View source for Andrei Zhdanov

{{Short description|Soviet politician (1896–1948)}}
{{For|the Russian footballer|Andrei Zhdanov (footballer)}}
{{redirect|Zhdanov}}
{{Family name hatnote|Aleksandrovich|Zhdanov|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= June 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Andrei Zhdanov
| image               = Андрей Александрович Жданов 1.jpg
| office              = [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union#Secretariat|Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
| term_start          = 10 February 1934
| term_end            = 31 August 1948
| office2             = Head of the [[Agitprop|Propaganda and Agitation Department]] of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
| term_start2         = 21 March 1939
| term_end2           = 6 September 1940
| predecessor2        = Post established
| successor2          = [[Georgy Aleksandrov]]
| office3             = [[Supreme Soviet of Russia|Chairman of the Supreme Soviet<br/>of the Russian SFSR]]
| term_start3         = 15 July 1938
| term_end3           = 20 June 1947
| predecessor3        = Post established
| successor3          = [[Mikhail Tarasov (politician)|Mikhail Tarasov]]
| office4             = [[Leningrad Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|First Secretary of the Leningrad Regional Committee of the Soviet Union]]
| term_start4         = 15 December 1934
| term_end4           = 17 January 1945
| predecessor4        = [[Sergei Kirov]]
| successor4          = [[Alexey Kuznetsov]]
| birth_name          = Andrei Aleksandrovich Zhdanov
| birth_date          = {{OldStyleDate|26 February|1896|14 February}}
| birth_place         = [[Mariupol]], [[Mariupol uezd]], [[Yekaterinoslav Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1948|8|31|1896|2|26|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Moscow]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], {{nowrap|[[Soviet Union]]}}
| constituency        = 
| party               = [[Russian Social Democratic Labor Party|RSDLP(b)]] (1915–1918) <br />[[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|VKP(b)]] (1918–1948)
| occupation          = [[Civil servant]]
| footnotes           = {{Collapsible list
|titlestyle=background:#FCF;text-align:center;
|title=Central institution membership
|bullets=on
| 1939–1948: Full member, [[18th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|18th]] Politburo
| 1934–1939: Candidate member, [[17th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|17th]] Politburo
| 1934–1948: Member, [[Secretariat of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|17th]] & [[Secretariat of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|18th]] Secretariat
| 1934–1948: Member, [[17th Orgburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|17th]] & [[18th Orgburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|18th]] Orgburo
| 1930–1948: Full member, [[Central Committee elected by the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|16th]] and [[Central Committee elected by the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|17th]] Central Committee
| 1925–1930: Candidate member, [[Central Committee elected by the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|14th]] and [[Central Committee elected by the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|15th]] Central Committee
}}
----
{{Collapsible list
|titlestyle= background:#FCF;text-align:center;
|title=Other political offices held
|bullets=on
| 1946–1947: Chairman, [[Soviet of the Union]]
| 1944-1947: Director, [[Allied Control Commission (Finland)|Allied Control Commission]] 
}}
----
| nationality         = {{flag|Russian Empire}}<br>{{flag|Russian Republic}}<br>{{flag|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|1918}}<br>{{flag|Soviet Union}}
| rank                = [[Colonel general]]<br>[[File:ГП1945.png|60px]]
| native_name         = {{nobold|Андрей Жданов}}
| native_name_lang    = ru
| caption             = Zhdanov in 1945
| resting_place       = [[Kremlin Wall Necropolis]], Moscow
| children            = [[Yuri Zhdanov|Yuri]]
| awards              = {{{!}} style="background: transparent"
{{!}}{{Order of Lenin}}{{!!}}{{Order of Lenin}}{{!!}}{{Order of the Red Banner}}{{!!}}{{Order of Suvorov, 1st class}}
{{!}}-
{{!}}{{Order of Kutuzov, 1st class}}{{!!}}{{Order of the Red Banner of Labour}}{{!!}}{{Medal "For the Defence of Leningrad"}}{{!!}}{{Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"}}
{{!}}-
{{!}}{{Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"}}{{!!}}{{Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"}}
{{!}}}
''[[#Honours and awards|Several others (see below)]]''
}}
'''Andrei Aleksandrovich Zhdanov''' ({{lang-rus|Андрей Александрович Жданов|p=ɐnˈdrʲej ɐlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪdʑ ˈʐdanəf|a=Ru-Андрей Жданов.ogg|links=yes}}; {{OldStyleDate|26 February|1896|14 February}} – 31 August 1948) was a Soviet politician. He was the Soviet Union's "propagandist-in-chief" after the [[Second World War]],<ref name="autoRef Zubok">V. M. Zubok and Konstantin Pleshakov. Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: from Stalin to Khrushchev. Harvard: Harvard UP, 1996, p.119</ref> and was responsible for developing the Soviet cultural policy, the [[Zhdanov Doctrine]], which remained in effect until the death of [[Joseph Stalin]]. Zhdanov was considered Stalin's most likely successor but died before him.

Zhdanov joined the [[Bolsheviks]] in 1915 and quickly rose through the party ranks. A close associate of Stalin, he became a secretary of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]] in 1934, and later that year he was promoted to [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] party chief following the assassination of [[Sergei Kirov]]. He would go on to play a major role during the [[Great Purge]]. In 1939, he was promoted to full membership of the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo]] and as head of the Central Committee's Propaganda Department. Zhdanov's political standing was undermined during the Second World War due to his association with the [[Winter War|Soviet–Finnish War]] and the failed [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]]. Nevertheless, he played a leading role in the [[Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)|Soviet takeover of Estonia]] and [[Siege of Leningrad|defense of Leningrad]].

After the war, Zhdanov was tasked by Stalin with directing cultural policy. His campaign, known as the ''Zhdanovshchina'', was strictly enforced and led to the denouncement of artists including [[Anna Akhmatova]] and [[Dmitri Shostakovich]]. He also oversaw the creation of the [[Cominform]] in 1947. Initially considered the successor-in-waiting to Stalin, Zhdanov suffered from ill health and fell out of favour as a result of the [[Tito–Stalin split]]. He died of heart failure in 1948, resulting in a rise in the political fortunes of [[Georgy Malenkov]].

== Early life ==
Zhdanov was born on {{OldStyleDate|26 February|1896|14 February}} in [[Mariupol]], [[Mariupol uezd]], [[Yekaterinoslav Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Ukraine]]), where his father, Alexander Alekseevich Zhdanov (1860–1909), was a school inspector. His maternal grandfather was the former rector of the [[Moscow Theological Academy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Жданов, Андрей Александрович |url=http://xn--f1acm.xn--80aswg/%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87/ |website=Жизнь Замечательных Людей (Lives of Notable People) |access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331152018/http://xn--f1acm.xn--80aswg/%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He studied at the [[Plekhanov Russian University of Economics|Moscow Commercial Institute]]. In 1914, he was drafted into the [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian army]], graduated from an officers' school and served in the reserves. He joined the [[Bolsheviks]] in 1915. In 1917, he was chairman of the [[Shadrinsk]] committee of the Bolsheviks. He was a political commissar in the [[Red Army]] during the [[Russian Civil War]] and was elected chairman of the [[Tver Governorate]] soviet in 1923. From 1924 to 1934, he was first secretary of the [[Nizhny Novgorod]] provincial party committee.<ref>{{cite web |title=Жданов, Андрей Александрович |url=https://w.histrf.ru/articles/article/show/zhdanov_andriei_alieksandrovich |website=Энциклопедия Всемирная история (Encyclopedia of World History) |access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614231520/http://w.histrf.ru/articles/article/show/zhdanov_andriei_alieksandrovich |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Party secretary ==
Zhdanov's first major promotion came at the end of the 17th Congress of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], in February 1934, when he was transferred to Moscow as a secretary of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Central Committee]], responsible for ideology.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rees |first1=Edward Arfon |editor-first1=E. A. |editor-last1=Rees |title=The nature of Stalin's dictatorship: the Politburo, 1928–1953 |date=2003 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Basingstoke |isbn=1403904014 |page=34 |doi=10.1057/9780230524286 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230524286 |access-date=4 December 2023 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204163438/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230524286 |url-status=live }}</ref> In that capacity, he inserted his protégé, [[Aleksandr Shcherbakov (20th-century politician)|Aleksandr Shcherbakov]], as secretary of the [[Union of Soviet Writers]], and gave the opening address to the first Soviet Writers' Congress in August 1934. In his speech, as well as paying tribute to "the guiding genius of our great leader and teacher, Comrade Stalin", he repeated Stalin's famous line that writers are "engineers of human souls". He declared that the only good literature was political:

{{blockquote|Our Soviet literature is not afraid of the charge of being "tendentious". Yes, Soviet literature is tendentious, for in an epoch of class struggle there is not and cannot be a literature which is not class literature, not tendentious, allegedly non-political.<ref>{{cite book |author=Maxim Gorky |author2=Karl Radek |author3=Nikolai Bukharin |author4=Andrey Zhdanov |display-authors=etal |title=Soviet Writers' Congress 1934, The Debate on Socialist Realism and Modernism |date=1977 |publisher=Lawrence and Wishart |location=London |isbn=085315-401-5}}</ref>|}}

Zhdanov's second great promotion followed the assassination of [[Sergei Kirov]] in December 1934, when he succeeded Kirov as first secretary of the Leningrad ([[Saint Petersburg]]) provincial party and was co-opted as a candidate member of the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo]]. Early in 1935, he and the head of the Leningrad [[NKVD]], [[Leonid Zakovsky]], organised the deportation of 11,702 so-called "Leningrad aristocrats", people who had belonged to the nobility or the middle class before the revolution. They also hunted any current or former party members suspected of having supported [[Leon Trotsky]] or the former Leningrad party boss, [[Grigory Zinoviev]].

=== Role in the Great Purge ===
[[File:Stalin Zdanov.jpg|thumb|left|230px|Zhdanov and Stalin at the funeral of Sergei Kirov]]
Zhdanov has been described by [[J. Arch Getty]] as a key figure in the [[Great Purge]], who advocated an approach that would make the party a vehicle for political education, ideological agitation and cadre preparation on a mass scale.<ref>Getty, John A. Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933–1938. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, 95</ref> Zhdanov's encouragement of rank-and-file mobilisation helped create momentum for the Great Terror.<ref>Getty, John A. Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933–1938. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, 105, 171</ref> Though somewhat less active than [[Vyacheslav Molotov]], [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Lazar Kaganovich]] and [[Kliment Voroshilov]], Zhdanov was a major perpetrator of the Great Terror and personally approved 176 documented execution lists.<ref>[http://stalin.memo.ru/images/intro1.htm "Сталинские списки – Сталинские расстрельные списки"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212014241/http://stalin.memo.ru/images/intro1.htm |date=12 February 2021 }} (in Russian).</ref> 
On a holiday with Stalin in August 1936, he co-signed the telegram that brought about the dismissal of the head of the NKVD, [[Genrikh Yagoda]], who was accused, among other failings, of having impeded Zhdanov and [[Leonid Zakovsky]] in their purge of the Leningrad party organisation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=J.Arch Getty |first1=and Oleg V.Naumov |title=The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939 |date=1999 |publisher=Yale UP |location=New Haven |isbn=0-300-07772-6 |pages=425–28}}</ref> During a Central Committee plenum in March 1937, Zhdanov announced that all provincial party secretaries were to be subject to re-election, a device that was used to remove them. Zhdanov was one of the few provincial party leaders in Russia to remain in post throughout the Great Purge.

In May 1937, he called leaders of the Leningrad party together to tell them that the long-time second secretary of the provincial party, [[Mikhail Chudov]], and the former Mayor of Leningrad, [[Ivan Kodatsky]], had been arrested. When an [[Old Bolshevik]], [[Dora Lazurkina]], went up to him afterwards to vouch for Kodatsky, Zhdanov warned her that such talk "will end badly for you". She was arrested and survived 17 years in the [[gulag]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Conquest |first1=Robert |title=The Great Terror, Stalin's Purge of the Thirties |date=1971 |publisher=Penguin |location=London |pages=325–26}}</ref>

=== After the Great Purge ===
In September 1938, Zhdanov was appointed head of the reorganised Central Committee Directorate for Propaganda and Agitation, which brought all branches of the news media and arts under centralised party control.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Katerina Clark |first1=and Evgeny Dobrenko |title=Soviet Culture and Power, A History in Documents, 1917–1953 |date=2007 |publisher=Yale UP |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-10646-6 |page=148}}</ref> He was also Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] from July 1938 to June 1947 and from 1938 he was on the military council of the [[Soviet Navy]].

His rise coincided with the fall of [[Nikolai Yezhov]]. At the 18th Party Congress, Zhdanov noted that "other means apart from repression" could be used to enforce "state and labour discipline".<ref>Morcom, Shaun. "Enforcing Stalinist Discipline in the Early Years of Post-war Reconstruction in the USSR, 1945–1948." Europe–Asia Studies 68.2 (2016): 318</ref> Zhdanov gave a key speech in which he proposed "to abolish mass Party purges... now that the capitalist elements have been eliminated". He declared that the purges had been co-opted by "hostile elements" to "persecute and ruin honest people".<ref>Zhdanov, Andrei. Amendments to the Rules of the C.P.S.U.(B.): Report to the Eighteenth Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.). Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1939.</ref><ref>Goldman, Wendy Z. Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011, 288–296</ref>

At the conclusion of the Congress in March 1939, Zhdanov was promoted to full membership of the Politburo. He was still one of four secretaries of the Central Committee—the others being Stalin, [[Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev]], and [[Georgy Malenkov]]—but Malenkov was not a member of the Politburo, which meant that Zhdanov had replaced [[Lazar Kaganovich]] as Stalin's deputy in the party apparatus and appeared to be his most likely successor.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} 

On 29 June 1939, he had a signed article in ''[[Pravda]]'' in which he expressed what he called his "personal" view "with which my friends do not agree" that Britain and France did not seriously want a military alliance with the Soviet Union. In retrospect, it was the first public hint of the Soviets signing the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] three months later.

== Wartime ==
[[File:Terijokipakten.jpg|thumb|left|The Soviet leadership signs a treaty with the [[Finnish Democratic Republic]], 1939 (Standing from left to right are Andrei Zhdanov, [[Kliment Voroshilov]], [[Joseph Stalin]] and [[Otto Kuusinen]]; [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] is seated).]]
Zhdanov was very publicly associated with the decision [[Winter War|to invade Finland]] in November 1939. In December, he signed the treaty between the Soviets and Finnish puppet government, headed by [[Otto Wille Kuusinen]]. As the Leningrad party boss and the official overseeing the navy, he had an interest in increasing the Soviet presence in the [[Baltic Sea]] at the expense of Finland, Estonia and [[Latvia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ra'anan |first1=Gavriel D. |title=International Policy Formation in the USSR: Factional 'Debates' during the Zhdanovshchina |date=1983 |publisher=Archon |location=Hamden, Connecticut |isbn=0-208-01976-6 |page=14}}</ref> The final peace treaty between Finland and the Soviet Union was signed by Zhdanov on 12 March 1940.

In June 1940, Zhdanov was sent to [[Estonia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/nsr/nsr-05.html#14|title=Analytical list of documents, V. Friction in the Baltic States and Balkans, June 4–21 September 1940|access-date=3 March 2007|work=Telegram of German Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Schulenburg) to the German Foreign Office|archive-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021210813/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/nsr/nsr-05.html#14|url-status=live}}</ref> to supervise the establishment of the [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic]] and [[Occupation of the Baltic states|its annexation by the Soviet Union]]. In the [[United States House of Representatives]]' 1953–1954 [[Kersten Committee]] investigation Zhdanov was one of the accused charged with the 1940 Soviet aggression and forced incorporation of the Baltic states into the USSR.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080205155637/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,806766,00.html "The Iron Heel"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 14 December 1953.</ref>

The Finnish debacle weakened Zhdanov's political standing. In September 1940 he was removed from direct control of the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee, which was taken over by [[Georgy Aleksandrov]], an ally of his rival Malenkov. He was undermined further by the [[German invasion of the Soviet Union]] because he had been so publicly associated with the failed pact with Hitler. He was excluded from the [[State Defense Committee]] (GOKO), which directed the war effort and was initially controlled by Malenkov and [[Lavrentiy Beria]]. According to the historian [[Anton Antonov-Ovseenko]]:

{{blockquote|Beria and Malenkov zealously sawed away at the chair holding Andrei Zhdanov, the first in line to succeed Stalin. They laid the groundwork for his transfer to the doomed city of Leningrad. No place was found for Zhdanov, Stalin's favourite, even when the State Defence Committee was revamped.<ref name="Anton">{{cite book |last1=Antonov-Ovseyenko |first1=Anton |title=The Time of Stalin, Portrait of a Tyranny |date=1983 |publisher=Harper Colophon |location=New York |isbn=0-06-039027-1 |page=267}}</ref>}}

Along with [[Georgy Zhukov]], Zhdanov took a leading role during the [[Siege of Leningrad]] in the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Montefiore|first=Simon Sebag|title=Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar|publisher=Vintage|year=2005|isbn=978-1400076789}}</ref> In August 1941, he created a City Defence Council but was ordered by Stalin to disband it.<ref name="Anton" /> When the siege was lifted, he was not officially given credit for saving the city.

After the [[Moscow Armistice]] between Finland and the Soviet Union was signed on 4 September 1944, Zhdanov directed the [[Allied Control Commission (Finland)|Allied Control Commission]] in [[Finland]] to the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris Peace Treaty]] in 1947. That meant that he had to spend several months in Helsinki and relinquish his position as head of the Leningrad party organisation, which he had held for nine years, but he was able to leave it in the hands of his ally, [[Alexey Kuznetsov]]. In January 1945, when ''Pravda'' celebrated the lifting of the Siege of Leningrad, it emphasised that Malenkov and [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] had been dispatched to the city in 1941 and implied that they shared the credit with Zhdanov.

==Post-war ascendancy==
{{see also|Zhdanov Doctrine}}
Zhdanov made a political comeback during 1946, when his main rival, Malenkov, temporarily lost his position as a party secretary. For the next two years, he was delegated by Stalin to direct the Soviet Union's cultural policy and to handle relations with the Eastern European states under or coming under communist control. He formulated what became known as the [[Zhdanov Doctrine]] ("The only conflict that is possible in Soviet culture is the conflict between good and best"). In December 1946, he launched the attack on [[Anna Akhmatova]] and [[Mikhail Zoshchenko]], two writers living in Zhdanov's former Leningrad fiefdom. He described Akhmatova, arguably then the greatest living Russian poet, as "half nun, half whore". Zhdanov was the founding editor-in-chief of the Agitprop journal ''[[Kultura i zhizn]]'' which he held until 1948.<ref>{{cite book|author=Werner G. Hahn|title=Postwar Soviet Politics: The Fall of Zhdanov and the Defeat of Moderation, 1946–53|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1982|page=77|isbn=978-1-5017-4339-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_-tDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77|location=Ithaca, NY; London|access-date=27 September 2022|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430011427/https://books.google.com/books?id=O_-tDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1947, he organised the [[Cominform]], which was designed to coordinate and control the [[communist party|communist parties]] around the world. At a famous speech at [[Szklarska Poręba]] in September 1947, Zhdanov warned his fellow communists that the world was now split into two hostile camps and that the Cominform was needed to oppose the "frank expansionist programme" of the US.<ref>V. M. Zubok and Konstantin Pleshakov. Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: from Stalin to Khrushchev. Harvard: Harvard UP, 1996, p.111</ref>

In January 1948, he presided over a three-day conference in the Kremlin, to which more than 70 composers, musicians and music critics, including [[Dmitri Shostakovich]], [[Sergei Prokofiev]], [[Aram Khachaturian]], and [[Nikolai Myaskovsky]] were summoned to be lectured by Zhdanov on why they should avoid "formalism" in music. A persistent story is that Zhdanov played the piano during the conference to demonstrate how music should be written, but years later that story was furiously denied by Shostakovich, who attributed it to "toadies".<ref>{{cite book|last1=McSmith |first1=Andy|title=Fear and the Muse Kept Watch, the Russian Masters – from Akhmatova and Pasternak to Shostakovich and Eisenstein – Under Stalin |year=2015|publisher=New Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-59558-056-6|page=267}}</ref> Zhdanov's cultural policy rested on the Soviets' "critically assimilating the cultural heritage of all nations and all times" to "take what was most inspiring".<ref>Groys, Boris. The Total Art of Stalinism: Avant-Garde, Aesthetic Dictatorship, and Beyond. Trans Charles Rougle. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p. 40</ref>

== Fall from power and later life ==
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2022}}
[[File:0086 27th of July 2016 in Moscow.jpg|thumb|Zhdanov's tomb in the [[Kremlin Wall Necropolis]]]]
In June 1948, Stalin sent Zhdanov to the Cominform meeting in Bucharest. Its purpose was to [[Tito–Stalin split|condemn Yugoslavia]], but Zhdanov took a more restrained line than his co-delegate and rival, [[Georgy Malenkov]]. That infuriated Stalin, who removed Zhdanov from all his posts and replaced him with Malenkov. Zhdanov was soon transferred to a [[sanatorium]].

==Death==
{{see also|Doctors' plot}}
Zhdanov died on 31 August 1948 in [[Moscow]] of heart failure. It is possible that his death was the result of an intentional misdiagnosis.<ref>Jonathan Haslam (2011). ''Russia's Cold War''. Yale University Press. p. 104.</ref> Zhdanov was buried in the [[Kremlin Wall Necropolis]], in one of the twelve individual tombs located between the [[Lenin's Mausoleum]] and the [[Moscow Kremlin Wall]].

== Legacy ==
{{see also|Leningrad Affair}}
[[File:Stamp of USSR 1308.jpg|thumb|Soviet postage stamp with the image of Zhdanov]]
Despite his bullying of Akhmatova, Shostakovich, Prokofiev and other cultural figures, and the apparent threat that the founding of Cominform posed to peace, Zhdanov is reckoned by many Soviet scholars to have been a "moderate" within the context of the post-war Stalinist regime.<ref>{{cite book |last1=e.g. "Despite his reputation as a hardliner, Zhdanov appears to have been a more moderate influence that Stalin's other top deputies." Hahn |first1=Werner G. |title=Postwar Soviet Politics, The Fall of Zhdanov and the Defeat of Moderation, 1946–53 |date=1982 |publisher=Cornell U.P. |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |isbn=0-8014-1410-5 |page=20}}</ref> The worst events of Stalin's final years, such as the rift with Yugoslavia, the [[Leningrad affair]], the show trials in [[Traicho Kostov|Bulgaria]], [[László Rajk|Hungary]] and [[Slánský trial|Czechoslovakia]], and the anti-Semitic [[Doctors' plot]] all occurred after Zhdanov was dead. The Leningrad Affair was a brutal purge of Zhdanov's former allies, notably Kuznetsov and [[Nikolai Voznesensky]]. The most notable survivor of that purge was future Prime Minister [[Alexei Kosygin]].

In ''Khrushchev Remembers'', [[Nikita Khrushchev]] recalled that Zhdanov was an alcoholic and that during his last days, Stalin would shout at him to stop drinking and insist on him drinking only fruit juice.<ref>[[Simon Sebag Montefiore]] (2003). ''[[Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar]]''. {{ISBN|1-4000-4230-5}}.</ref> Stalin had talked of Zhdanov being his successor, but Zhdanov's ill health gave his rivals in the [[Politburo]] [[Lavrentiy Beria]], [[Georgy Malenkov]], and [[Nikita Khrushchev]], an opportunity to undermine him. Stalin would later blame Zhdanov's death on Kremlin doctors and "Zionist" conspirators.<ref>V. M. Zubok and Konstantin Pleshakov. Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: from Stalin to Khrushchev. Harvard: Harvard UP, 1996, p.136</ref>

==Zhdanovshchina==
Zhdanovshchina was the emphasis on purified communist ideology developed during the war by Zhdanov. It emerged from his arguments inside the party hierarchy opposing the pragmatist faction of Georgy Malenkov. Malenkov stressed the universal values of science and engineering, and proposed to [[Technocracy|promote the technological experts to the highest positions]] in the Soviet administrative elite. Zhdanov's faction said proper ideology trumped science and called for prioritizing political education and ideological purity.

However, the technocrats had proven amazingly successful during the war in terms of engineering, industrial production, and the development of advanced munitions. Zhdanov sought to use the ideological purification of the party as a vehicle to restore the Kremlin's political control over the provinces and the technocrats. He worried that the provincial party bosses and the heads of the economic ministries had achieved too high a degree of autonomy during the war, when the top leadership realized the urgent necessity of maximum mobilization of human and material resources. The highest priority in the post-war era was physical reconstruction after the massive wartime destruction.

The same argument that strengthened the technocrats continued to operate, and the united opposition of Malenkov, the technocrats, the provincial party bosses, and the key ministries doomed Zhdanov's proposals. He therefore pivoted to devote his attention to purification of the arts and culture.<ref>Daniel1 Stotland, "The War Within: Factional Strife and Politics of Control in the Soviet Party State (1944–1948)" ''Russian History'' (2015) 42#3 pp. 343–369.</ref>

== Cultural standards ==
{{see also|Zhdanov Doctrine}}
Originating in 1946 and lasting until the late 1950s, Zhdanov's ideological code, known as the [[Zhdanov Doctrine]] or Zhdanovism (''zhdanovshchina''), defined cultural production in the Soviet Union. Zhdanov intended to create a new philosophy of artistic creation valid for the entire world. His method reduced all of culture to a sort of chart, wherein a given symbol corresponded to a simple moral value.

Zhdanov and his associates further sought to eliminate foreign influence from Soviet art, proclaiming that "incorrect art" was an ideological diversion.<ref>Richard Stites (1992). ''Soviet Popular Culture''. Cambridge University Press. p. 117.</ref> This doctrine suggested that the world was split into two opposing camps, namely the "imperialistic", led by the United States; and the "democratic", led by the Soviet Union. The one sentence that came to define his doctrine was "The only conflict that is possible in Soviet culture is the conflict between good and best".

This cultural policy became strictly enforced, [[Censorship|censoring]] writers, artists and the [[intelligentsia]], with punishment being applied for failing to conform to what was considered acceptable by Zhdanov's standards. This policy officially ended in 1952, seen as having a negative impact on culture within the Soviet Union.<ref>Lewin, Moshe. The Soviet Century. London: Verso, 2016, 129</ref> The origins of this policy can be seen before 1946 when critics proposed (wrongly according to Zhdanov) that Russian classics had been influenced by famous foreign writers, but the policy came into effect specifically to target "apolitical, 'bourgeois', individualistic works of the satirist [[Mikhail Zoshchenko]] and the poet [[Anna Akhmatova]]", respectively writing for the literary magazines ''[[Zvezda (magazine)|Zvezda]]'' and ''Leningrad''. On 20 February 1948, Zhdanovshchina shifted its focus towards anti-formalism, targeting composers such as [[Dmitri Shostakovich]]. That April, many of the persecuted composers were pressed into repenting for displaying formalism in their music in a special congress of the [[Union of Soviet Composers]].

Zhdanov was the most openly cultured of the leadership group and his treatment of artists was mild by Soviet standards of the time. He even wrote a satirical sketch ridiculing the attack on modernism.<ref>{{cite book|title=On Stalin's Team|author=Sheila Fitzpatrick|author-link=Sheila Fitzpatrick|publisher=Melbourne University Press|place=Carlton|date=2015|pages=191–194}}</ref>

== Family ties ==
Zhdanov's son [[Yuri Zhdanov|Yuri]] (1919–2006) married Stalin's daughter [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]] in 1949. She described the Zhdanov household as imbued with "an inveterate spirit of bourgeois acquisitiveness ... There were trunkloads of possessions ... The place was presided over by Zinaida Zhdanova, the widow, and the ultimate embodiment of this mixture of Party bigotry and the complacency of the bourgeois woman."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alliluyeva |first1=Svetlana |title=Twenty Letters to a Friend |date=1968 |publisher=(translated by Priscilla Johnson) Penguin |location=Harmondsworth, Middlesex |page=172}}</ref> In 1952, Yuri Zhdanov was raised to membership of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], as head of its Department of Science and Culture, but was sacked very soon after Stalin's death. That marriage ended in divorce in 1952. They had one daughter, Yekaterina.

== Honours and awards ==
* {{Order of Lenin}} Two [[Order of Lenin|Orders of Lenin]] (March 15, 1935, February 25, 1946)
* {{Order of the Red Banner}} [[Order of the Red Banner]] (March 21, 1940)
* {{Order of Suvorov, 1st class}} [[Order of Suvorov]], 1st class (February 21, 1944)
* {{Order of Kutuzov, 1st class}} [[Order of Kutuzov]], 1st class (July 29, 1944)
* {{Order of the Red Banner of Labour}} [[Order of the Red Banner of Labour]] (April 4, 1939)
* {{Medal "For the Defence of Leningrad"}} [[Medal "For the Defence of Leningrad"]]
* {{Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"}} [[Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]]
* {{Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"}} [[Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]]
* {{Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"}} [[Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"]]

Zhdanov's birthplace, [[Mariupol]], was renamed Zhdanov in his honor at [[Joseph Stalin]]'s instigation in 1948 and a monument to Zhdanov was built in the central square of the city. The name reverted to Mariupol in 1989 and the monument was dismantled in 1990.

== See also ==
* [[Engineers of the human soul]]
* [[Socialist realism]]
* [[Doctors' plot]]

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Kees Boterbloem (2004). ''The Life and Times of Andrei Zhdanov, 1896–1948''. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
* Shiela Fitzpatrick (2015). ''On Stalin's Team: The Years of Living Dangerously in Soviet Politics''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/026086}}

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[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin]]
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