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{{short description|Wars and battles between England and Scotland}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2021}}
{{Campaignbox Anglo-Scottish Wars}}
[[File:Scottish soldiers in the 14thC.jpg|thumb|right|A  15th-century illustration showing an English [[herald]] approaching a troop of Scottish soldiers]]

The '''Anglo-Scottish Wars''' comprise the various battles which continued to be fought between the [[Kingdom of England]] and the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] from the time of the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|Wars of Independence]] in the early 14th century through to the latter years of the 16th century.

Although the Wars of Independence, in which Scotland twice resisted attempted [[conquest]] by [[Plantagenet]] kings of England, formally ended in the treaties of 1328 and 1357 respectively, relations between the two countries remained uneasy. Incursions by English kings into Scotland continued under [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] and [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]] and informal cross-border conflict remained endemic. Formal flashpoints on the border included places remaining under English occupation, such as [[Roxburgh Castle]] and the port of [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]]. Roxburgh was recaptured by the Scots in 1460 under [[Mary of Guelders]] after the death of [[James II of Scotland|James II]] in the same campaign. Similarly, they captured Berwick in 1461 in exchange for support to the Lancastrians. Berwick had changed hands a number of times in the past, and as one country attempted to take advantage of weakness or instability in the other, siding on one side in the civil war, culminating in final capture for the English of the Scottish port by the Yorkist [[Richard III of England|Richard, Duke of Gloucester]] in 1482.

England's preoccupation with civil war during the [[Wars of the Roses]] and Scotland's aid to the Lancastrian cause may have been a component in the period of relative recovery for her northern neighbour during the course of the 15th century, and by the first decade of the 16th century [[James IV of Scotland]] and [[Henry VII of England]] were making overtures for lasting peace after aiding the latter, along with Scotland's ally [[France]] in the [[Battle of Bosworth]]. This broke down after the accession of the more overtly bellicose [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] to the English throne and James IV's catastrophically misjudged incursion into [[Northumbria]] in 1513 ending in the [[Battle of Flodden]]. Three decades later, after the death of [[James V of Scotland|James V]] in 1542, the so-called '[[rough wooing]]' at the hands of invading English armies under the [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset|Earl of Hertford]] brought manifest depredations to Scotland. The last pitched battle between Scotland and England as independent states was the [[Battle of Pinkie]] in September 1547. Periods of fighting and conflict nevertheless continued.

[[France]] also played a key role throughout the period of the Anglo-Scottish Wars. Scots and English soldiers on French soil during the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453) generally fought on opposing sides, with the Scots standing for the French against the English under the [[Auld Alliance]]. France in later periods, in turn, often intervened on Scottish soil for the Scots. This French involvement had increasingly complex political consequences for all sides by the later 16th century.

The Anglo-Scottish Wars can be said to have formally ended with the [[Union of the Crowns]] in 1603, wherein England and Scotland entered a [[personal union]] under [[James VI and I]], who inherited both crowns. Bloody conflict between the two states nevertheless continued to arise in different and more complex guise throughout the course of the 17th century.

==Border wars between Scotland and England==
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[[File:Edouard III devant Berwick.jpg|thumb|upright|English army at [[Berwick upon Tweed]], 1482]]
During the mid-15th century, there were many conflicts on the border of England and Scotland, most notably the [[Battle of Sark]] in 1448. These battles were the result of England's ongoing military campaigning in France and Scottish attempts to support the House of Valois.

==Flodden campaign==
England under [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] declared war on [[France]] in 1512 (as part of the larger conflict known as the [[War of the League of Cambrai]]). [[James IV of Scotland]] invaded England in fulfillment of his alliance with France (even though married to Henry's sister Margaret). In 1513, after preliminary raids by borderers came to grief, James's main army invaded England. His artillery quickly subdued English castles such as Norham and Wark. However, James issued a formal challenge for an open field battle to the English army under the [[Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk|Earl of Surrey]] and then fortified his position; this perceived lack of chivalry led Surrey to warn James that no quarter would be given or accepted. Surrey's army manoeuvred around the Scottish army, which launched an attack to open a route north to Scotland. In the resulting disastrous [[Battle of Flodden]], James IV was killed, along with many of his nobles and gentry, the "[[Flowers of the Forest]]".<ref>Peter Reese, ''Flodden: A Scottish Tragedy'' (Birlinn, 2013).</ref>

==1514–1523==
[[James V of Scotland]] was an infant barely a year old at his father's death. Various factions among the Scottish nobles contended for power, and custody of the young king. While Henry VIII secretly encouraged some of them, English armies and some families of English and nominally Scottish [[Border Reivers]] repeatedly forayed and looted in southwest Scotland, to maintain pressure on the Scottish authorities.

Eventually, after the faction of the [[Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus|Earl of Angus]] gained control, peaceful relations were restored between England and Scotland. (Part of the reason for Henry's mellowing was that the disorders he had provoked in Scotland threatened to spill south of the border.)

==Solway Moss campaign==
When James V came of age and assumed control, he overthrew the Angus faction, and renewed Scotland's [[Auld Alliance]] with France. He married first [[Madeleine of Valois]], a daughter of [[Francis I of France]], and when she died a few months later of [[tuberculosis]], he married [[Mary of Guise]]. Tension between England and Scotland increased once again; not least because Henry had already broken with the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and embarked upon the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]], whereas James held to Rome and gave authority to powerful prelates such as Cardinal [[David Beaton]].

War broke out in 1541. Once again there were preliminary border skirmishes, but when James sent a large army into England, its leadership was weak and divided and it suffered a humbling defeat at the [[Battle of Solway Moss]].<ref>George A. Sinclair, "The Scots at Solway Moss" ''The Scottish Historical Review'' 2#8 (1905) pp. 372–377 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25517648 in JSTOR]</ref>

==Rough Wooing==
James died shortly after the defeat. Once again, Scotland's monarch was an infant, this time [[Mary, Queen of Scots]]. Henry tried to pressure a divided Scotland into an alliance, and secure the marriage of Mary to his son [[Edward VI of England|Edward]] (the "[[Rough Wooing]]").<ref>Elizabeth A. Bonner, "The Genesis of Henry VIII's ‘Rough Wooing’ of the Scots." ''Northern History'' 33.1 (1997): 36-53.</ref> When Cardinal Beaton gained control of the government of Scotland and renewed the alliance with France, Henry reacted in 1544 by sending an army under the [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset|Earl of Hertford]], Edward's uncle, to [[Burning of Edinburgh|burn Edinburgh]] and cause devastation and slaughter throughout southern Scotland, as a means of inducing a change of heart. Campaigning continued the next year, but some Scottish factions reconciled and won a victory at the [[Battle of Ancrum Moor]], which temporarily halted English attacks.<ref>Gervase Phillips, ''The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513-1550: A Military History'' (Boydell Press, 1999).</ref>

Henry died in 1547. Hertford, now Protector and Duke of Somerset, renewed the attempt to enforce an alliance, and also to impose an [[Anglican]] church on Scotland. He won a great victory at the [[Battle of Pinkie]], but Mary was smuggled to France to be betrothed to the [[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]] [[Francis II of France|Francis]]. Fighting continued for some more years, notably at the [[siege of Haddington]], and French troops assisted the Scots. Without lasting peace, Somerset's regime could not stand the expense of the war. He was overthrown and eventually executed.

==Reformation in Scotland==
Pinkie was the last pitched battle between England and Scotland prior to the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Beaton was murdered in 1546, and within a few years, Scotland underwent a major religious reformation which was, unlike most European countries, remarkably peaceful and was never seriously threatened by counter-reformation, though neighbouring England was to undergo a counter-reformation under [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary I]]. For a while, both countries were distracted by internal troubles. Eventually, [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]] came to rule England and restore stability.<ref>Gervase Phillips, ''The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513-1550: A Military History'' (Boydell Press, 1999).</ref>

Scotland remained divided. The Catholic faction under the queen mother, [[Mary of Guise]], held [[Siege of Leith|Leith]] and [[Edinburgh]]. Elizabeth was able to ensure victory for the Protestant faction by using her fleet to blockade the Catholics and prevent French aid reaching them.<ref>Paul E.J. Hammer, ''Elizabeth's wars: war, government and society in Tudor England, 1544–1604'' (2003).</ref>

For the later part of the 16th century, peace was ensured by the probability that [[James I of England|James VI of Scotland]], who was raised as a Protestant and was the son of [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], would become King of England on the death of Elizabeth. There was perennial trouble from [[Border Reivers]], but Elizabeth was inclined to forgive even their depredations rather than pick a quarrel with her Protestant neighbour.

==See also==
*[[List of battles between Scotland and England]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Dupuy, Ernest R. and Dupuy, Trevor N. ''The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present''. Revised ed. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1977. 
* Fraser, George MacDonald. ''The Steel Bonnets'', HarperCollins, 1971, {{ISBN|0-00-272746-3}}
* Lynch, Michael, ed. ''The Oxford companion to Scottish history'' (2007.
* Mackie,  R. L. ''A History of Scotland''. (2nd ed. 1978)
* Paterson, Raymond Campbell. ''My Wound is Deep: History of the Anglo-Scottish Wars, 1380–1560''  (1997)
* Phillips, Gervase. ''The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513-1550: A Military History'' (Boydell Press, 1999).
* Sadler, John. ''Border Fury: England and Scotland at War, 1296–1568'', Longman, 2004.

{{English military history}}
{{Kingdom of Scotland}}

[[Category:16th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:16th century in Scotland]]
[[Category:16th-century military history of the Kingdom of England]]
[[Category:Wars involving England|Scottish]]
[[Category:Wars involving Scotland]]
[[Category:England–Scotland relations]]
[[Category:Battles between England and Scotland]]
[[Category:15th-century military history of Scotland]]
[[Category:15th-century military history of the Kingdom of England]]