 2015, and England at the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]]. He won the 100 metres at the [[2018 European Athletics Championships]], the 4 x 100 metres at the same championships, and the 4 x 100 metres for [[England at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]. He also won a {{nowrap|4 × 100 m}} relay team gold at the 2022 Birmingham Commonwealth Games and a silver on the {{nowrap|4 × 100 m}} relay for [[Great Britain at the 2020 Summer Olympics|Great Britain]] at the [[2020 Olympic Games]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Zharnel Hughes breaks silence on CJ Ujah doping scandal as Team GB face silver medal loss |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/other-sports/athletics/team-gb-zharnel-hughes-ujah-24824629 |website=Mirror |date=24 August 2021 |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207115707/https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/other-sports/athletics/team-gb-zharnel-hughes-ujah-24824629 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023 he broke the British record for the 100m sprint, with a time of 9.83 seconds.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jun/24/zharnel-hughes-shatters-linford-christies-british-100m-record |newspaper=The Observer |title=Zharnel Hughes shatters Linford Christie's 30-year British 100m record |date=24 June 2023 |access-date=25 June 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530191507/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/jun/24/zharnel-hughes-shatters-linford-christies-british-100m-record |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Shara Proctor]], British Long Jump Silver Medalist at the World Championships in Beijing, first represented Anguilla in the event until 2010 when she began to represent Great Britain and England. Under the Anguillan Flag she achieved several medals in the [[North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association|NACAC]] games.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shara Proctor: It's time for Anguilla to have an Olympic Committee |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/shara-proctor-its-time-anguilla-have-olympic-committee1-555557 |website=Caribbean Loop |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530191508/https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/shara-proctor-its-time-anguilla-have-olympic-committee1-555557 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Keith Connor]], triple jumper, is also an Anguillan. He represented Great Britain and England and achieved several international titles including Commonwealth and European Games gold medals and an Olympic bronze medal. Connor later became Head Coach of Australia Athletics.<ref>{{cite web |title=SMU's Connor Bounds To Triple Jump Greatness |url=https://www.ustfccca.org/ncaa-100/keith-connor-smu-1982-ncaa-outdoor-championships-triple-jump-meet-record |website=USTFCCCA.org |access-date=7 February 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207120315/https://www.ustfccca.org/ncaa-100/keith-connor-smu-1982-ncaa-outdoor-championships-triple-jump-meet-record |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Natural history==
===Wildlife===
[[File:Cuban Tree Frog (Osteopilus septentrionalis).jpg|thumb|The Cuban tree frog can be found on the island.]]

Anguilla has habitat for the [[Cuban tree frog]]s (''Osteopilus septentrionalis'').<ref name="Townsend et al. 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Townsend |first1=JH |last2=Eaton |first2=JM |last3=Parmlee |first3=JS |year=2000 |title=Cuban treefrogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) in Anguilla, Lesser Antilles |url=https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Ecological-Risk-Screening-Summary-Cuban-Treefrog.pdf |journal=Caribbean Journal of Science |volume=36 |issue=3/4 |pages=326–328 |issn=0008-6452 |access-date=12 June 2016}}</ref> The [[red-footed tortoise]] (''Chelonoidis carbonaria'') is a species of tortoise found here, which originally came from South America.<ref name="Hailey et al. 2011"/> Hurricanes in the mid-90s led to over-water dispersal of the [[green iguana]]s (''Iguana iguana'') to Anguilla.<ref name="Censky et al. 1998">{{cite journal|last1=Censky|first1=Ellen J.|last2=Hodge|first2=Karim|last3=Dudley|first3=Judy|title=Over-water dispersal of lizards due to hurricanes|journal=Nature|year=1998|volume=395|issue=556|pages=556|doi=10.1038/26886|bibcode=1998Natur.395..556C|s2cid=4360916|doi-access=free}}</ref> All three animals are introductions.<ref name="Hailey et al. 2011"/>

Five species of bats are known in the literature from Anguilla – the threatened [[insular single leaf bat]] (''Monophyllus plethodon''), the [[Antillean fruit-eating bat]] (''Brachyphylla cavernarum''), the [[Jamaican fruit bat]] (''Artibeus jamaicensis''), the [[Mexican funnel-eared bat]] (''Natalus stramineus''), and the [[velvety free-tailed bat]] (''Molossus molossus'').<ref name="Genoways et al.n2007">{{cite journal|last1=Genoways|first1=Hugh H.|last2=Phillips|first2=Carleton J.|last3=Pedersen|first3=Scott C.|last4=Gordon|first4=Linda|title=Bats of Anguilla, Northern Lesser Antilles|journal=Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech|series=Occasional papers |date=24 October 2007|volume=270|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.156960 |s2cid=14279221 |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/museummammalogy/104/|access-date=12 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530045943/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/museummammalogy/104/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Notable people==
<!-- Please respect alphabetical order -->
*[[Zharnel Hughes]] (born 1995), sprinter
*[[Dee-Ann Kentish-Rogers]] (born 1993), politician, model and [[Miss Universe Great Britain|Miss Universe Great Britain 2018]]
*[[Carlos Newton]] (born 1976), former [[UFC Welterweight Champion]]
*[[Shara Proctor]] (born 1988), long jump athlete
*[[Josette Patricia Simon]], [[OBE]] (born 1959/1960), actress

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Anguilla}}

Anguilla's thin arid soil being largely unsuitable for agriculture, the island has few land-based [[natural resources]].<ref name="CIA World Factbook- Anguilla"/> Its main industries are tourism, [[offshore companies|offshore incorporation and management]], [[offshore bank]]ing, [[captive insurance]] and fishing.<ref name="CIA World Factbook- Anguilla"/><ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/>

Anguilla's currency is the [[East Caribbean dollar]], though the [[US dollar]] is also widely accepted.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica – Anguilla"/> The exchange rate is fixed to the US dollar at US$1 = EC$2.70.

The economy, and especially the tourism sector, suffered a setback in late 1995 due to the effects of [[Hurricane Luis]] in September. Hotels were hit particularly hard but a recovery occurred the following year. Another economic setback occurred during the aftermath of [[Hurricane Lenny]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite book|title=South America, Central America and the Caribbean 2003|publisher=Routledge|page=52|year=2002|isbn=978-1-85743-138-4|edition=11}}</ref> Before the 2008 worldwide crisis, the economy of Anguilla was growing strongly, especially the tourism sector, which was driving major new developments in partnerships with multi-national companies. Anguilla's tourism industry received a major boost when it was selected to host the World Travel Awards in December 2014. Known as "the Oscars of the travel industry", the awards ceremony was held at the [[CuisinArt Resort and Spa]] and was hosted by [[Vivica A. Fox]]. Anguilla was voted the World's Leading Luxury Island Destination from a short list of top-tier candidates such as St. Barts, the Maldives, and Mauritius.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/17/vivica-a-fox-world-leading-luxury-island-destination_n_6342824.html|title=Vivica A. Fox Brings Hollywood Glam To The 'World's Leading Luxury Island Destination'|date=17 December 2014|work=HuffPost|access-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929050415/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/17/vivica-a-fox-world-leading-luxury-island-destination_n_6342824.html|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The economy, including the tourism sector, suffered its biggest setback in late 2017 due to the effects of [[Hurricane Irma]] in September, which was the most powerful hurricane to hit the island and which caused major material damage of $320&nbsp;million. A lot of infrastructure was damaged, which was repaired in 2018/19 and the economy began to recover in 2019. However, the onset of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020/21, caused a setback in the economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theanguillian.com/2021/09/flashbackhow-has-anguilla-progressed-since-hurricane-irma-in-september-2017/|title=Flashback: How has Anguilla progressed since Hurricane Irma in September 2017?|website=The Anguillian|date=13 September 2021|access-date=5 April 2024|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405202159/https://theanguillian.com/2021/09/flashbackhow-has-anguilla-progressed-since-hurricane-irma-in-september-2017/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TCR">{{cite report|first=John P. |last=Cangialosi|author2=Andrew S. Latto|author3=Robbie J. Berg|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=9 March 2018|access-date=12 March 2018|title=Hurricane Irma (AL112017)|series=Tropical Cyclone Report|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL112017_Irma.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831040906/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL112017_Irma.pdf|archive-date=31 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=CEDIM>{{cite report|url=https://www.cedim.de/download/FDA_Irma_2017%20vFinal.pdf|title=Hurricane Irma: Report No. 1, Focus on Caribbean up until 8th September 2017|publisher=Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology|first=James |last=Daniell|author2=Bernhard Mühr|author3=Antonios Pomonis|author4=Andreas Schäfer|author5=Susanna Mohr|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909232814/https://www.cedim.de/download/FDA_Irma_2017%20vFinal.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Anguilla's financial system comprises seven banks,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thebanks.eu/banks-by-country/Anguilla|title=List of Banks in Anguilla|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507123233/https://thebanks.eu/banks-by-country/Anguilla|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> two money services businesses, more than 40 company managers, more than 50 insurers, 12 brokers, more than 250 captive intermediaries, more than 50 mutual funds, and eight trust companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fsc.org.ai/market.shtml|title=Market Participants|access-date=3 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006114801/http://www.fsc.org.ai/market.shtml|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Anguilla has become a popular [[tax haven]], having no capital gains, estate, profit, sales, or corporate taxes. In April 2011, faced with a mounting deficit, it introduced a 3% "Interim Stabilisation Levy", Anguilla's first form of [[income tax]]. Anguilla also has a 0.75% property tax.<ref>{{cite web |website= kpmg.com |publisher= KPMG |url= http://www.kpmg.com/global/en/issuesandinsights/articlespublications/taxation-international-executives/anguilla/pages/default.aspx |title= Tax TIES: Anguilla – Overview and introduction |access-date= 1 April 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180928164218/https://www.kpmg.com/global/en/issuesandinsights/articlespublications/taxation-international-executives/anguilla/pages/default.aspx |archive-date= 28 September 2018}}</ref>

Anguilla aims to obtain 15% of its energy from [[solar power]] to become less reliant on expensive imported diesel. The [[Climate & Development Knowledge Network]] is helping the government gather the information it needs to change the territory's legislation, so that it can integrate renewables into its grid. [[Barbados]] has also made good progress in switching to renewables, but many other [[Small Island Developing States]] are still at the early stages of planning how to integrate renewable energy into their grids. "For a small island we're very far ahead," said Beth Barry, Coordinator of the Anguilla Renewable Energy Office. "We've got an Energy Policy and a draft Climate Change policy and have been focusing efforts on the question of [[sustainable energy]] supply for several years now. As a result, we have a lot of information we can share with other islands."<ref>Fry, Carolyn. 28 June 2012. [http://cdkn.org/2012/06/interview-with-beth-barry-on-anguilla-renewable-energy/ Anguilla moves towards cleaner energy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729101506/http://cdkn.org/2012/06/interview-with-beth-barry-on-anguilla-renewable-energy/ |date=29 July 2012 }}</ref>

According to a [[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] report, due to a skyrocketing interest in [[artificial intelligence]], Anguilla was expected to profit in 2023 from a surge in demand for web addresses ending with the country's [[top-level domain]] [[.ai]]. The total number of registrations of .ai domain names had already doubled in 2022, and according to [[Vince Cate]], who has managed the top-level domain, Anguilla will bring in as much as $30 million in domain-registration fees for 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Metz |first=Rachel |date=2023-08-31 |title=AI Startups Create Digital Demand for Anguilla's Website Domain Name |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-31/ai-startups-create-digital-demand-for-anguilla-s-website-domain-name |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230831132124/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-31/ai-startups-create-digital-demand-for-anguilla-s-website-domain-name |archive-date=2023-08-31 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, the government reported 105.5 million East Caribbean dollars (US$39m), about the quarter of the total, and expects this to increase by another 25% next year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Evans |first=Jacob |date=2025-09-01 |title=Anguilla: The Caribbean island making millions from the AI boom |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn5xdp427veo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902213220/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn5xdp427veo |archive-date=2025-09-02 |access-date=2025-09-04 |work=BBC News |language=en}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
{{Main|Transport in Anguilla}}

===Air===
Anguilla is served by [[Clayton J. Lloyd International Airport]] (prior to 4 July 2010 known as Wallblake Airport). The primary runway at the airport is {{convert|5462|ft|m}} in length and can accommodate moderate-sized aircraft. Regional scheduled passenger services connect to various other Caribbean islands via local airlines.

In December 2021 Anguilla inaugurated its first ever international regular commercial jet service flight to and from the mainland U.S. [[American Eagle (airline brand)|American Eagle]] operating on behalf of [[American Airlines]] began nonstop [[Embraer 175]] regional jet service to Anguilla from Miami<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britell |first=Alexander |date=2021-07-26 |title=American Airlines Launching Nonstop Flights to Anguilla and Dominica |url=https://www.caribjournal.com/2021/07/25/american-airlines-dominica-anguilla-nonstop-flights/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=Caribbean Journal |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025423/https://www.caribjournal.com/2021/07/25/american-airlines-dominica-anguilla-nonstop-flights/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in an aviation watershed moment for Anguilla with the airport also currently attempting to attract other international air carriers.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Other airlines currently serving the airport include [[Tradewind Aviation]] and [[Cape Air]] which provide scheduled air service to [[Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport|San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]]. Several other small airlines serve the airport as well.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clayton J. Lloyd International Airport |url=https://www.gov.ai/service/transportations-clayton-j-lloyd-international-airport |publisher=Government of Anguilla |access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref>

The airport can handle large [[narrow-body]] jets such as the [[Boeing 737]] and [[Airbus A320]] and has growing private jet service flights with a new private jet terminal being built.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Independent Newspaper of Anguilla |date=February 10, 2012 |title=ANGUILLA’S AIRPORT ACCOMMODATED CATEGORY 6 AIRCRAFT |url=https://theanguillian.com/2012/02/anguilla%E2%80%99s-airport-accommodated-category-6-aircraft/}}</ref>

===Road===
Aside from taxis, there is no public transport on the island. Cars drive on the left and most roads are unsealed. There is no rail network.

===Boat===
There are regular ferries from [[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]] to Anguilla. It is a 20-minute crossing from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], St. Martin, to [[Blowing Point]], Anguilla.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traveling from St. Martin to Anguilla on the Ferry: What You Need to Know {{!}} St. Martin Sotheby's Realty |url=https://sxmsir.com/stories/traveling-from-st-martin-to-anguilla-on-the-ferry-what-you-need-to-know |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=sxmsir.com |language=en}}</ref>

There is also a charter service which offers boat trips from [[Blowing Point]], Anguilla, to [[Princess Juliana Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Services |url=https://www.calypsochartersanguilla.com/our-services/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Calypso Charters Anguilla |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Caribbean|<!--CARICOM-->|United Kingdom|<!--Anguilla-->}}
* [[Bibliography of Anguilla]]
* [[Outline of Anguilla]]
* [[Index of Anguilla-related articles]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Anguilla |volume=2 |ref={{harvid|EB|1878}} |page=46–47 }}
* {{cite book|last=Brisk|first=William J.|title=The dilemma of a ministate: Anguilla|publisher=[[University of South Carolina Press]]|year=1969|isbn=0-87249-179-X}}
* {{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Anguilla |volume=2 |ref={{harvid|EB|1911}} |page=42–43}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hakluyt |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Hakluyt |title=The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, & Discoveries of the English Nation Made by Sea or Over-land to the Remote and Farthest Distant Quarters of the Earth at any time within the compasse of these 1600 Yeeres |volume=IX Made to Florida and New Mexico; certeine Voyages made for the discovery of the Gulfe of California, and to the famous city of Mexico, with the Discourses and Letters depending upon the Voyages of this ninth Volume |contribution=The second voyage unto Florida, made and written by Captaine Laudonniere, which fortified and inhabited there two Summers and one whole Winter |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFYMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5 |location=Glasgow |year=1904 |publisher=James MacLehose &&nbsp;Sons }}.
* {{Cite book |last=Harris |first=David R. |year=1965 |title=Plants, Animals and Man in the Outer Leeward Islands, West Indies: An Ecological Study of Antigua, Barbuda, and Anguilla |url=https://archive.org/details/plantsanimalsman0018davi |url-access=registration |location=Berkeley, Calif. |publisher=University of California Press |oclc=493942}}
* {{cite book | last=Law | first=Gwillim | title=Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference | publisher=McFarland | year=1999 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXCeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 | isbn=978-0-7864-6097-7 | chapter=Chapter XIV. Anguilla | page=[https://archive.org/details/administrativesu0000lawg/page/29 29] | url=https://archive.org/details/administrativesu0000lawg/page/29 }}
* {{cite book|last=Kobbé|first=Montague|title=The Night of the Rambler|publisher=[[Akashic Books]]|year=2013|isbn=9781617751813|location=New York}}
* {{cite book|last=Kobbé|first=Montague|title=On the Way Back|publisher=[[Akashic Books]]|year=2016|isbn=9781617754418|location=New York}}
* {{cite book|last=Marten|first=Neil|title={{sic|Thei|r's|hide=y}} Not to Reason Why: Study of the Anguillan Operations as Presented to Parliament|publisher=Conservative Political Centre|year=1969|isbn=0-85070-437-5|location=London|author-link=Neil Marten}}
* {{cite book |last=Martin |first=Robert Montgomery |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PaUNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA102 |title = Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire in the West Indies, South America, North America, Asia, Austral-Asia, Africa and Europe; comprising the Area, Agriculture, Commerce, Manufactures, Shipping, Custom Duties, Population, Education, Religion, Crime, Government, Finances, Laws, Military Defence, Cultivated and Waste Lands, Emigration, Rates of Wages, Prices of Provisions, Banks, Coins, Staple Products, Stock, Moveable and Immoveable Property, Public Companies, &c. of Each Colony; with the Charters and the Engraved Seals. From the Official Records of the Colonial Office. |location=London |year=1839 |publisher=William H. Allen &&nbsp;Co. |page=102 }}.
* {{cite book|last=Westlake|first=Donald|url=https://archive.org/details/underenglishheav00dona|title=Under an English Heaven|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=1972|isbn=0-671-21311-3|location=New York|author-link=Donald E. Westlake|url-access=registration}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links}}

===Government===
* [http://www.gov.ai/ Government of Anguilla]—Official government website

===General information===
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/anguilla/ Anguilla]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090204121925/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/anguilla.htm Anguilla] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* [https://anguillafocus.com/ Anguilla Focus]
* {{Wikiatlas|Anguilla}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X74BamQvGHM%7CAnguilla's battle for freedom -- youtube video compilation] archived at [http://ghostarchive.org/varchive/X74BamQvGHM Ghostarchive.org] on 18 May 2022

{{Anguilla}}
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