View source for Anglosphere

{{Short description|Grouping of English-speaking nations}}
{{About|group of English-speaking nations with close political and military ties and their sphere of influence|usage of English worldwide|English-speaking world}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}

[[File:Anglosphere Map.svg|alt=Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Anglosphere_Geometry.svg|thumb|400x400px|The Anglosphere, according to James Bennett (''The Anglosphere Challenge'')<ref>Browning, Christopher S. and Tonra, Ben (2010) "Beyond the West and towards the Anglosphere?" In: Browning, Christopher S. and Lehti, Marko, (eds.) ''The struggle for the West: a divided and contested legacy''. Abingdon, Oxfordshire; New York: Routledge, pp. 161–181. {{ISBN|9780415476836}}: https://www.academia.edu/341929/Beyond_the_West_and_Towards_the_Anglosphere {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103143856/https://www.academia.edu/341929/Beyond_the_West_and_Towards_the_Anglosphere |date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>
{{Legend|#333366|Core Anglosphere}}
{{Legend|#0083D7|Middle Anglosphere (English is the official language or one of multiple, but natively spoken by a minority)}}
{{Legend|#0099FF|Outer sphere (Officially English-using states of other language civilisations)}}
{{Legend|#bdd3f9|Periphery (states where English is widely used but is not an official governmental language)}}]]
The '''Anglosphere''', also known as the '''Anglo-American world''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baylis |first=John |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=kH0oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 |title=The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations |last2=Smith |first2=Steve |last3=Owens |first3=Patricia |date=2014 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-965617-2 |pages=92 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Western world|Western]]-led [[sphere of influence]] among the [[Anglophone countries]]. The core group of this sphere of influence comprises five [[developed countries]] that maintain close social, cultural, political, economic, and military ties with each other: [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]]. Although extended definitions do include non-Western and [[developing countries]] that were once part of the [[British Empire]] and retained English influence and [[common law]] upon independence, such as those in the [[Indian subcontinent]], the Anglosphere is a distinct grouping that is not simply synonymous with countries in which the [[English language]] has official status.

Anglosphere countries are generally aligned with each other on global issues and collaborate extensively in matters of security, as exemplified by alliances like [[Five Eyes]]. The core countries of the Anglosphere are either [[Member states of NATO|NATO members]] or designated by the United States as [[major non-NATO allies]].

== Definitions ==
The Anglosphere is the Anglo-American [[sphere of influence]].{{efn|"The Anglosphere – shorthand for the Anglo-American sphere of influence – established the concept and structure of the modern transnational community.... The Anglosphere (in the narrow sense of the former British Empire, including Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and the US) has been the architect and a staunch proponent of international norms."{{sfn|Davies et al. 2013}}}} The term was first coined by the science fiction writer [[Neal Stephenson]] in his book ''[[The Diamond Age]]'', published in 1995. [[John Lloyd (journalist)|John Lloyd]] adopted the term in 2000 and defined it as including English-speaking countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, [[South Africa]], and the [[British West Indies]].{{sfn|Lloyd|2000}} [[James C. Bennett]] defines ''anglosphere'' as "the English-speaking Common Law-based nations of the world",{{sfn|Bennett, 2004b|pp=3,67}} arguing that former British colonies that retained English common law and the English language have done significantly better than counterparts colonised by other European powers.{{sfn|Bennett|2007|pp=42-43}} The [[Webster's Dictionary|Merriam-Webster]] dictionary defines the Anglosphere as "the countries of the world in which the English language and cultural values predominate".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Merriam-Webster Staff |year=2010 |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anglosphere |chapter=Anglosphere |title=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |access-date=7 March 2010 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111200838/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Anglosphere |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|"The group of countries where [[English language|English]] is the main native language." ({{ShorterOxfordEnglishDictionary}}).}} However the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, so it is not synonymous with [[anglophone]].<ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=https://www.britac.ac.uk/events/anglosphere-and-its-others-english-speaking-peoples-changing-world-order|title=The Anglosphere and its Others: The 'English-speaking Peoples' in a Changing World Order – British Academy|website=British Academy|access-date=26 January 2018|archive-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422231724/https://www.britac.ac.uk/events/anglosphere-and-its-others-english-speaking-peoples-changing-world-order|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|This source does not make that point, and could be read, on one interpretation, as contradicting it. Also the source is merely a summary of a forthcoming conference.|date=July 2024}}

===Core Anglosphere===
The definition is usually taken to include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/anglosphere-past-present-and-future|title=The Anglosphere: Past, present and future|website=The British Academy}}</ref> in a grouping of [[developed countries]] called the ''core Anglosphere''. The term Anglosphere can also include but frequently omits [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and the [[Commonwealth Caribbean]] countries despite their similar domestic primacy of the English language and common law.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/dca3f034-bfe8-4f21-bcdc-2b274053f0b5 |title=The Anglosphere needs to learn to love apartment living |last=Burn-Murdoch |first=John |date=17 March 2023 |website=Financial Times |publisher= |language= |quote=Forty years ago, the UK, US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Ireland had roughly 400 homes per 1,000 residents, level with developed continental European countries. Since then the two groups have diverged, the Anglosphere standing still while western Europe has pulled clear to 560 per 1,000.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c6bb7307-484c-4076-a0f3-fc2aeb0b6112 |title=The Anglosphere has an advantage on immigration |last=Burn-Murdoch |first=John |date=25 April 2024 |website=Financial Times |publisher= |language= |quote=But a striking pattern emerges when you look at where these different impacts are clustered: almost everything looks better in Anglophone countries. Immigrants and their offspring in the UK, US and so on tend to be more skilled, have better jobs and often out-earn the native-born, while those in continental Europe fare worse. In terms of the fiscal impact, immigrants pay more in than they get out in the US, UK, Australia and Ireland, but are net recipients in Belgium, France, Sweden and the Netherlands.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.city-journal.org/article/the-state-of-the-anglosphere |title=The State of the Anglosphere |author= Shashi Parulekar and Joel Kotkin |date=2012 |website=City Journal |publisher= |language= |quote=Particularly citizens of what some call the Anglosphere: the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/03/the-guardian-view-on-languages-and-the-british-brexit-and-an-anglosphere-prison |title=The Guardian view on languages and the British: Brexit and an Anglosphere prison |last=Reed |first=Betsy |date=3 November 2017 |website=The Guardian |publisher= |language= |quote=an Anglosphere of Britain, Ireland (sometimes), the British Commonwealth and above all the United States.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/f30b22d0-703f-11e4-bc6a-00144feabdc0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/f30b22d0-703f-11e4-bc6a-00144feabdc0 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Which way is Ireland going?|website=Financial Times|date=21 November 2014|last1=Kuper|first1=Simon}}</ref>{{sfn|Lloyd|2000}}{{Excessive citations inline|date=July 2024}}

The five core countries in the Anglosphere are [[developed country|developed countries]] that maintain close cultural and diplomatic links with one another. They are aligned under such military and security programmes as:{{sfn|Bennett, 2004b|p=80}}{{sfn|Lloyd|2000}}{{sfn|Legrand|2015}}{{sfn|Legrand|2016}}
*[[ABCANZ Armies]]
*[[Air and Space Interoperability Council]] (air forces)
*[[AUKUS]], a 2021 trilateral security partnership between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States focused on Australia acquiring nuclear-powered attack submarines
*[[AUSCANNZUKUS]] (navies)
*[[Border Five]]
*[[Combined Communications Electronics Board]] (communications electronics)
*[[Five Eyes]] (intelligence)
*[[Five Nations Passport Group]]
*[[Migration 5]]
*[[The Technical Cooperation Program]] (technology and science)
*The [[UKUSA Agreement]] (signals intelligence).

Relations have traditionally been warm between Anglosphere countries, with bilateral partnerships such as those between [[Australia–New Zealand relations|Australia and New Zealand]], [[United States–Canada relations|the United States and Canada]] and [[United States–United Kingdom relations|the United States and the United Kingdom]] (the [[Special Relationship]]) constituting the most successful partnerships in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.australianreview.net/journal/v2/n1/goff.pdf|title=The Trans-Tasman Relationship: A New Zealand Perspective|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=21 August 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821235330/http://www.australianreview.net/journal/v2/n1/goff.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2016/03/09/us_and_canada_the_worlds_most_successful_bilateral_relationship_111753.html|title=U.S. and Canada: The World's Most Successful Bilateral Relationship|work=RealClearWorld|date=9 March 2016|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228060417/https://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2016/03/09/us_and_canada_the_worlds_most_successful_bilateral_relationship_111753.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Marsh|first=Steve|date=1 June 2012|title='Global Security: US–UK relations': lessons for the special relationship?|journal=Journal of Transatlantic Studies|volume=10|issue=2|pages=182–199|doi=10.1080/14794012.2012.678119|s2cid=145271477}}</ref>

In terms of political systems, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom have [[Charles III]] as [[head of state]], form part of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and use the [[Westminster system|Westminster parliamentary system]] of government.  The United States is a presidential republic. Most of the core countries have [[first-past-the-post]] electoral systems, though [[Electoral system of Australia|Australia]] and [[Electoral system of New Zealand|New Zealand]] have reformed their systems and there are other systems used in some [[Elections in the United Kingdom|elections in the UK]]. As a consequence, most core Anglosphere countries have politics [[two-party system|dominated by two major parties]].

Below is a table comparing the five core countries of the Anglosphere (data for 2022/2023):

{| {{Table|sort}}
!Country 
!Population
!Land area<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=FAOSTAT |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data |access-date=2021-11-03 |website=www.fao.org |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data |url-status=live }}</ref>
!GDP Nominal<br />(USD bn)<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref>
!GDP PPP<br />(USD bn)<ref name="auto1"/>
!GDP PPP per capita<br />(USD)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database: October 2021 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012183649/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October |archive-date=12 October 2021 |access-date=2021-11-03 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref>
!National wealth PPP (USD bn)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-databook-2021.pdf|title=Credit Suisse Global Wealth Databook 2021|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623101415/https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-databook-2021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">Credit Suisse figures adjusted using IMF WEO Oct 2021 GDP-PPP exchange rates.</ref>
!Military spending PPP<br />(USD bn){{sfn|Robertson|2022}}
|-
| align="left" | {{flag|Australia}}
| 26,009,249<ref>{{cite web |title=Population clock |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Web+Pages/Population+Clock?opendocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213101231/https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Web+Pages/Population+Clock?opendocument |archive-date=13 December 2019 |access-date=22 November 2019 |website=www.abs.gov.au |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>
| {{nts|7692020}}
|1,707
| style="text-align:center;" |{{nts|1,718}}
| 65,366
|{{nts|7661}}
|{{nts|22.0}}
|-
| align="left" | {{flag|Canada}}
| 38,708,793<ref>{{cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=11 July 2018 |title=Canada's population clock (real-time model) |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/71-607-x/71-607-x2018005-eng.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219010134/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/71-607-x/71-607-x2018005-eng.htm |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
|{{nts|9984670}}
|2,089
| style="text-align:center;" |{{nts|2,385}}
| 60,177
|{{nts|9971}}
|{{nts|23.3}}
|- 
| align="left" | {{flag|New Zealand}}
| 5,130,623<ref>{{cite web |title=Population clock |url=http://archive.stats.govt.nz/tools_and_services/population_clock.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221084629/http://archive.stats.govt.nz/tools_and_services/population_clock.aspx |archive-date=21 February 2020 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=archive.stats.govt.nz}}</ref>
| {{nts|262443}}
|251
| style="text-align:center;" |{{nts|278}}
| 54,046
|{{nts|1229}}
|{{nts|3.1}}
|-
| align="left" | {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| 67,081,234<ref>{{cite web |title=Population estimates for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2020 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2020#age-structure-of-the-uk-population |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=www.ons.gov.uk |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625084416/https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2020#age-structure-of-the-uk-population |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{nts|241930}}
|3,158
| style="text-align:center;" |{{nts|3,846}}
|56,471
|{{nts|16208}}
|{{nts|70.2}}
|-
| align="left" | {{flag|United States}}
| 332,718,707<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Population Clock |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025617/http://www.census.gov/popclock/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=www.census.gov}}</ref>
| {{nts|9833520}}
|26,854
| style="text-align:center;" |{{nts|26,854}}
|80,035
|{{nts|114932}}
|{{nts|734.3}}
|- 
! align="left" |Core Anglosphere
! {{nts|469648606}}
! {{nts|27329350}}
!34,059
! {{nts|28115}}
!{{nts|65700}}
!{{nts|150001}}
!{{nts|852.9}}
|-
!... as % of World
!5.9%
!18.4%
!32.3%
!20%
!3.3×
!24.9%
!32.9%
|}

== Culture and economics ==
Due to their historic links, the Anglosphere countries share many cultural traits that still persist today. Most countries in the Anglosphere follow the [[rule of law]] through [[common law]] rather than [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]], and favour [[democracy]] with [[legislative chamber]]s above other political systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/|title=The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=10 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510200259/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Private property is protected by law or constitution.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Office%20of%20Citizenship/TaskForceonNewAmericansReport.pdf|title=Building an Americanization Movement for the Twenty-first Century: A Report to the President of the United States from the Task Force on New Americans|author=Michael Chertoff|display-authors=etal|year=2008|isbn=978-0-16-082095-3|location=Washington D.C.|access-date=29 October 2019|archive-date=4 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704193841/https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Office%20of%20Citizenship/TaskForceonNewAmericansReport.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=January 2024}}

[[Market freedom]] is high in the five core Anglosphere countries, as all five share the [[Anglo-Saxon capitalism|Anglo-Saxon economic model]] &ndash; a [[Capitalism|capitalist]] model that emerged in the 1970s based on the [[Chicago school of economics]] with origins from the 18th century United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Development models, globalization and economies : a search for the Holy Grail?|author=Kidd, John B.|author2=Richter, Frank-Jürgen|publisher=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan|year=2006|isbn=978-0230523555|oclc=71339998}}</ref> The shared sense of [[globalisation]] led cities such as [[New York City|New York]], [[London]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Sydney]], and [[Toronto]] to have considerable impacts on the international markets and the [[Economy|global economy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atkearney.com/global-cities/2019|title=Global Cities Index 2019|website=A.T. Kearney|access-date=29 October 2019|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220120959/https://www.atkearney.com/global-cities/2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Global [[popular culture]] has been highly influenced by the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name=":2" />{{better source needed|date=January 2024}}
{{See also|International yard and pound}}

==Proponents and critics==
Proponents of the Anglosphere concept typically come from the [[political right]] (such as [[Andrew Roberts (historian)|Andrew Roberts]] of the [[UK Conservative Party]]), and critics from the [[centre-left]] (for example [[Michael Ignatieff]] of the [[Liberal Party of Canada]]).

===Proponents===
As early as 1897, [[Albert Venn Dicey]]  proposed an Anglo-Saxon "intercitizenship" during an address to the Fellows of [[All Souls College, Oxford|All Souls]] at Oxford.<ref>L. Dyer, "Anglo-Saxon Citizenship", ''The Barrister'' 3 (1897):107. Cited in Dimitry Kochenov (2019) ''Citizenship'' {{ISBN|9780262537797}}, page 139.</ref>
{{Further|19th-century Anglo-Saxonism}}
The American businessman [[James C. Bennett]],{{sfn|Reynolds|2004}} a proponent of the idea that there is something special about the cultural and legal ([[common law]]) traditions of English-speaking nations, writes in his 2004 book ''The Anglosphere Challenge'':

{{blockquote|The Anglosphere, as a network civilization without a corresponding political form, has necessarily imprecise boundaries. Geographically, the densest nodes of the Anglosphere are found in the United States and the United Kingdom. English-speaking Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and English-speaking South Africa (who constitute a very small minority in that country) are also significant populations. The English-speaking Caribbean, English-speaking [[Oceania]] and the English-speaking educated populations in Africa and India constitute other important nodes.{{sfn|Bennett, 2004b|p=80}}}}

Bennett argues that there are two challenges confronting his concept of the Anglosphere. The first is finding ways to cope with rapid technological advancement and the second is the geopolitical challenges created by what he assumes will be an increasing gap between anglophone prosperity and economic struggles elsewhere.<ref>{{harvnb|Bennett, 2004b|loc=}}{{Page needed|date=August 2010}}</ref>

British historian [[Andrew Roberts (historian)|Andrew Roberts]] claims that the Anglosphere has been central in the [[First World War]], [[Second World War]] and [[Cold War]]. He goes on to contend that anglophone unity is necessary for the defeat of [[Islamism]].<ref>{{harvnb|Roberts|2006|loc=}}{{Page needed|date=August 2010}}</ref>

According to a 2003 profile in ''[[The Guardian]]'', historian [[Robert Conquest]] favoured a [[Brexit|British withdrawal]] from the [[European Union]] in favour of creating "a much looser association of English-speaking nations, known as the 'Anglosphere{{'"}}.{{sfn|Brown|2003}}{{sfn|Wellings|Baxendale|2015}}

====CANZUK====
{{main|CANZUK}}
Favourability ratings tend to be overwhelmingly positive between countries within a subset of the core Anglosphere known as [[CANZUK]] (consisting of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom),{{says who?|date=April 2023}} whose members form part of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and retain Charles III as head of state. In the wake of the [[Brexit|United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union]] (Brexit) as a result of a [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|referendum held in 2016]], there has been mounting political and popular support for a loose free travel and common market area to be formed among the CANZUK countries.<ref name="ipol2">{{cite web|url=https://ipolitics.ca/2017/02/24/canzuk-conservatives-and-canada-marching-backward-to-empire/|title=CANZUK, Conservatives and Canada: Marching backward to empire – iPolitics|date=24 February 2017|access-date=26 December 2017|archive-date=26 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226002936/https://ipolitics.ca/2017/02/24/canzuk-conservatives-and-canada-marching-backward-to-empire/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thercs.org/assets/Press-Releases/UK-polling-release-embargoed-13.03.16-1.pdf|title=UK public strongly backs freedom to live and work in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand|access-date=26 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106035304/https://www.thercs.org/assets/Press-Releases/UK-polling-release-embargoed-13.03.16-1.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2017|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canzukinternational.com/2017/04/significant-support-for-canzuk-free.html|title=Survey Reveals Support For CANZUK Free Movement|website=CANZUK International|access-date=26 December 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222104947/http://www.canzukinternational.com/2017/04/significant-support-for-canzuk-free.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Criticisms===
In 2000, [[Michael Ignatieff]] wrote in an exchange with [[Robert Conquest]], published by the ''[[New York Review of Books]]'', that the term neglects the evolution of fundamental legal and cultural differences between the US and the UK, and the ways in which UK and European norms drew closer together during Britain's membership in the EU through [[Harmonisation of law|regulatory harmonisation]]. Of Conquest's view of the Anglosphere, Ignatieff writes: "He seems to believe that Britain should either [[Brexit|withdraw from Europe]] or refuse all further measures of cooperation, which would jeopardize Europe's real achievements. He wants Britain to throw in its lot with a union of English-speaking peoples, and I believe this to be a romantic illusion".{{sfn|Conquest|Reply by Ignatieff|2000}}

In 2016, [[Nick Cohen]] wrote in an article titled "It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit" for ''[[The Spectator]]'''s Coffee House blog: {{"'}}Anglosphere' is just the right's [[Political correctness|PC]] replacement for what we used to call in blunter times 'the [[white Commonwealth]]'."<ref>{{cite web|first=Nick|last=Cohen|url=https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2016/04/its-a-eurosceptic-fantasy-that-the-anglosphere-wants-brexit/|title=It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit - Coffee House|date=12 April 2016|access-date=3 September 2018|archive-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228110613/https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2016/04/its-a-eurosceptic-fantasy-that-the-anglosphere-wants-brexit/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/01/the-guardian-view-on-the-eu-debate-its-about-much-more-than-migration|title=The Guardian view on the EU debate: it's about much more than migration &#124; Editorial|newspaper=The Guardian|date=1 June 2016|via=www.theguardian.com|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726033459/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/01/the-guardian-view-on-the-eu-debate-its-about-much-more-than-migration|url-status=live}}</ref> He repeated this criticism in another article for ''[[The Guardian]]'' in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jul/14/brexit-britain-out-of-options-humiliation-painful|title=Brexit Britain is out of options. Our humiliation is painful to watch - Nick Cohen|first=Nick|last=Cohen|date=14 July 2018|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215213128/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jul/14/brexit-britain-out-of-options-humiliation-painful|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar criticism was presented by other critics such as Canadian academic Srđan Vučetić.<ref>{{cite web|first=Srdjan|last=Vucetic|url=https://ipolitics.ca/2017/02/24/canzuk-conservatives-and-canada-marching-backward-to-empire/|title=CANZUK, Conservatives and Canada: Marching backward to empire - iPolitics|date=24 February 2017|access-date=26 December 2017|archive-date=26 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226002936/https://ipolitics.ca/2017/02/24/canzuk-conservatives-and-canada-marching-backward-to-empire/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Srdjan|last=Vucetic|url=https://www.opencanada.org/features/canada-and-anglo-world-where-do-we-stand/|title=Canada and the Anglo World – where do we stand?|website=OpenCanada|date=26 April 2016|access-date=3 September 2018|archive-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904011311/https://www.opencanada.org/features/canada-and-anglo-world-where-do-we-stand/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, amidst the aftermath of the [[Brexit referendum]], two British professors of public policy [[Michael Kenny (political scientist)|Michael Kenny]] and Nick Pearce published a critical scholarly monograph titled ''Shadows of Empire: The Anglosphere in British Politics'' ({{ISBN|978-1509516612}}). In one of a series of accompanying opinion pieces, they questioned:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/13/opinion/donald-trump-uk-visit-anglosphere-brexit.html|title=Opinion – Britain, Time to Let Go of the 'Anglosphere'|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2018-07-13|last1=Kenny|first1=Michael|last2=Pearce|first2=Nick|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731000250/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/13/opinion/donald-trump-uk-visit-anglosphere-brexit.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote|The tragedy of the different national orientations that have emerged in British politics after empire—whether pro-European, Anglo-American, Anglospheric or some combination of these—is that none of them has yet been the compelling, coherent and popular answer to the country's most important question: How should Britain find its way in the wider, modern world?}}

They stated in another article:<ref name="ukandeu">{{cite web|last1=Kenny|first1=Michael|last2=Pearce|first2=Nick|url=http://ukandeu.ac.uk/in-the-shadows-of-empire-how-the-anglosphere-dream-lives-on/|title=In the shadows of empire: how the Anglosphere dream lives on – UK in a changing Europe|date=11 May 2018|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=14 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514084659/http://ukandeu.ac.uk/in-the-shadows-of-empire-how-the-anglosphere-dream-lives-on/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Meanwhile, the other core English-speaking countries to which the Anglosphere refers, show no serious inclination to join the UK in forging new political and economic alliances. They will, most likely, continue to work within existing regional and international institutions and remain indifferent to – or simply perplexed by – calls for some kind of formalised Anglosphere alliance.}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Anglophile]]
* [[Anglo-Americans]]
* [[AUKUS]]
* [[British diaspora]]
* [[Canadian Red Ensign]]
* [[Commonwealth realm]]
** [[Commonwealth diaspora]]
* [[Dominion]]
* [[English-speaking world]]
* [[Eurosphere]]; [[Francophonie]] (French), [[Hispanosphere]] (Spanish), [[Lusosphere]] (Portuguese)
* [[Five Power Defence Arrangements]]
* ''[[History of the English-Speaking Peoples]]'' (Winston Churchill)
* [[JUSCANZ]]
* [[List of countries and territories where English is an official language]]
* [[List of countries by English-speaking population]]
* [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant]] (WASP)

{{div col end}}
{{Portal bar|British Empire}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite news|last=Bell|first=Duncan|date=19 January 2017 |url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/anglosphere-old-dream-brexit-role-in-the-world |title=The Anglosphere: new enthusiasm for an old dream|publisher=Prospect}}
*{{Cite book|first=Luca|last= Bellocchio|title=Anglosfera. Forma e forza del nuovo Pan-Anglismo|publisher= Genova, Il Melangolo|year=2006|isbn=978-88-7018-601-7}}
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*{{Cite book|last=Bennett |first=James C. |year=2004 |title=The Anglosphere Challenge: Why the English-Speaking Nations Will Lead the Way in the Twenty-First Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_SaenLfzEAUC&pg=PA80  |isbn=978-0742533325|ref={{harvid|Bennett, 2004b}}}}
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*{{Cite news|last=Brown |first=Andrew |date=15 February 2003 |url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/poetry/features/0,12887,902797,00.html |title=Scourge and poet|work=The Guardian}}
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*{{cite news|last=Hannan|first=Daniel|date=2 March 2014|title=The Anglosphere is alive and well, but I wonder whether it needs a better name|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/danielhannan/100261784/the-anglosphere-is-alive-and-well-but-i-wonder-whether-it-needs-a-better-name/|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407201815/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/danielhannan/100261784/the-anglosphere-is-alive-and-well-but-i-wonder-whether-it-needs-a-better-name/|archive-date=7 April 2016|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kenny|first1=Michael |last2=Pearce|first2=Nick |year=2015 |title=The rise of the Anglosphere: how the right dreamed up a new conservative world order|journal=New Statesman |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/02/rise-anglosphere-how-right-dreamed-new-conservative-world-order
|access-date=2018-05-23}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Kenny |first1=Michael |last2=Pearce |first2=Nick |year=2018 |title=Shadows of Empire: The Anglosphere in British Politics |publisher=Polity |isbn=978-1-509-51660-5| url=http://politybooks.com/bookdetail/?isbn=9781509516605}}
<!--L-->
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*{{cite journal
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*{{cite journal|journal=[[City Journal]]|first1= Shashi|last1= Parulekar |first2=Joel|last2= Kotkin |url=https://www.city-journal.org/html/state-anglosphere-13447.html|year=2012|title= The State of the Anglosphere}}
* {{Cite news|first=Peter|last=Pomerantsev|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/the-idealistic-pull-of-the-anglosphere-leave-brexit-emotions/|title=The idealistic pull of the 'Anglosphere'|publisher=[[Politico Europe]]|date=2016-07-13}}
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*{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/28/uselections2004.usa4|title=Explaining the 'Anglosphere'|first=Glenn|last=Reynolds|date=28 October 2004|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003426/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/28/uselections2004.usa4|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Roberts (historian) |year=2006 |title=A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0297850762 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofenglish0000robe }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Robertson |first=Peter E. |title=The Real Military Balance: International Comparisons of Defense Spending |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/roiw.12536 |journal=Review of Income and Wealth |year=2022 |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=797–818 |language=en |doi=10.1111/roiw.12536 |issn=1475-4991 |s2cid=240601701 |access-date=3 November 2021 |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513075755/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/roiw.12536 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}
<!--V-->
*{{cite book |last=Vucetic |first=Srdjan |year=2011 |title=The Anglosphere: A Genealogy of a Racialized Identity in International Relations |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-7224-2}}
<!--W-->
*{{cite web|last1=Wellings|last2=Baxendale|first1=Ben|first2=Helen| url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2015/12/10/anglosphere-is-the-other-side-of-the-eurosceptic-coin-a-conception-of-britains-identity-and-place-in-the-world/|title=The power of the Anglosphere in Eurosceptical thought|date=10 December 2015|access-date=2 August 2018|archive-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801010227/http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2015/12/10/anglosphere-is-the-other-side-of-the-eurosceptic-coin-a-conception-of-britains-identity-and-place-in-the-world/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |title= The Anglosphere in the Brexit Referendum|doi=10.4000/rfcb.1354|first=Ben|last=Wellings|journal=Revue française de civilisation britannique|year=2017|issue=2|volume=XXII|doi-access=free}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Anglosphere}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140210210247/http://explorersfoundation.org/archive/anglosphere_primer.pdf James C. Bennett (2002) An Anglosphere Primer], presented to the [[Foreign Policy Research Institute]]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09j6qz8 BBC Radio 4: Archive on 4 (2017-12-16): Return of the Anglosphere]
* [https://www.cips-cepi.ca/2020/10/01/from-insularity-to-exteriority-how-the-anglosphere-is-shaping-global-governance/ From Insularity to Exteriority: How the Anglosphere is Shaping Global Governance – Centre for International Policy Studies]

{{English official language clickable map}}
{{Territories of the British Empire}}

[[Category:Anglosphere| ]]
[[Category:British Empire]]
[[Category:Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Historical regions]]
[[Category:Western culture]]