View source for Angelica Kauffman

{{Short description|Swiss artist (1741–1807)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox artist
| name          = Angelica Kauffman
| image         = File:Portrait of Angelica Kauffman (1764).jpg
| image_upright = 1
| caption       = ''[[Portrait of Angelica Kauffman (Dance-Holland)|Portrait of Angelica Kauffman]]'' by [[Nathaniel Dance-Holland]], 1764
| birth_name    = Maria Anna Angelika Kauffmann
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1741|10|30|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[Chur]], [[League of God's House]], present-day [[Graubünden]], [[Switzerland]]
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1807|11|5|1741|10|30|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[Rome]], [[Papal States]]
| nationality   = Swiss
| field         = [[Painting]]
| training      =
| movement      = [[Neoclassicism]]
| works         =
| patrons       =
| awards        =
| father        = [[Joseph Johann Kauffmann]]
| spouse        = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Frederick de Horn]]|1767|1768|end=separated}}
* {{marriage|[[Antonio Zucchi]]|1781|1795|end=died}}
}}
| signature   = Kauffmann, Angelika 01 1741-1807 Signatur.jpg
}}

'''Maria Anna Angelika Kauffmann''' {{Post-nominals|post-noms=[[List of Royal Academicians|RA]]}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|aʊ|f|m|ə|n}} {{respell|KOWF|mən}}; 30 October 1741 – 5 November 1807), usually known in English as '''Angelica Kauffman''',{{efn|Kauffman is the preferred spelling of her name in English; it is the form she herself used most in signing her correspondence, documents and paintings.{{sfn|Roworth|1992|p=193}}}} was a Swiss painter who had a successful career in London and Rome. Remembered primarily as a [[History painting|history painter]], Kauffman was a skilled portraitist, [[landscape painting|landscape]] and [[decorative art|decoration]] painter. She was, along with [[Mary Moser]], one of two female painters among the [[List of Royal Academicians|founding members]] of the [[Royal Academy|Royal Academy of Art]] in London in 1768.{{sfn|The Royal Academy|n.d.}}{{sfn|NMWA|n.d.}}

== Early life ==
[[File:Kauffmann Tragedy and Comedy (detail) 01.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Detail of ''Tragedy and Comedy'', painted in Rome in 1791 ([[National Museum, Warsaw|National Museum]] in [[Warsaw]]). Harmonious and powerful colours{{sfn|Townsend|2008|p=105}} and the soft-brushed, multi-layered style of English portraitists, Sir [[Joshua Reynolds]] and [[Thomas Gainsborough]],{{sfn|Johns|2011}} are typical for Kauffman's paintings.]]
[[File:Angelika Kauffmann - Christus und die Samariterin am Brunnen -1796.jpeg|thumb|''Christ and the [[Samaritan woman at the well|Samaritan Woman at the Well]]'' (1795), oil on canvas, 123.5 x 158.5 cm., Neue Pinakothek, Munich]]
Kauffman was born at [[Chur]] in [[Graubünden]], Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Datei:Angelika Kauffmann Geburtshaus.jpg – Wikipedia |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Angelika_Kauffmann_Geburtshaus.jpg |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |date=22 July 2008 |language=de}}</ref> Her family moved to [[Morbegno]] in 1742, then to [[Como]] in Lombardy in 1752 at that time under Austrian rule. In 1757, she accompanied her father to [[Schwarzenberg, Austria|Schwarzenberg]] in [[Vorarlberg]]/[[Austria]], where her father was working for the local bishop.{{sfn|AKRP: Chronology}} Her father, [[Joseph Johann Kauffmann]] (1707–1782), was a relatively poor man but a skilled Austrian muralist and painter, who was often travelling for his work. He trained Angelica and she worked as his assistant, moving through Switzerland, Austria, and Italy. Angelica, a child prodigy, rapidly acquired four languages from her mother, Cleophea Lutz (1717–1757): German, Italian, French and English.{{sfn|AKRP: Biography}}

She also was a talented singer and showed talent as a musician. Angelica was forced to choose between opera and art. She quickly chose art as a Catholic priest told her that the opera was a dangerous place filled with "seedy people".{{sfn|Ratiner|2005}} By her twelfth year she had already become known as a painter, with bishops and nobles sitting for her.

In 1757, her mother died and her father decided to move to Milan.{{sfn|Ratiner|2005}} Later visits to [[Italy]] of long duration followed.{{sfn|Dobson|1911|p=697}}{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2024}} Kauffman and her family moved to Florence in June 1762, where the young artist first discovered the painting style that was coined Neoclassical painting. In October, 1762, she became an elected member of the [[Accademia delle Arti del Disegno]] and an honorary member of the Accademia [[Clementina di Bologna]].<ref name="Baumgärtel-2024" /> Moving to Rome in January 1763, Kauffman was introduced to the British community. While learning more English and continuing her portraiture, a few months later the family moved again to Naples. There, Kauffman studied works by the [[Old Master]]s, and had her first painting sent to a public exhibition in London.<ref name="joslyn">{{cite web|url=https://www.joslyn.org/Post/sections/375/Files/Kauffmann%20Teaching%20Poster.pdf |title=Angelina Kauffman A Biography (teaching poster) |publisher=Joslyn's Schools, Teachers, and Technology programming}}</ref> Later in 1763, she visited [[Rome]], returning again in 1764. From Rome, she passed to [[Bologna]] and [[Venice]], everywhere feted for her talents and charm. Writing from Rome in August 1764 to his friend Franke, [[Johann Joachim Winckelmann|Winckelmann]] refers to her popularity; she was then painting his picture, a half-length; of which she also made an [[etching]]. She spoke Italian as well as German, he says, and expressed herself with facility in French and English – one result of the last-named accomplishment being that she became a popular portraitist for British visitors to Rome. "She may be styled beautiful," he adds, "and in singing may vie with our best virtuosi."{{sfn|Dobson|1911|p=697}}{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2024}} In May 1765, she was elected to the [[Accademia di San Luca]], submitting ''[https://accademiasanluca.it/collezioni/opere/allegoria-della-speranza Allegory of Hope]'' as her [[reception piece]].<ref name="Baumgärtel-2024">{{Cite book |last=Kauffmann |first=Angelica |title=Angelica Kauffman |last2=Baumgärtel |first2=Bettina |last3=Wickham |first3=Annette |date=2024 |publisher=Royal Academy of Arts |others=Royal Academy of Arts |isbn=978-1-915815-03-3 |editor-last=Sawbridge |editor-first=Peter |location=London}}</ref> That same month her work appeared in England in an exhibition of the [[Free Society of Artists]].<ref name="Baumgärtel-2024" /> She moved to England shortly afterwards, and established herself as a leading artist.{{sfn|Ratiner|2005}}

== Years in Great Britain ==
[[File:Kauffman-Garrick.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Portrait of David Garrick (Kauffman)|Portrait of David Garrick]]'' (1764), oil on canvas, 84 x 69 cm., [[Burghley House]], Lincolnshire]]
While in Venice, Kauffman was persuaded by Lady Wentworth, the wife of the British ambassador, to accompany her to London. Soon she lodged with a local surgeon's family, including [[Anne Hunter|Anne Home]]. Her first work displayed in London was the portrait of [[David Garrick]], exhibited the year before her arrival in June, 1766.{{sfn|Rosenthal|2006|p=59}} The rank of Lady Wentworth opened society to her, and she was well received, with the royal family especially showing her great favour. Her firmest friend, however, was Sir [[Joshua Reynolds]]. In his pocketbook, her name as "Miss Angelica" or "Miss Angel" appears frequently; and in 1766 he [[Portrait of Angelica Kauffman (Reynolds)|painted her]], a compliment which she returned by her ''Portrait of Sir Joshua Reynolds''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk/object/872180|title=Angelica Kauffman, ''Sir Joshua Reynolds'', 1767}}</ref> Another instance of her intimacy with Reynolds is to be found in her variation of [[Guercino]]'s ''Et in Arcadia ego'', a subject that Reynolds repeated a few years later in his portrait of Mrs Bouverie and Mrs [[Crewe]].{{sfn|Dobson|1911|p=697}}

In 1767, Kauffman was seduced by an imposter going by the name [[Count Frederick de Horn]], whom she married, but they separated the following year.{{sfn|Dobson|1911|p=697}}{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2024}}{{sfn|Roworth|2013}} It was probably owing to Reynolds's good offices that she was among the signatories to the petition to the [[George III of the United Kingdom|King]] for the establishment of the [[Royal Academy]]. In its first catalogue of 1769, she appears with "R.A." after her name (an honour she shared with one other woman, [[Mary Moser]]); and she contributed the ''Interview of [[Hector]] and [[Andromache]]'', and three other classical compositions.{{sfn|Dobson|1911|pp=697–698}} She spent several months in Ireland in 1771, as a guest of the [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland]], [[George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend|Viscount Townshend]], and undertook a number of portrait commissions there. Her notable Irish portraits include those of [[Philip Tisdall]], the [[Attorney General for Ireland]], and his wife Mary, who acted as her patron, and of [[Henry Loftus, 1st Earl of Ely]] and his family, including his niece Dorothea Monroe, the most admired Irish beauty of her time.{{sfn|Loftus|2014}} It appears that among her circle of friends was [[Jean-Paul Marat]], then living in London and practising medicine, with whom she may have had an affair.{{sfn|Conner|2012|pp=3, 13}}{{efn|Conner attributes the allegation to [[Jacques Pierre Brissot]], who reported it as hearsay in his ''Mémoires, 1754–1793'' (1912), but does not find the evidence for it compelling.{{sfn|Conner|2012|pp=3, 13}}}}

[[File:Oil sketch for The Pictorial Conjuror by Nathaniel Hone the Elder.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|[[Nathaniel Hone the Elder|Nathaniel Hone's]] painting ''[[The Conjuror (Hone)|The Conjuror]]'' (1775), satirizing Sir Joshua Reynolds and alluding to a romance with the younger Angelica Kauffman.{{sfn|Postle|2001}}]]
Her friendship with Reynolds was criticized in 1775 by fellow Academician [[Nathaniel Hone the Elder|Nathaniel Hone]], who courted controversy in 1775 with his satirical picture ''The Conjurer''.{{efn|The original sketch was discovered in Brazil in September 1966 and bought by [[Tate Britain]] the following year.{{sfn|Postle|2001}} The finished painting's whereabouts were unknown until it appeared at auction in 1944. It was acquired in 1967 and is now in the [[National Gallery of Ireland]] in Dublin.{{sfn|National Gallery of Ireland|n.d.}}{{sfn|Postle|2001}}}} It was seen to attack the fashion for Italian Renaissance art and to ridicule Sir [[Joshua Reynolds]], leading the Royal Academy to reject the painting. It also originally included a nude caricature of Kauffman in the top left corner, which he painted out after she complained to the academy. The combination of a little girl and an old man has also been seen as symbolic of Kauffman and Reynolds's closeness, age difference, and rumoured affair.{{sfn|Rosenthal|2006|pp=226–227}}{{sfn|Postle|2001}}

From 1769 until 1782, Kauffman was an annual exhibitor with the Royal Academy, sending sometimes as many as seven pictures, generally on classical or allegoric subjects. One of the most notable was ''[[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo]] expiring in the Arms of [[Francis I of France|Francis the First]]'' (1778).{{sfn|Dobson|1911|p=698}}{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2024}}{{efn|King [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] had become a close friend of [[Leonardo da Vinci]] during the artist's last years, and [[Vasari]] records that the King held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died. Aside from Kauffman, this story was portrayed in romantic paintings by [[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres|Ingres]], [[François-Guillaume Ménageot|Ménageot]] and other French artists, though some historians consider it legend rather than fact.{{sfn|White|2000|pp=261–262}}}}
[[File:Angelica Kauffmann (1741-1807) - Design - 03-1129 - Royal Academy of Arts.jpg|thumb|''Design'' (1778–80), oil on canvas, 126 × 148.5 cm. Royal Academy of Arts, London. |alt=Angelica Kauffman studying and copying a sculpture of a male torso.|195x195px]]
In 1773, she was appointed by the Academy with others to decorate [[St Paul's Cathedral]], a scheme that was never carried out, and, later, with [[Biagio Rebecca]], painted the ceiling of the Academy's Council Room at [[Somerset House]].{{sfn|Dobson|1911|p=698}} The work she created here between 1778 and 1780 are perhaps her greatest and most recognizable: a series of paintings, titled ''The Elements of Art'', depicting ''Invention'', ''Design'', ''Composition'', and ''Coloring''. Kauffman's allegorical paintings represent the principles of academic art theory.<ref name="Baumgärtel-2024" /> [[Giuseppe Marc'Antonio Baretti]], known as Joseph in England, celebrated the series of paintings as "executed with all that grace, elegance and accuracy which distinguish the best productions of this Extraordinary lady."<ref name="Baumgärtel-2024" /> The Council Room, members of the academy, and depictions of Kauffman's ''Design'' and ''Composition'' can be seen in [[Henry Singleton (painter)|Henry Singleton's]] painting, ''[[The Royal Academicians in General Assembly]]'' (1795).

==History painting==
[[File:The Sorrow of Telemachus MET DP169392.jpg|thumb|left|175px|''[[The Sorrow of Telemachus]]'' (1783), oil on canvas, 83.2 x 114.3 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York]]
[[File:Telemachus and the Nymphs of Calypso MET DP169393.jpg|thumb|175px|''[[Telemachus and the Nymphs of Calypso]]'' (1782), oil on canvas, 82.6 x 112.4 cm., Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York]]
[[File:The Triumph of Venus with the Three Graces.jpg|thumb|''The Triumph of Venus with the Three Graces'']]
While Kauffman produced portraits, and self-portraits, she identified herself primarily as a history painter, an unusual designation for a woman artist in the 18th century. [[History painting]] was considered the most elite and lucrative category in academic painting during this time period and, under the direction of [[Joshua Reynolds|Sir Joshua Reynolds]], the Royal Academy made a strong effort to promote it to a native audience more interested in commissioning and buying portraits and landscapes. Despite Kauffman's popularity in British society and her success there as an artist, she was disappointed by the relative apathy of the British towards history painting. Ultimately, she left Britain for Rome, where history painting was better established, held in higher esteem and patronized.{{sfn|Roworth|1997|pp=766–770}}

History painting, as defined in academic art theory, was classified as the most elevated category. Its subject matter was the representation of human actions based on themes from history, mythology, literature, and scripture. This required extensive learning in biblical and Classical literature, knowledge of art theory and practical training that included the study of anatomy from the male nude. Most women were denied access to such training, especially the opportunity to draw from nude models; yet Kauffman managed to cross the gender boundary. She studied works from artists including Titian, Raphael, Correggio, Domenichino, and Guido Reni, and learned to depict male anatomy through copying drawings, engravings and plaster casts.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ancient Matrons and Modern Patrons: Angelica Kauffman as a Classical History Painter |date=2017-03-02 |work=Women, Art and the Politics of Identity in Eighteenth-Century Europe |pages=206–228 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315233666-16 |access-date=2025-09-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-23366-6}}</ref> This can be seen in depictions of Kauffman, such as her painting titled ''[https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/work-of-art/design Design]'' and a [https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/artists/nathaniel-dance portrait] by [[Nathaniel Dance]]. The male figures in her artworks are seen as being more feminine than most painters would choose to display, which may be a result of her lack of formal training in male anatomy.

== Later years in Rome ==
[[File:Angelica Kauffman. Self-Portrait Hesitating Between the Arts of Music and Painting.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|''Self-Portrait Hesitating Between Painting and Music'' (1794). oil on canvas, 147 x: 216 cm. [[Nostell Priory]], West Yorkshire]]
In 1781, after her first husband's death (she had long been separated from him), she married [[Antonio Zucchi]] (1726–1795), a [[Venice|Venetian]] artist then resident in England.{{sfn|Dobson|1911|p=698}}{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2024}} Shortly afterwards, she retired to Rome, where she befriended, among others, [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]; yet, always restive, she wanted to do more and lived for another 25 years with much of her old prestige intact.{{sfn|Dobson|1911|p=698}}

In 1782, Kauffman's father died, as did her husband in 1795. In 1794, she painted, ''Self-Portrait Hesitating Between Painting and Music'', in which she emphasises the difficult choice she had faced in choosing painting as her sole career, in dedication to her mother's death.{{sfn|AKRP: Biography}} She continued at intervals to contribute to the Royal Academy in London, her last exhibit being in 1797. After this, she produced little, and in 1807 she died in Rome, being honoured with a splendid funeral under the direction of [[Canova]]. The entire [[Academy of St Luke]], with numerous ecclesiastics and virtuosi, followed her to her tomb in [[Sant'Andrea delle Fratte]], and, as at the burial of [[Raphael]], two of her best pictures were carried in procession.{{sfn|Dobson|1911|p=698}}

== Legacy ==
[[File:Mary Tisdal Reading, by Angelica Kauffmann.jpg|thumb|Mary Tisdall, Dublin (1771–72)]]
[[File:KAUFFMANN Angelica 1798 Allégorie chrétienne.jpg|thumb|''Christian Allegory'', 1798, 
Brest's Museum of Fine Arts]]
By the time of her death she had made herself what she considered to be a renowned artist. This explains why her funeral was directed by the well-known Neoclassical sculptor [[Antonio Canova]]. Canova designed her funeral based on the funeral of the Renaissance master [[Raphael]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=NMWA |title=Angelica Kauffman – Artist Profile |access-date=28 October 2020 |url=https://nmwa.org/art/artists/angelica-kauffman/}}</ref>

By 1911, rooms decorated with her work were still to be seen in various places. At [[Hampton Court]] was a portrait of the duchess of Brunswick; in the [[National Portrait Gallery (London)|National Portrait Gallery]], a self-portrait (NPG 430).{{sfn|Dobson|1911|p=698}}{{sfn|NPG 430}}

There were other pictures by her in Paris, at [[Dresden]], in the [[Hermitage Museum|Hermitage]] at [[St Petersburg]], in the [[Alte Pinakothek]] at [[Munich]], in [[Kadriorg Palace]], [[Tallinn]] ([[Estonia]]){{sfn|Dobson|1911|p=698}}{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2024}}{{sfn|''Art Museum of Estonia''|2013}} and in the [[Universalmuseum Joanneum#Alte Galerie|Joanneum Alte Galerie]] at [[Graz]]. The Munich example was another portrait of herself, and there was a third in the [[Uffizi]] at Florence. A few of her works in private collections were exhibited among the [[Old Masters]] at [[Burlington House]].{{sfn|Dobson|1911|p=698}}{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2024}}

Kauffman is well known for the numerous engravings from her designs by [[Luigi Schiavonetti|Schiavonetti]], [[Francesco Bartolozzi]] and others. Those by Bartolozzi especially found considerable favour with collectors. [[Charles Willson Peale]] (1741–1827), artist, patriot, and founder of a major American art dynasty, named several of his children after notable European artists, including a daughter, Angelica Kauffman Peale.{{sfn|Dobson|1911|p=698}}{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2024}}

A biography of Kauffman was published in 1810 by [[Giovanni Gherardo De Rossi]].{{sfn|Dobson|1911|p=698}}{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2024}}{{sfn|Roworth|2004}} The book was the basis of a romance by [[Léon de Wailly]] (1838), and it prompted the novel contributed by [[Anne Isabella Thackeray Ritchie|Anne Isabella Thackeray]] to the ''[[Cornhill Magazine]]'' in 1875 entitled ''Miss Angel''.{{sfn|Dobson|1911|p=698}}{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2024}}

The English novelist [[Miranda Miller (novelist)|Miranda Miller]] published a 2020 novel entitled ''Angelica, Paintress of Minds'', which purports to be an autobiography written during Kauffman's last days in Rome.{{sfn|Miller|2020}} The [[Historical Novel Society]] says of the book: "Kauffmann is presented as hard-working, loyal, kind, sometimes susceptible but more determined than she thinks she is."<ref>{{citation |last1=Mezzacappa |first1=Katherine |title=Angelica, Paintress of Minds |publisher=Historical Novel Society }}</ref>

From September 2018 to August 2019, the Royal Academy hosted an exhibition by [[Sarah Pickstone]], ''An Allegory of Painting'', which paid homage to works by Kauffman that the Academy had commissioned. Pickstone's ''The Rainbow'' reinterpreted Kauffman's ''Colour'', with ''Belvedere'' a response to Kauffman's ''Design''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Pickstone: An Allegory of Painting {{!}} Royal Academy of Arts |url=https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/exhibition/sarah-pickstone-allegory-of-painting |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=www.royalacademy.org.uk |language=en}}</ref>

=== The Angelika Kauffmann Museum ===
[[File:Schwarzenberg-Brand 34-Angelika Kaufmann Museum-01ASD.jpg|thumb|The [[Angelika Kauffmann Museum]] in [[Schwarzenberg, Austria|Schwarzenberg]] ([[Vorarlberg]], [[Austria]])]]
The [[Angelika Kauffmann Museum]] in [[Schwarzenberg, Austria|Schwarzenberg]], [[Vorarlberg]] ([[Austria]]) was established in 2007. This location is in the same area that her father called home. The annually changing exhibitions focus on different aspects and themes of her artistic work.<ref name="Schwarzenberg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.schwarzenberg.at/en/culture/angelika-kauffmann-museum/|title=Angelika Kauffmann Museum – Tourismus Schwarzenberg|date=28 August 2019|website=www.schwarzenberg.at|language=en|access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref> In the 2019 exhibition ''Angelika Kauffmann – Unknown Treasures from Vorarlberg Private Collections'', many of her paintings were shown to the public for the first time, as a large proportion of her oeuvre is owned by private collectors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bregenzerwald.at/en/activity/angelika-kaufmann-museum-schwarzenberg/|title=The Angelika Kauffmann Museum in Schwarzenberg|website=Bregenzerwald in Vorarlberg|language=en|access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref> The museum is housed in the so-called "Kleberhaus", an old farmhouse (1556) in the typical architectural style of the region.<ref name="Schwarzenberg"/>

== Galleries ==
=== History painting ===
{{Main| History painting}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
File:Angelica Kaufmann - Penelope at her Loom.jpg|''[[Penelope at Her Loom]]'' (1764), oil on canvas, [[Brighton Pavilion]]
File:Angelica Kauffmann (1741-1807) - Vortigern, King of Britain, Enamoured with Rowena at the Banquet of Hengist, the Saxon General - 872183 - National Trust.jpg|''[[Vortigern and Rowena (painting)|Vortigern and Rowena]]'' (1770), [[Saltram House]]
File:Penelope Waken by Eurykleia (1772), oil on canvas, dimensions unknown, Vorarlberger Landesmuseum, Bregenz.jpg|''Penelope Waken by Eurykleia'' (1772), oil on canvas, dimensions unknown, [[vorarlberg museum]], Bregenz
File:Angelica Kauffmann, Ariadne Abandoned by Theseus, 1774.jpg|''[[Ariadne Abandoned by Theseus]]'' (1774), oil on canvas, 63.8 x 90.9&nbsp;cm., [[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston]]
File:Angelica Kauffman - Zeuxis Selecting Models for His Painting of Helen of Troy.jpg|''[[Zeuxis Selecting Models for His Painting of Helen of Troy]]'' ({{Circa|1778}}), oil on canvas, dimensions unknown, [[Annmary Brown Memorial]] Library, [[Brown University]], Rhode Island
File:Angelica Kauffman - El juicio de Paris.jpg|''The Judgment of Paris'' ({{Circa|1781}}), oil on canvas, 80 x 100.9&nbsp;cm., [[Museo de Arte de Ponce]], Puerto Rico
File:Die verlassene Ariadne - Angelika Kauffman (SK Dresden Gal.-Nr. 2183).jpg|''Ariadne left by Theseus'' (before 1782), oil on canvas, 88 x 70.5&nbsp;cm., [[Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister]], Dresden
File:Pliny the Younger and his Mother at Misenum, 79 A.D., by Angelica Kauffmann, English, 1785, oil on canvas - Princeton University Art Museum - DSC06494.jpg|''Pliny the Younger and His Mother at Miseno'' (1785), oil on canvas, 103 x 127.5&nbsp;cm., [[Princeton University Art Museum]], New Jersey
File:Kauffmann_Cornelia_mater_Gracchorum.jpg|''Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi, Pointing to her Children as Her Treasures'' (1785), oil on canvas, 101.6 x 127&nbsp;cm., [[Virginia Museum of Fine Arts]]
File:Kauffmann Circe.jpg|''Circe Enticing Ulysses'' (1786), oil on canvas, dimension and collection unknown
File:Angelica Kauffmann - Virgil reading the ‚Aeneid‘ to Augustus and Octavia (Hermitage).jpg|''Virgil reading the Aeneid to Augustus and Octavia'' (1788), oil on canvas, 123 x 159&nbsp;cm, [[Hermitage Museum]], Saint Petersburg
File:Scene from (Kauffmann).jpg|''Valentine Rescues Silvia'' from ''The Two Gentlemen of Verona'' (1789), oil on canvas, 61 3/4 in. x 87 in. (156.8&nbsp;cm x 221&nbsp;cm), [[Davis Museum at Wellesley College]], Massachusetts <ref>{{cite web |title=VALENTINE, PROTEUS, SYLVIA AND GIULIA IN THE FOREST (SCENE FROM "TWO GENTLEMEN OF VERONA" ACT V, SCENE IV) |url=https://davis.emuseum.com/objects/1737/valentine-proteus-sylvia-and-giulia-in-the-forest-scene-f |website=Davis Museum at Wellesley College}}</ref>
File:Angelica Kauffmann - Erato, the Muse of Lyric Poetry with a Putto.jpg|''Erato, the Muse of Lyric Poetry with a Putto or Sappho Inspired by Love'' (date unknown), oil on canvas, 111.8 x: 94&nbsp;cm., private collection
File:Angelica Kauffmann - Venus Induces Helen to Fall in Love with Paris - WGA12099.jpg|''Venus Induces Helen to Fall in Love with Paris'' (1790), oil on canvas, 102 x 127.5&nbsp;cm., Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg
File:Agrippina trauert über der Urne des Germanicus, Angelika Kauffmann (1793), Kunstpalast Düsseldorf.jpg|''Agrippina Mourns the Urn of Germanicus'' (1793), oil on canvas, [[Museum Kunstpalast]], Düsseldorf
File:Kauffmann Holy Family with an angel.jpg|''Holy Family with an angel'', before 1807, [[Museum of John Paul II Collection]]

</gallery>

=== Portraits ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="130px">
File:Johann Joachim Winckelmann (Angelika Kaufmann).jpg|''[[Portrait of Winckelmann]]'' (1764), oil on canvas
File:Lady Georgiana Spencer, Henrietta Spencer and George Viscount Althorp by Angelika Kauffmann.jpg|''Lady Georgiana Spencer, Henrietta Spencer and George Viscount Althorp'' ({{Circa|1766}}), oil on canvas, 113.6 x 144.8&nbsp;cm., private collection 
File:JoshuaReynoldsByAngelicaKauffman.jpg|''Sir Joshua Reynolds'' (1767), oil on canvas, 127 x 101.5&nbsp;cm., [[National Trust]], [[Saltram House]]
File:Angelica Kauffmann - Portrait of a Woman as a Vestal Virgin - WGA12100.jpg|''Portrait of a Woman as a Vestal Virgin'' (1770s), oil on canvas, 60 x 41&nbsp;cm., [[Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum]], Madrid
File:Angelica Kauffman - The Family of the Earl of Gower (1772).jpg|''The Family of the Earl of Gower'' (1772), oil on canvas, 150.4 x 208.2&nbsp;cm., [[National Museum of Women in the Arts]], Washington, D.C.
File:Kauffmann, Angelica - Portrait of Eleanor, Countess of Lauderdale - Google Art Project.jpg|''Portrait of Eleanor, Countess of Lauderdale'' (c. 1780), oil on canvas, 76.2 x 63.5&nbsp;mm., [[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston]]
File:Angelica Kauffmann - Portrait of Sarah Harrop (Mrs. Bates) as a Muse - Google Art Project.jpg|''Portrait of Sarah Harrop (Mrs. Bates) as a Muse'' (1780–81), oil on canvas, 142 x 121&nbsp;cm., [[Princeton University Art Museum]], New Jersey
File:Angelica Kaufmann Antonio Zucchi.jpg|''Antonio Zucchi'' [Kauffman's husband] (1781), oil on canvas, 76 x 63&nbsp;cm., private collection
File:Painting of the family of Ferdinando IV (Angelica Kauffmann, 1782).jpg|''Portrait of Ferdinand IV of Naples, and his Family'' (1783), oil on canvas, 310 x 426&nbsp;cm., [[Museo di Capodimonte]], Naples
File:Kauffmann - Henryk Lubomirski.jpg|''Prince Henry Lubomirski As Amor'' (1786), oil on canvas, [[Borys Voznytsky Lviv National Art Gallery]], Ukraine
File:Baronne de Krüdener par Angelika Kauffmann.jpg|''Baroness of Krüdener and Her Son Paul'' (1787), oil on canvas, dimensions unknown, Musée du [[Louvre-Lens]]
File:Der junge Goethe, gemalt von Angelica Kauffmann 1787.JPG|''[[Goethe]]'' [at 38 years] (1787), oil on canvas, 64 x 52&nbsp;cm., [[Goethe-Nationalmuseum]], Weimar
File:Ellis Cornelia Knight, by Angelica Kauffmann.jpg|''Ellis Cornelia Knight'' (1793), oil on canvas, 96 x 80&nbsp;cm., [[Manchester Art Gallery]]
File:Anna von Escher van Muralt (Angelica Kauffmann).jpg|''Anna von Escher van Muralt'' (c. 1800), oil on canvas, 110 x 86&nbsp;cm., [[Museo del Prado]], Madrid
File:Portrait of Ludwig, Crown Prince of Bavaria.png|''[[Portrait of Ludwig, Crown Prince of Bavaria]]'' (1807), oil on canvas, 224.6 x 146.8&nbsp;cm., [[Neue Pinakothek]], Munich
</gallery>

=== Miscellaneous ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Believed to be a satire of Swiss painter Angelika Kauffmann (1741–1807).jpg|''The Paintress of [[Macaroni (fashion)|Macaroni]]'s'', believed to be a satire of Kauffman. London: Printed for Carington Bowles, 13 April 1772.
File:Angelica Kauffman, April 1809, The European Magazine and London Review.jpg|From ''The European Magazine and London Review''
File:Angelica Kauffman Self-Portrait as Imitatio 1771.jpg|''Self-Portrait as Imitatio'' (1771), pencil
File:Goethe Iphigenia in Tauris 1803.jpg|Scene from the 1802 première in [[Weimar]] of Goethe's ''[[Iphigenia in Tauris (Goethe)|Iphigenia in Tauris]]'', with Goethe himself as [[Orestes]] in the centre.
File:Peter Kaufmann Angelika Kauffmann 1808 Neue Pinakothek-1.jpg|''The Painter Angelika Kauffmann'' (1808), by Johann Peter Kauffmann, marble, 66,9 x 35,2 x 35&nbsp;cm., Neue Pinakothek, Munich
File:Portrait of Emma Hamilton MET DP819694.jpg|Portrait of [[Emma, Lady Hamilton|Emma Hamilton]] (1791), [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York
File:Angelica Kauffman - Design for a Fan - B1975.3.1237 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|Design for a Fan (1775), [[Yale Center for British Art]]
</gallery>

== Exhibitions ==
* Retrospektive Angelika Kauffmann (270 works, c. 450 ill. ), Düsseldorf, Kunstmuseum (15 November 1998 – 24 January 1999); München, Haus der Kunst (5 February – 18 April 1999); Chur, [[Bündner Kunstmuseum]] (8 May – 11 July 1999).
* [https://www.vorarlbergmuseum.at/ausstellungen/angelika-kauffmann/ ''Angelica Kauffman: Unknown Treasures from Vorarlberg Private Collections''], concurrent exhibitions at the [[vorarlberg museum|Vorarlberg Museum]] (June 15 – October 6, 2019) and the [[Angelika Kauffmann Museum]], Schwarzenberg, Austria (June 16 – November 3, 2019).
* Angelica Kauffman, Royal Academy, London, 1 March – 30 June 2024

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Art Museum of Estonia|2013}} |url= http://digikogu.ekm.ee/eng/authors/author_id-559 |title=Art Museum of Estonia |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2013 |publisher=EKM Digitaalkogu |access-date=15 February 2013}}
*{{cite web
  |title = Biography
  |editor-last = Baumgärtel
  |editor-first = Bettina
  |editor-link = Bettina Baumgärtel
  |website = Angelika Kauffmann Research Project
  |date = n.d.
  |access-date = 2 December 2018
  |url = https://www.angelika-kauffmann.de/en/biography/
  |ref = {{harvid|AKRP: Biography}}
}}
*{{cite web
  |title = Chronology
  |editor-last = Baumgärtel
  |editor-first = Bettina
  |editor-link = Bettina Baumgärtel
  |website = Angelika Kauffmann Research Project
  |date = n.d.
  |access-date = 2 December 2018
  |url = https://www.angelika-kauffmann.de/en/chronology/
  |ref = {{harvid|AKRP: Chronology}}
}}
*{{cite book
  |title = Jean-Paul Marat: Tribune of the French Revolution
  |last = Conner
  |first = Clifford D.
  |year = 2012
  |publisher = Pluto Press
  |series = Revolutionary Lives
  |isbn = 9780745331935
}}
*{{cite book
  |title = Miss Angel: The Art and World of Angelica Kauffman
  |last = Goodden
  |first = Angelica
  |author-link = Angelica Goodden
  |year = 2005
  |publisher = Pimlico
  |location = London
  |isbn = 9781844137589
}}
*{{cite web
  |title = Keepsakes of the Beloved: Portrait Miniatures and Profiles 1790 to 1840
  |last = Johns
  |first = Elizabeth
  |website = Traditional Fine Arts Organization
  |date = 4 February 2011
  |access-date = 2 December 2018
  |url = http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/9aa/9aa498.htm
}}
*{{cite magazine
  |title = From chaplains to lords
  |last = Loftus
  |first = Simon
  |website = Irish Arts Review
  |date = Winter 2014
  |url = https://www.irishartsreview.com/from-chaplains-to-lords/
}}

*{{cite book
  |title = Angelica, Paintress of Minds
  |url = https://barbicanpress.com/book/angelica-paintress-of-minds/
  |first = Miranda 
  |last = Miller
  |publisher = [[Barbican Press]]
  |location = London
  |year = 2020
  |isbn = 9781909954410
}}
*{{cite web
  |title = The Conjuror
  |author = <!-- corporate author; no attribution -->
  |website = [[National Gallery of Ireland]]
  |date = n.d.
  |access-date = 3 December 2018
  |url = http://onlinecollection.nationalgallery.ie/objects/3257
  |ref = {{harvid|National Gallery of Ireland|n.d.}}
}}
*{{cite web
  |title = Angelica Kauffman: 1741–1807
  |author = <!-- corporate author; no attribution -->
  |website = [[The National Museum of Women in the Arts]]
  |date = n.d.
  |access-date = 2 December 2018
  |url = https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/angelica-kauffman
  |ref = {{harvid|NMWA|n.d.}}
}}
*{{cite web
  |title = NPG 430; Angelica Kauffman
  |author = <!-- corporate author; no attribution -->
  |publisher = [[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]]
  |url = https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw03540
  |access-date = 2 December 2018
  |ref = {{harvid|NPG 430}}
}}
*{{cite web
  |title = Sketch for ''The Conjuror'', Nathaniel Hone, 1775
  |last = Postle
  |first = Martin
  |author-link = Martin Postle
  |website = [[Tate Britain]]
  |year = 2001
  |access-date = 3 December 2018
  |url = https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/hone-sketch-for-the-conjuror-t00938
}}
*{{cite encyclopedia
  |chapter = Kauffman, Angelica
  |author = <!-- no byline -->
  |title = Gale - Institution Finder
 |pages = 229–231
  |encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of World Biography
  |editor1-last = Ratiner
  |editor1-first = Tracie
  |publisher = [[Gale (publisher)|Gale]]
  |location = Detroit, MI
  |year = 2005
  |edition = 2nd
  |volume = 25
  |chapter-url =  http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3446400110/GVRL?sid=wikipedia
  |via = [[Gale Virtual Reference Library]]
}}
*{{cite book
  |title = Angelica Kauffman: Art and sensibility
  |url = https://archive.org/details/angelicakauffman0000rose
  |url-access = registration
  |last = Rosenthal
  |first = Angela
  |author-link = Angela Rosenthal
  |publisher = [[Yale University Press]]
  |location = New Haven
  |year = 2006
  |isbn = 9780300103335
}}
*{{cite book
  |title = Angelica Kauffman: A Continental Artist in Georgian England
  |editor-last = Roworth
  |editor-first = Wendy Wassyng
  |publisher = [[Reaktion Books]]
  |location = London
  |year = 1992
  |isbn = 9780948462412
  |url-access = registration
  |url = https://archive.org/details/angelicakauffman0000unse
  }}
*{{cite encyclopedia
  |entry = Kauffman [Kauffmann], Angelica
  |last = Roworth
  |first = Wendy Wassyng
  |title = Dictionary of Women Artists: Introductory surveys; Artists, A-I
 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofwome01gaze/page/764 764–770]
  |encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Women Artists]]
  |editor-last = Gaze
  |editor-first = Delia
  |editor-link = Delia Gaze
  |publisher = [[Fitzroy Dearborn]]
  |location = London and Chicago
  |year = 1997
  |volume = 2
  |isbn = 1-884964-21-4
  |entry-url = https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofwome01gaze/page/764
  }}
*{{cite journal
  |title = Documenting Angelica Kauffman's Life and Art
  |last = Roworth
  |first = Wendy Wassyng
  |year = 2004
  |journal = [[Eighteenth-Century Studies]]
  |publisher =  American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies
  |volume = 37
  |issue = 3
  |pages = 478–482
  |issn = 0013-2586
  |eissn = 1086-315X
  |doi = 10.1353/ecs.2004.0031
  |s2cid = 161235086
 |url = https://muse.jhu.edu/article/53871
  |via = [[Project MUSE]]
|url-access = subscription
  }}
*{{cite encyclopedia
  |entry = Kauffman [Kauffmann], Angelica
  |encyclopedia = Concise Dictionary of Women Artists
  |title-link = Concise Dictionary of Women Artists
  |last = Roworth
  |first = Wendy Wassyng
  |pages = 401–406
  |editor-last = Gaze
  |editor-first = Delia
  |editor-link = Delia Gaze
  |year = 2013
  |publisher = [[Routledge]]
  |isbn = 9781136599019
}}
*{{cite web
  |title = Angelica Kauffman RA (1741–1807)
  |author = <!-- corporate author; no attribution -->
  |website = [[Royal Academy of Arts|The Royal Academy]]
  |date = n.d.
  |access-date = 2 December 2018
  |url = https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/angelica-kauffman-ra
  |ref = {{harvid|The Royal Academy|n.d.}}
}}
*{{cite book
  |title = Preparation for Painting: The Artist's Choice and its Consequences
  |editor-last = Townsend
  |editor-first = Joyce
  |publisher = [[Archetype Publications]]
  |year = 2008
  |isbn = 9781904982326
}}
*{{cite book
  |title = Leonardo: The First Scientist
  |last = White
  |first = Michael
  |publisher = [[St. Martin's Press]]
  |location = New York
  |year = 2000
  |isbn = 9780312203337
  |url = https://archive.org/details/leonardo00mich
  }}
{{refend}}
{{EB1911 |last=Dobson |first=Henry Austin |authorlink=Henry Austin Dobson |wstitle=Kauffmann, Angelica |volume=15 |pages=697–698}}<!--
Note that there is very little left of the EB1911 text. It was added in [[Special:Diff/2788516]] and subsequent edits have mostly replaced it. The few remaining bits should be possible to copy-edit away. At which point the EB1911 should be replaced with Cite EB1911, which works like a normal citation template and does not emit the leading attribution.
-->

===Further reading===
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
*{{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Kauffmann, Maria Angelica }}
* [[Bettina Baumgärtel]] (ed.): Retrospective Angelika Kauffmann, Exh. Cat. Düsseldorf, Kunstmuseum; Munich, Haus der Kunst, Chur, Bündner Kunstmuseum, Ostfildern, Hatje 1998, {{ISBN|3-7757-0756-5}}.
* Kauffmann, Angelica. (2001). "»Mir träumte vor ein paar Nächten, ich hätte Briefe von Ihnen empfangen«. Gesammelte Briefe in den Originalsprachen. Ed. Waltraud Maierhofer. Lengwil: Libelle, 2001. {{ISBN|978-3-909081-88-2}} (Letters in German, English, Italian, French; introduction and commentary in German.)
* Waltraud Maierhofer (ed.). ''Angelika Kauffmann. Briefe einer Malerin''. Mainz: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1999.
* Gerard, Frances A. ''Angelica Kauffmann. A Biography''. London: Ward & Downey, 1892.
* [[Lady Victoria Manners|Manners, Lady Victoria]] and Williamson, Dr. G.C. ''Angelica Kauffmann, R.A.: Her Life and Works''. London: John Lane the Bodley Head, 1924.
* Natter, Tobias (ed.). ''Angelica Kauffmann: A Woman of Immense Talent''. Ostfildern: Hatje-Cantz, 2007. {{ISBN|978-3-7757-1984-1}}.
* [https://archive.org/stream/europeanmagazine55unguat#page/n281/mode/thumb ''The European Magazine and London Review'', April 1809]. "Memoir of the Lady Angelica Kauffman, R. A." by Joseph Moser, Esq.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{npg name}}
* {{commons category-inline|Angelica Kauffmann}}
* {{wikisource author-inline}}
* {{DBI|title=KAUFFMANN, Angelica|first=Simona|last=Ciofetta|volume=62|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/angelica-kauffmann_(Dizionario-Biografico)}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181104234639/http://www.angelika-kauffmann.com/ Information Angelika Kauffmann in Schwarzenberg] ({{in lang|de}}, also contains information and articles both in English and Italian)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130517074842/http://www.vlm.at/ Vorarlberg Landesmuseum in Bregenz]
* [http://www.libelle.ch/backlist/909081882-register.html Index to the edition of her correspondence on the publisher's site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181103222226/https://www.angelika-kauffmann.de/ Angelica Kauffman Research Project]
* {{Art UK bio}}

{{Angelica Kauffman}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kauffmann, Angelica}}
[[Category:Angelica Kauffman| ]]
[[Category:1741 births]]
[[Category:1807 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century British painters]]
[[Category:18th-century British women artists]]
[[Category:18th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:18th-century Swiss painters]]
[[Category:18th-century Swiss women artists]]
[[Category:18th-century women painters]]
[[Category:19th-century British painters]]
[[Category:19th-century British women painters]]
[[Category:19th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:19th-century Swiss painters]]
[[Category:19th-century Swiss women painters]]
[[Category:Austrian muralists]]
[[Category:Austrian portrait painters]]
[[Category:British muralists]]
[[Category:18th-century British women painters]]
[[Category:Child artists]]
[[Category:Neoclassical painters]]
[[Category:People from Chur]]
[[Category:People from Vorarlberg]]
[[Category:Portraits of William Shakespeare]]
[[Category:Royal Academicians]]
[[Category:Swiss muralists]]
[[Category:Swiss portrait painters]]
[[Category:Swiss Roman Catholics]]