View source for Andalusian Spanish

{{Short description|Regional Spanish dialects}}{{More citations needed|date=March 2009}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Andalusian Spanish
| region           = [[Andalusia]]
| ethnicity        = [[Andalusians]], [[Gibraltarians]]
| speakers         = 
| date             = 
| ref              = 
| speakers2        = 
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Italic languages|Italic]]
| fam3             = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
| fam4             = [[Latin]]
| fam5             = [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| fam6             = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
| fam7             = [[Western Romance languages|Western]]
| fam8             = [[Iberian Romance languages|Iberian]]
| fam9             = [[West Iberian languages|West Iberian]]
| fam10            = [[Castilian languages|Castilian]]<ref name="Ethnologue">Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2020. ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World''. Twenty-third edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com.</ref><ref name="Glottolog">{{cite book|chapter=Castilic|chapter-url=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cast1243|editor1-first=Harald|editor1-last=Hammarström|editor2-first=Robert|editor2-last=Forkel|editor3-first=Martin|editor3-last=Haspelmath|editor4-first=Sebastian|editor4-last=Bank|year=2022|title=[[Glottolog|Glottolog 4.6]]|location=Jena, Germany|publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology|ref={{sfnref|Glottolog|2022}}}}</ref>
| fam11            = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| fam12            = [[Peninsular Spanish]]
| dia1             = [[Western Andalusian]]
| dia2             = [[Eastern Andalusian]]
| dia3             = [[Llanito]]
| ancestor         = [[Old Latin]]
| ancestor2        = [[Vulgar Latin]]
| ancestor3        = [[Proto-Romance language|Proto-Romance]]
| ancestor4        = [[Old Spanish]]
| ancestor5        = [[Early Modern Spanish]]
| script           = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Spanish orthography|Spanish alphabet]])<br />[[Spanish Braille]]
| isoexception     = dialect
| glotto           = anda1279
| ietf             = 
| notice           = IPA
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|[andaˈluh], [ændæˈlʊ]}}
}}
The '''Andalusian dialects of Spanish''' ({{langx|es|andaluz}}, {{IPA|es|andaˈluθ|pron}}, {{IPA|es|andaˈluh, ændæˈlʊ|local|generic=yes}}) are spoken in [[Andalusia]], [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], and [[Gibraltar]]. They include perhaps the most distinct of the southern variants of [[peninsular Spanish]], differing in many respects from northern varieties in a number of [[phonological]], [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] and [[Lexicon|lexical]] features. Many of these are innovations which, spreading from Andalusia, failed to reach the higher strata of Toledo and Madrid speech and become part of the Peninsular norm of [[standard Spanish]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|2000|p=118}}</ref> Andalusian Spanish has historically been stigmatized at a national level, though this appears to have changed in recent decades, and there is evidence that the speech of [[Seville]] or the {{Lang|es|norma sevillana}} enjoys high [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige]] within Western Andalusia.<ref name="Ruch18">{{Cite journal|pages=40–55|title=Perception of speaker age and speaker origin in a sound change in progress: The case of /s/-aspiration in Andalusian Spanish|first=Hanna|last=Ruch|journal=Journal of Linguistic Geography|volume=6|issue=1|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|date=April 2018|doi=10.1017/jlg.2018.4|issn=2049-7547|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lipski |first1=John M. |author1-link=John M. Lipski |title=Which Spanish(es) to Teach? |journal=ADFL Bulletin |date=2009 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |doi=10.1632/adfl.41.2.48 |publisher=Association of Departments of Foreign Languages |issn=0148-7639|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Due to the large population of Andalusia, Andalusian dialects are among the most widely spoken dialects in Spain. Within the Iberian Peninsula, other southern varieties of Spanish share some core elements of Andalusian, mainly in terms of phonetics {{snd}} notably [[Castúo|Extremaduran Spanish]] and [[Murcian Spanish]] as well as, to a lesser degree, Manchegan Spanish.

Due to massive emigration from Andalusia to the Spanish colonies in the [[Americas]] and elsewhere, all [[Spanish language in the Americas|Latin American Spanish]] dialects share some fundamental characteristics with Western Andalusian Spanish, such as the use of {{Lang|es|ustedes}} instead of {{Lang|es|[[vosotros]]}} for the second person informal plural, {{lang|es|[[seseo]]}}, and a lack of {{lang|es|[[leísmo]]}}. Much of Latin American Spanish shares some other Andalusian characteristics too, such as {{lang|es|[[yeísmo]]}}, [[Spanish dialects and varieties#Debuccalization of coda /s/|weakening of syllable-final {{IPA|/s/|cat=no}}]], pronunciation of historical {{IPA|/x/}} or the {{angbr|j}} sound as a [[voiceless glottal fricative|glottal fricative]], and merging syllable-final {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/l/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|2000|p=140}}</ref> [[Canarian Spanish]] is also strongly similar to Western Andalusian Spanish due to its settlement history.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|2000|pp=129–130}}</ref> In contemporary times, Andalusian Spanish is not only a regional identifier but also a dynamic tool for cultural expression, especially on social media platforms like X.com, where it is used to convey a sense of regional identity and cultural warmth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saleh |first=Tala |last2=Altakhaineh |first2=Abdel Rahman Mitib |last3=and Alaghawat |first3=Mohammad |date=2025-12-31 |title=Examining the use of Andalusian Spanish on X.com platform: a content analysis of posts to assess regional identity and linguistic features |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311983.2025.2465211#abstract |journal=Cogent Arts & Humanities |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=2465211 |doi=10.1080/23311983.2025.2465211|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Phonology ==

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Herrero de Haro|Hajek|2020|p=136}}</ref>
|-
!
! colspan=2 | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan=2 | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan=2 | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan=2 | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan=2 | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right:0; width:25px;"| || style="border-left:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|m}}
| colspan=2 |
| style="border-right:0; width:25px;"| || style="border-left:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|n}}
| style="border-right:0; width:25px;"| || style="border-left:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|ɲ}}
|-
! [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|p}}||rowspan=2 style="border-left: 0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|b}}
| style="border-right:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|t̪|t}}|| rowspan="2" style="border-left:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|d̪|d}} 
| style="border-right:0; width:25px;"| || rowspan="2" style="border-left:0; width:25px;"| 
| style="border-right:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|tʃ}}|| rowspan="2" style="border-left:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|ʝ}}
| style="border-right:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|k}}|| rowspan="2" style="border-left:0; width:25px;"|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|-
! [[Continuant]]
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|f}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|θ}}*
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|s}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|x}}
|-
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|l}}
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|({{IPAlink|ʎ}})
| colspan=2 |
|-
! [[Flap consonant|Flap]]
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
|-
! [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPAlink|r}}
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
|}

=== Sibilants ===
[[Image:Andalucía ceceante y seseante.PNG|thumb|300px|Areas of Andalusia in which ''seseo'' (green), ''ceceo'' (red), or the distinction of ''c''/''z'' and ''s'' (white) predominate.]]
Most Spanish dialects in Spain differentiate, at least in pre-vocalic position, between the sounds represented in traditional spelling by {{angbr|z}} and {{angbr|c}} (before {{angbr|e}} and {{angbr|i}}), pronounced {{IPA|[θ]}}, and that of {{angbr|s}}, pronounced {{IPA|[s]}}. However, in many areas of Andalusia, the two phonemes are not distinguished and {{IPA|/s/}} is used for both, which is known as ''[[seseo]]'' {{IPA|/seˈseo/}}. In other areas, the sound manifests as {{IPAblink|s̟}} (a sound close, but not identical to {{IPAblink|θ}}), which is known as {{lang|es|[[ceceo]]}} ({{IPA|/θeˈθeo/}}). Unless a specific dialect is transcribed, transcriptions in this article follow the standard pattern found in the syllable onset, so that the orthographic {{angbr|z}} and the soft {{angbr|c}} are transcribed with {{angbr IPA|θ}}, whereas the orthographic {{angbr|s}} is transcribed with {{angbr IPA|s}}. Additionally, in most regions of Andalusia which distinguish {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/θ/}}, the distinction involves a [[Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|laminal]] {{IPA|[s]}}, as opposed to the [[Voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant|apico-alveolar]] {{IPA|[s̠]}} of most of Spain.

The pronunciation of these sounds in Andalusia differs geographically, socially, and among individual speakers, and there has also been some shift in favor of the standard {{lang|es|distinción}}. As testament to the prevalence of intra-speaker variation, {{Harvp|Dalbor|1980}} found that many Andalusians alternate between a variety of sibilants, with little discernible pattern.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dalbor|1980|p=6}}</ref> Additionally, the idea that areas of rural Andalusia at one time exclusively used {{lang|es|ceceo}} has been challenged, and many speakers described as {{lang|es|ceceante}} or {{lang|es|ceceo}}-using have in fact alternated between use of {{IPA|[s̟]}} and {{IPA|[s]}} with little pattern.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Brogan|2018|pp=16, 84}}</ref> While {{lang|es|ceceo}} is stigmatized and usually associated with rural areas, it is worth noting that it was historically found in some large cities such as [[Huelva]] and [[Cádiz]],<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Navarro Tomás|Espinosa|Rodríguez-Castellano|1933|pp=235, 241–242}}</ref> although not in the more prestigious cities of [[Seville]] and [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]].<ref name="Alvar1972p50">{{Harvcoltxt|Alvar|1972|p=50}}</ref>

Above all in eastern Andalusia, but also in locations in western Andalusia such as Huelva, [[Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez]], and Seville, there is a shift towards {{lang|es|distinción}}. Higher rates of {{lang|es|distinción}} are associated with education, youth, urban areas, and monitored speech. The strong influence of media and school may be driving this shift.<ref name="Ruch18" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Santana Marrero |first1=Juana |date=December 2016 |title=Seseo, ceceo y distinción en el sociolecto alto de la ciudad de Sevilla: nuevos datos a partir de los materiales de PRESEEA |journal=Boletín de filología |language=es |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=255–280 |doi=10.4067/S0718-93032016000200010 |doi-access=free|url=http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/bfilol/v51n2/art10.pdf }}</ref>

{{Harvp|Penny|2000}} provides a map showing the different ways of pronouncing these sounds in different parts of Andalusia. The map's information almost entirely corresponds to the results from the [[Linguistic Atlas of the Iberian Peninsula]], realized in the early 1930s in Andalusia and also described in {{Harvp|Navarro Tomás|Espinosa|Rodríguez-Castellano|1933}}. These sources generally highlight the most common pronunciation, in colloquial speech, in a given locality.

According to {{Harvp|Penny|2000}}, the distinction between a laminal {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/θ/}} is native to most of [[Province of Almería|Almería]], eastern [[Granada province|Granada]], most of [[Province of Jaén (Spain)|Jaén]], and northern [[Province of Huelva|Huelva]], while the distinction between an apical {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/θ/}}, as found in the rest of Peninsular Spanish, is native to the very northeastern regions of Almería, Granada and Jaén, to northern [[Province of Córdoba (Spain)|Córdoba]], not including the [[Córdoba, Spain|provincial capital]], and to a small region of northern Huelva.<ref name="PennySeseoCeceo">{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|2000|pp=118–120}}</ref> Also according to {{Harvp|Penny|2000}} and {{Harvp|Navarro Tomás|Espinosa|Rodríguez-Castellano|1933}}, {{lang|es|seseo}} predominates in much of northwestern Huelva, the city of Seville as well as northern Seville province, most of southern Córdoba, including the capital, and parts of Jaén, far western Granada, very northern [[Province of Málaga|Málaga]], and the city of Almería. Likewise, {{lang|es|ceceo}} is found in southern Huelva, most of Seville, including an area surrounding but not including the capital, all of [[Province of Cádiz|Cádiz]] including the capital,<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Navarro Tomás|Espinosa|Rodríguez-Castellano|1933|pp=241–242}}</ref><ref name="Alvar1972p50" /> most of Málaga, western Granada, and parts of southern Almería.<ref name="PennySeseoCeceo" />

Outside Andalusia, ''[[seseo]]'' also existed in parts of western [[Province of Badajoz|Badajoz]], including the capital, as of 1933, though it was in decline in many places and associated with the lower class.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Navarro Tomás|Espinosa|Rodríguez-Castellano|1933|pp=227–229}}</ref> {{lang|es|Seseo}} was likewise found, in 1933, in a southern, coastal area of [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]] around the city of [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]], and in parts of southern [[Province of Alicante|Alicante]] such as [[Torrevieja]], near the linguistic border with [[Valencian language|Valencian]]. {{lang|es|Ceceo}} was also found in the Murcian villages of Perín and [[Torre-Pacheco]], also near the coast.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Navarro Tomás|Espinosa|Rodríguez-Castellano|1933|pp=258–260}}</ref>

=== Other general features ===
Andalusian Spanish phonology includes a large number of other distinctive features, compared to other dialects. Many of these are innovations, especially [[Lenition|lenitions]] and [[Merge (linguistics)|mergers]], and some of Andalusian Spanish's most distinct lenitions and mergers occur in the [[syllable coda]]. Most broadly, these characteristics include ''[[yeísmo]]'', the pronunciation of the {{Angbr|j}} sound like the English {{IPA|[h]}}, velarization of word- and phrase-final {{IPA|/n/}} to {{IPA|[ŋ]}}, elision of {{IPA|/d/}} between vowels, and a number of reductions in the syllable coda, which includes occasionally merging the consonants {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/r/}} and leniting or even [[eliding]] most syllable-final consonants. A number of these features, so characteristic of Spain's south, may have ultimately originated in [[Asturleonese language|Astur-leonese]] speaking areas of north-western Spain, where they can still be found.<ref name="Penny 1991">{{cite journal |last1=Penny |first1=Ralph |title=El origen asturleonés de algunos fenómenos andaluces y americanos |journal=Lletres asturianes: Boletín Oficial de l'Academia de la Llingua Asturiana |date=1991 |volume=39 |pages=33–40 |url=http://www.academiadelallingua.com/lletresasturianes/pdf/Art%C3%ADculu%204-Ralph%20John%20Penny-El%20origen%20asturleon%C3%A9s%20de%20algunos%20fen%C3%B3menos%20andaluces%20y%20americanos.pdf |access-date=20 November 2022 |language=es |issn=0212-0534 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622122925/http://www.academiadelallingua.com/lletresasturianes/pdf/Art%C3%ADculu%204-Ralph%20John%20Penny-El%20origen%20asturleon%C3%A9s%20de%20algunos%20fen%C3%B3menos%20andaluces%20y%20americanos.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2013}}</ref>

The leniting of syllable-final consonants is quite frequent in middle-class speech, and some level of lenition is sociolinguistically unmarked within Andalusia, forming part of the local standard. That said, Andalusian speakers do tend to reduce the rate of syllable-final lenition in formal speech.<ref name="Ruch18" /><ref name="Lipski86">{{cite journal |last1=Lipski |first1=John M. |author-link=John M. Lipski |date=1986 |title=Sobre el bilingüismo anglo-hispánico en Gibraltar |url=https://johnlipski.github.io/gib.pdf |journal=Neuphilologische Mitteilungen |language=Spanish |volume=LXXXVII |issue=3 |pages=414–427}}</ref>

''[[Yeísmo]]'', or the merging of {{IPA|/ʎ/}} into {{IPA|/ʝ/}}, is general in most of Andalusia, and may likely be able to trace its origin to Astur-leonese settlers.<ref name="Penny 1991"/> That said, pockets of a distinction remain in rural parts of Huelva, Seville, and Cadiz. This merger has since spread to most of Latin American Spanish, and, in recent decades, to most of urban Peninsular Spanish.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|2000|p=121}}</ref>

{{IPA|/x/}} is usually aspirated, or pronounced {{IPA|[h]}}, except in some eastern Andalusian sub-varieties (i.e. [[Jaén (Spanish province)|Jaén]], [[Granada (province)|Granada]], [[Almería (province)|Almería]] provinces), where the dorsal {{IPA|[x]}} is retained. This aspirated pronunciation is also heard in most of [[Extremadura]] and parts of [[Cantabria]].

Word-final {{IPA|/n/}} often becomes a velar nasal {{IPA|[ŋ]}}, including when before another word starting in a vowel, as in {{IPA|[meðãˈŋasko]}} for {{lang|es|me dan asco}} 'they disgust me'. This features is shared with many other varieties of Spanish, including much of Latin America and the Canary Islands, as well as much of northwestern Spain, the likely origin of this velarization.<ref name="Penny 1991"/> This syllable-final nasal can even be deleted, leaving behind just a nasal vowel at the end of a word.<ref name="Lipski86" /><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|2000|p=151}}</ref>

Intervocalic {{IPA|/d/}} is [[elision|elided]] in most instances, for example {{lang|es|pesao}} for {{lang|es|pesado}} ('heavy'), {{lang|es|a menúo}} for {{lang|es|a menudo}} ('often'). This is especially common in the past participle; e.g. {{lang|es|he acabado}} becomes {{lang|es|he acabao}} ('I have finished'). For the -{{lang|es|ado}} suffix, this feature is common to all peninsular variants of Spanish, while in other positions it is widespread throughout most of the southern half of Spain. Also, as occurs in most of the Spanish-speaking world, final {{IPA|/d/}} is usually dropped.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Estrada Arráez |first1=Ana |date=2012 |title=The Loss of Intervocalic and Final /d/ in the Iberian Peninsula |url=http://www.alpi.csic.es/sites/default/files/publicaciones/dialectologiaSP2012_803_602853_5547_.pdf |journal=Dialectologia |volume=Special Issue III |pages=7–22 |issn=2013-2247 |access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref> This widespread elision of intervocalic {{IPA|/d/}} throughout the vocabulary is also shared with several Asturian and Cantabrian dialects, pointing to a possible Asturian origin for this feature.<ref name="Penny 1991"/>

One [[Conservative and innovative (linguistics)|conservative]] feature of Andalusian Spanish is the way some people retain an {{IPA|[h]}} sound in words which had such a sound in medieval Spanish, which originally comes from [[History of the Spanish language#Latin f- to Spanish h- to null|Latin {{IPA|/f/|cat=no}}]], i.e. Latin {{smallcaps|fartvs}} 'stuffed, full' → {{lang|es|harto}} {{IPA|[ˈharto]}} (standard Spanish {{IPA|[ˈarto]}} 'fed up'). This also occurs in the speech of [[Extremadura]] and some other western regions, and it was carried to Latin America by Andalusian settlers, where it also enjoys low status. Nowadays, this characteristic is limited to rural areas in Western Andalusia and the [[flamenco]] culture. This pronunciation represents resistance to the dropping of {{IPA|/h/}} that occurred in [[Early Modern Spanish]]. This {{IPA|[h]}} sound is merged with the {{IPA|/x/}} phoneme, which derives from medieval {{IPAslink|ʃ}} and {{IPAslink|ʒ}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|2000|pp=121–122}}</ref> This feature may be connected to northwestern settlers during the reconquista, who came from areas such as eastern Asturias where {{IPA|/f/}} had, as in Old Castile, become {{IPA|/h/}}.<ref name="Penny 1991"/>

{{IPA|/tʃ/}} undergoes [[deaffrication]] to {{IPA|[ʃ]}} in Western Andalusia, including cities like [[Seville]] and [[Cádiz]], e.g. {{lang|es|escucha}} {{IPA|[ehˈkuʃa]}} ('s/he listens').

=== Coda obstruents and liquids ===
A list of Andalusian lenitions and mergers in the syllable coda that affect [[Obstruents|obstruent]] and [[Liquid consonant|liquid consonants]] includes:
* Syllable-final {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/x/}} and {{IPA|/θ/}} (where ''[[ceceo]]'' or ''distinción'' occur) are usually [[Debuccalization|aspirated]] (pronounced {{IPA|[h]}}) or deleted. The simple aspiration of final {{IPA|/s/}} as {{IPA|[h]}} occurs in the speech of all social classes within Andalusia, and is the most widespread form of {{IPA|/s/}}-lenition outside Andalusia. S-aspiration is general in all of the southern half of Spain, and now becoming common in the northern half too.<ref name="Penny122to125">{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|2000|pp=122–125}}</ref>
* Word-final {{IPA|/s/}} can also be pronounced as {{IPA|[h]}}, or elided entirely, before a following word that starts with a vowel sound, like {{IPA|[laˈhola(h)]}} for {{lang|es|las olas}} 'the waves'.<ref name="Lipski86"/> This can also occur at morpheme boundaries within a word, as in {{lang|es|nosotros}} being pronounced {{IPA|[noˈhotɾo(h)]}}.<ref name="Penny122to125"/>
* In Eastern Andalusian dialects, as well as [[Murcian Spanish]], the preceding vowel becomes [[Tenseness|lax]] when before an underlying elided obstruent. This results in {{IPA|/a/}} fronting to {{IPA|[æ]}}, while the other vowels are lowered.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Lloret|2007|p=24-25">{{Harvcoltxt|Lloret|2007|pp=24–25}}</ref> Thus, in these varieties one distinguishes ''casa'' {{IPA|[ˈkasa]}} ('house') and ''casas'' {{IPA|[ˈkæsæ]}} ('houses') by vowel quality, whereas northern Spanish speakers would have central vowels in both words and a terminal alveolar {{IPA|[s]}} in ''casas''.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|2000|pp=125–126}}</ref>
** There is disagreement as to whether or not {{IPA|/i, u/}} are affected by this process, although most evidence shows they are lowered to a moderate degree.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Herrero de Haro|Hajek|2020|p=144}}</ref>
** The quality of word-final lax {{IPA|/a/}}, typically transcribed {{IPA|[æ]}}, differs according to a number of geographic and social factors. It may be lower than a typical word-final {{IPA|/a/}}, or it may instead simply be fronted. In some towns, in the mid-20th century at least, it overlapped with the quality of, or even merged with, {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, the lax allophone of {{IPA|/e/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hualde|Sanders|1995|p=429}}, citing {{Cite book|last=Alonso|first=Dámaso|author-link=Dámaso Alonso|title=En la Andalucía de la e: Dialectología pintoresca|date=1956|location=Madrid|language=es|url=https://dadun.unav.edu/bitstream/10171/27252/1/RYV.Foll000.025.pdf}}</ref>

As a result, these varieties have five vowel phonemes, each with a tense allophone (roughly the same as the normal realization in northern Spanish; {{IPA|[ä]}}, {{IPA|[e̞]}}, {{IPA|[i]}}, {{IPA|[o̞]}}, {{IPA|[u]}}, hereafter transcribed without diacritics) and a lax allophone ({{IPA|[æ]}}, {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, {{IPA|[ɔ]}}, {{IPA|[ʊ]}}). In addition to this, a process of [[vowel harmony]] may take place where tense vowels that precede a lax vowel may become lax themselves, e.g. ''trébol'' {{IPA|[ˈtɾeβol]}} ('clover, club') vs ''tréboles'' {{IPA|[ˈtɾɛβɔlɛ]}} ('clovers, clubs').<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Lloret|2007|p=24-25" />

* [[liquid consonant|Liquid]]s ({{IPA|/r l/}}) can be aspirated as well. Also, liquids and [[Obstruent consonant|obstruent]]s ({{IPA|/b d ɡ p t k f s x θ/}}) often [[Assimilation (phonology)|assimilate]] to the following consonant, producing [[gemination]];<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mondéjar Cumpián |first=José. |title=Dialectología andaluza : estudios: historia, fonética y fonología, lexicología, metodología, onomasiología y comentario filológico |date=2001 |publisher=Universidad de Málaga |others=Pilar Carrasco, Manuel Galeote |isbn=84-95073-20-X |edition=[Rev. ed.] |location=Málaga |oclc=48640468}}</ref> e.g. ''perla'' {{IPA|[ˈpehla]~[ˈpelːa]}} ('pearl'), ''carne'' {{IPA|[ˈkahne]~[ˈkãnːe]}} ('meat'), ''adquirí'' {{IPA|[ahkiˈɾi]~[akːiˈɾi]}} ('I acquired'), ''mismo'' {{IPA|[ˈmihmo]~[ˈmĩmːo]}} ('same'), ''desde'' {{IPA|[ˈdɛhðe]~[ˈdɛðːe]}} ('from'), ''rasgos'' {{IPA|[ˈrahɣɔh]~[ˈræxːɔ]}} ('traits').
* In Andalusian Spanish a [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] obstruent may assimilate the voicelessness of a preceding {{IPA|/s/}}, while that same {{IPA|/s/}} may assimilate the place of articulation of the following consonant. As a result, both merge as a single voiceless consonant; Thus, {{IPA|/s/}} is often assimilated to {{IPAblink|ɸ}} before {{IPA|/b/}} ({{IPA|/sb/ → [hβ] → [hɸ] → [ɸː]}}), as in ''desbaratar'' → *''effaratar'' {{IPA|[ɛhɸaɾaˈta]~[ɛɸːaɾaˈta]}} ('to ruin, to disrupt'), to {{IPAblink|θ}} before {{IPA|/d/}}, as in {{IPA|[lo θeˈβaneh]}} {{lang|es|los desvanes}} 'the attics', and to {{IPAblink|x}} before {{IPA|/g/}}, as in {{lang|es|rasgo}} {{IPA|[raxːo]}} 'feature'.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Obaid |first1=Antonio H. |date=March 1973 |title=The Vagaries of the Spanish "S" |journal=Hispania |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.2307/339038 |jstor=339038}}</ref> This kind of devoicing is less widespread, geographically and socially, than simple assimilation.<ref name="Penny122to125" />
* Final {{IPA|/s/}} may also become {{IPAblink|ɹ}} (where {{lang|es|[[ceceo]]}} or {{lang|es|distinción}} occur) before {{IPA|/θ/}} ({{IPA|/sθ/ → [ɹθ]}}),<ref>
{{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|2004|p=436}} citing {{Harvcoltxt|Fougeron|1999}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Browman|Goldstein|1995}}</ref> as in ''ascensor'' {{IPA|[aɹθẽnˈso]}} ('lift').

* Mainly in Western Andalusia, /s/-aspiration can result in post-aspiration of following voiceless stops,<ref name="Ruch18"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Torreira|first=Francisco|date=2007|title=Pre- and postaspirated stops in Andalusian Spanish|journal=Segmental and Prosodic Issues in Romance Phonology|series=Current Issues in Linguistic Theory|volume=282|pages=67–82|doi=10.1075/cilt.282.06tor|isbn=978-90-272-4797-1}}</ref> as in {{IPA|/resto/}} pronounced {{IPA|[ˈretʰo]}}.<ref name="Ruch18"/>
** As a likely related change, {{IPA|-/st/-}} may be pronounced as an affricate {{IPAblink|ts}}. This change is recent, being led by young women, and is present at least in Seville and [[Antequera]].<ref>{{Cite conference
| last1       = Moya Corral
| first1         = Juan Antonio
| last2    = Baliña García
| first2=Leopoldo I.
| last3=Cobos Navarro
| first3=Ana María
| year            = 2007
| title         = La nueva africada andaluza
| book-title    = Las hablas andaluzas y la enseñanza de la lengua. Actas de las XII Jornadas sobre la enseñanza de la lengua española
| pages        = 275–281
| editor-last      = Moya Corral
|editor-first=Juan Antonio
|editor2-last=Sosiński
|editor2-first=Marcin
| location      = Granada
| url            = http://www.ugr.es/~hum430/Actas_XII_Jornadas.pdf
| language         = es
| access-date    = 25 February 2009
}}</ref>
* Intervocalic {{IPA|/p/, /t/, /k/}} are usually voiced, especially in male speech, and can even become [[approximants]]. This means much of the phonetic distinction between intervocalic {{IPA|/p/, /t/, /k/}} and {{IPA|/sp/ /st/ /sk/}} is in fact maintained by differences in voicing and [[Aspirated consonant|post-aspiration]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Paul |date=2010 |title=Variación y cambio en las consonantes oclusivas del español de Andalucía |url=https://www.ub.edu/journalofexperimentalphonetics/pdf-articles/XIX-05-O%20Neill.pdf |journal=Estudios de Fonética Experimental |volume=XIX |pages=11–41 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref>
* {{IPA|/l/}} may be [[Rhotacism (sound change)|pronounced as {{IPA|/r/|cat=no}}]] in syllable-final position, as in {{IPA|[ˈarma]}} instead of {{IPA|[ˈalma]}} for ''alma'' ('soul') or {{IPA|[er]}} instead of {{IPA|[el]}} for ''el'' ('the'). The opposite may also happen, i.e. [[Lambdacism|{{IPA|/r/|cat=no}} becomes {{IPA|/l/|cat=no}}]] (e.g. ''sartén'' {{IPA|[salˈtẽ]}} 'frying pan'). As briefly mentioned above, aspirated and assimilated realizations ({{IPA|[ˈkahne]~[ˈkanːe]}} for {{wikt-lang|es|carne}}) are also common. Neutralization of final {{IPA|/ɾ/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} never occurs before a vowel, even at word boundaries. {{wikt-lang|es|otro|el otro}} is always {{IPA|[el ˈotɾo]}}. These consonants may also be dropped in utterance-final position. Merging syllable-final {{IPA|/ɾ/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} is associated with rural and uncultured speech, but it has made some headway in urban speech.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|2000|pp=126–127}}</ref> Because of this variation in final liquid consonants, transcriptions in this article follow the distribution found in Standard Peninsular Spanish.
* In Western Andalusian, an aspirated {{IPA|/r/}} before {{IPA|/x/}} can be elided due to the fact that {{IPA|/x/}} itself is glottal. Thus, ''virgen'' {{IPA|/ˈbirxen/}} ('virgin') varies between {{IPA|[ˈbirhẽ]}} and {{IPA|[ˈbihẽ]}}, with the latter being degeminated from {{IPA|[hh]}}.

== Morphology and syntax ==

=== Subject pronouns ===
Many Western Andalusian speakers replace the informal second person plural {{lang|es|vosotros}} with the formal {{lang|es|ustedes}} (without the formal connotation, as happens in other parts of Spain). For example, the standard second person plural verb forms for {{lang|es|ir}} ('to go') are {{lang|es|vosotros vais}} (informal) and {{lang|es|ustedes van}} (formal), but in Western Andalusian one often hears {{lang|es|ustedes vais}} for the informal version.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|2000|p=128}}</ref>

=== Object pronouns ===
Although mass media have generalised the use of ''le'' as a pronoun for animate, masculine direct objects, a phenomenon known as [[leísmo]], many Andalusians still use the normative ''lo'', as in ''lo quiero mucho'' (instead of ''le quiero mucho''), which is also more [[Linguistic conservatism|conservative]] with regards to the Latin etymology of these pronouns. The [[Asturleonese language|Asturleonese]] dialects of northwestern Spain are similarly conservative, lacking leísmo, and the dominance of this more conservative direct object pronoun system in Andalusia may be due to the presence of Asturleonese settlers in the Reconquista. Subsequent dialect levelling in newly founded Andalusian towns would favor the more simple grammatical system, that is, the one without leísmo.<ref name="Penny 1991" />
Laísmo (the substitution of indirect pronoun ''le'' with ''la'', as in the sentence ''la pegó una bofetada a ella'') is similarly typical of central Spain and not present in Andalusia,<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|2000|p=127}}</ref> and, though not prescriptively correct according to the [[Royal Spanish Academy|RAE]], is frequently heard on Radio and TV programmes.

=== Verbs ===
The standard form of the second-person plural imperative with a reflexive pronoun (''os'') is ''-aos'', or ''-aros'' in informal speech, whereas in Andalusian, and other dialects, too, ''-se'' is used instead, so ''¡callaos ya! / ¡callaros ya!'' ('shut up!') becomes ''¡callarse ya!'' and ''¡sentaos! / ¡sentaros!'' ('sit down!') becomes ''¡sentarse!''.

=== Gender ===
The [[grammatical gender|gender]] of some words may not match that of Standard Spanish, e.g. ''la calor'' not ''el calor'' ('the heat'), ''el chinche'' not ''la chinche'' ('the bedbug').
''La mar'' is also more frequently used than ''el mar''. ''La mar de'' and ''tela de'' are lexicalised expressions to mean ''a lot of...''.

== Lexicon ==
Many words of [[Andalusi Romance|Mozarabic]], [[Caló (Spanish Romani)|Romani]] and Old Spanish origin occur in Andalusian which are not found in other dialects in Spain (but many of these may occur in South American and, especially, in [[Caribbean Spanish]] dialects due to the greater influence of Andalusian there). For example: ''chispenear'' instead of standard ''lloviznar'' or ''chispear'' ('to drizzle'), ''babucha'' instead of ''zapatilla'' ('slipper'), ''chavea'' instead of ''chaval'' ('kid') or ''antié'' for ''anteayer'' ('the day before yesterday').
A few words of [[Andalusi Arabic]] origin that have become archaisms or unknown in general Spanish can be found, together with multitude of sayings: e.g. ''haciendo morisquetas'' (from the word ''[[morisco]]'', meaning pulling faces and gesticulating, historically associated with Muslim prayers). These can be found in older texts of Andalusi. There are some doublets of Arabic-Latinate synonyms with the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] form being more common in Andalusian like Andalusian ''alcoba'' for standard ''habitación'' or ''dormitorio'' ('bedroom') or ''alhaja'' for standard ''joya'' ('jewel').

==Influence==
Some words pronounced in the Andalusian dialects have entered general Spanish with a specific meaning. One example is ''juerga'',<ref name="juerga DRAE">''[http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?TIPO_HTML=2&TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=juerga Juerga]'' in the [[Diccionario de la Real Academia Española]].</ref> ("debauchery", or "partying"), the Andalusian pronunciation of ''huelga''<ref name="huelga DRAE">''[http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?TIPO_HTML=2&TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=huelga Huelga]'' in the [[Diccionario de la Real Academia Española]].</ref> (originally "period without work", now "[[Strike action|work strike]]"). The [[flamenco]] lexicon incorporates many Andalusisms, for example, ''cantaor'', ''tocaor'', and ''bailaor'', which are examples of the dropped "d"; in standard spelling these would be ''cantador'', ''tocador'', and ''bailador'', while the same terms in more general Spanish may be ''cantante'', ''músico'', and ''bailarín''. Note that, when referring to the flamenco terms, the correct spelling drops the "d"; a flamenco ''cantaor'' is written this way, not ''cantador''. In other cases, the dropped "d" may be used in standard Spanish for terms closely associated with Andalusian culture. For example, ''pescaíto frito'' ("little fried fish") is a popular dish in Andalusia, and this spelling is used in many parts of Spain when referring to this dish. For general usage, the spelling would be ''pescadito frito''.

[[Llanito]], the [[vernacular]] of the [[British overseas territory]] of [[Gibraltar]], is based on Andalusian Spanish, with [[British English]] and other influences.

==Language movement==
{{Main|Andalusian language movement}}
In Andalusia, there is a movement promoting the status of Andalusian as a separate language and not as a dialect of Spanish.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libertaddigital.com/andalucia/2021-09-27/la-extrema-izquierda-andaluza-reivindica-el-andaluh-en-el-senado-6822275/|title=La extrema izquierda andaluza reivindica el 'andalûh' en el Senado|newspaper=[[Libertad Digital]]|date=27 September 2021|language=es}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Castúo]]
*[[Spanish dialects and varieties]]
*[[Standard Spanish]]
*The cant [[Caló language|Caló]] is pronounced with Andalusian phonetics among Andalusian [[Gitanos|Romani]]
*[[Andalusi Arabic]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

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== Further reading==
*Guitarte, Guillermo L. (1992): "Cecear y palabras afines" (en Cervantes Virtual)
*Ropero Núñez, Miguel (1992): "Un aspecto de lexicología histórica marginado: los préstamos del caló" (en Cervantes Virtual)

==External links==
*[http://www.jotamartin.byethost33.com/alpi0_e.php Isogloss maps of phonetic variants in the Iberian Peninsula]
*[http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=19928 Ariza, Manuel: Lingüística e historia de Andalucía]
*[http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=19938 Gomez Solis, Felipe: Contribucion a las Historia Linguistica de Andalucia: Cordoba].
*[http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=19946 Morillo-Velarde Pérez, Ramon: "Un modelo de variación sintáctica dialectal: El demostrativo de realce en el andaluz"].
*[http://elorganillero.com/la-compania/el-organillero/lenguas/traductor-castellano-andaluz/ Castilian-Andalusian phonetic transformer]

{{Languages of Spain}}
{{Spanish variants by continent}}

[[Category:Andalusian Spanish| ]]
[[Category:Culture of Andalusia]]
[[Category:Spanish dialects of Spain]]