View source for Andalusi nubah

{{short description|North African music genre}}
{{for|the Algerian musical form|Nuubaat}}
'''Andalusī nūbah''' ('''نوبة أندلسيّة'''), also transliterated '''nūba''', '''nūbā''', or '''nouba''' (pl. '''nūbāt'''), or in its classical Arabic form, '''nawba''', '''nawbah''', or '''nōbah''', is a [[music genre]] found in the North African [[Maghreb|Maghrib]] states of [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Tunisia]], and [[Libya]] but, as the name indicates, it has its origins in [[Arabo-Andalusian music|Andalusi music]]. The name replaced the older use of ''[[sawt (music)|sawt]]'' and originated from the musician waiting behind a curtain to be told it was his turn or ''nawbah'' by the ''sattar'' or curtain man.{{sfn|Touma|1996|p=68}}

The main schools of Andalusi nubah are the following

* In [[Algeria]]
** [[Gharnati music|Gharnati]] ([[Tlemcen]])
** [[Sanaa]] ([[Algiers]])
** [[Malouf algérien|Malouf]] ([[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]])

* In [[Tunisia]]
** [[Tunisian malouf|Malouf]] ([[Tunis]])

* In [[Morocco]]
** Tarab al ala
** [[Gharnati music|Gharnati]] (After 1830, Following the migration of Algerians to Morocco during the French conquest)

==Form, texts, and performance==
According to tradition, there were initially 24 nubat, one for each hour of the day. Each nuba must have a duration of 1 hour.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013|reason=Something is wrong here: most of the Moroccan nubat are more than six hours long. An source and explanation are needed.}}

Lyrics are sung by a soloist or in unison by a chorus, and are chosen from the ''[[muwashshah]]'' or ''[[zajal]]'' poetic forms, which are in classical and colloquial Arabic, respectively.{{sfn|Touma|1996|pp=70–71}}

An ''andalusi nubah'' uses one ''[[tab']]'' (similar to a [[Arabic maqam|maqam]], or mode) per performance, and includes several instrumental pieces as well as predominantly vocal pieces accompanied by instrumentation. These differ as to ''mizan'' (pl. ''mawazin'') or rhythmic pattern (''[[Rhythm in Arabian music#Wazn and Iqa'|wazn]]'', pl. ''awzan'').{{sfn|Touma|1996|p=68}}{{dubious|reason=CONFUSING! If mizan and wazn are the same, then please use symmetrical formulations: ---These differ as to their rhythmic pattern, called ''mizan'' (pl. ''mawazin'') or ''wazn'' (pl. ''awzan'').--- OR IS IT A MISUNDERSTANDING OF SOME KIND? As it is now, the sentence makes little sense. Please clarify!|date=March 2016}}

Formally the [[tempo]] increases while the ''awzan'' simply{{Vague|date=June 2013|reason=There is a verb missing here, what should it be?}} within each of five sections, called ''mawazin''. The sections are introduced by short instrumental pieces and vary according to region, the name of a section indicating the ''wazn'' used:
*in Algeria (12 nubah and 4 incomplete): {{Transliteration|ar|msaddar'', ''btayhi'', ''darj'', ''insiraf'', ''khlas}}
*in Tunisia (13 nubah): {{Transliteration|ar|btaybhi'', ''barwal'', ''darj'', ''khafif'', ''khatm}}
*in Morocco (11 nubah): {{Transliteration|ar|[[basit]]'', ''qayim wa-nisf'', ''btayhi'', ''darj'', ''quddam}}

The instrumental ensemble used includes the ''[[Oud|ud]]'', [[Rebab|rabab]], [[Maghreb rebab]] or [[rebec]], ''[[Ney|nay]]'', [[Qanun (instrument)|qanun]], [[Riq|tambourine]], and a [[goblet drum]] called ''darbuka''. The instrumentalists also serve as [[choir|chorus]].{{sfn|Touma|1996|p=70}}

===Scales===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name of the Nubah!!Scale
|-
| Raml al-Máya (Morocco)
|<score sound="1">\relative c' { \override Staff.BarLine #'stencil = ##f { d2 e4 f4 g4 a2 b4 c4 d4 }}</score>
|-
| Iráq al-Ajam (Morocco)
|<score sound="1">\relative c' { \override Staff.BarLine #'stencil = ##f { g'2 a4 b2 c4 d2 e fis4 g2 }}</score>
|-
| Al-Máya (Morocco)
|<score sound="1">\relative c' { \override Staff.BarLine #'stencil = ##f { c2 d4 e2 f4 g2 a4 b c2 }}</score>
|-
| Rasd (Morocco)
|<score sound="1">\relative c' { \override Staff.BarLine #'stencil = ##f { d2 e4 g4 a2 b4 | d4 a2 g4 e4 d2 c d }}</score>
|-
|Hijaz Al Kabir (Morocco)
||<score sound="1">\relative c' { \override Staff.BarLine #'stencil = ##f { d2 ees4 fis4 g2 a2 b4 c4 d2 }}</score>
|-
|Hijaz (Morocco)
|<score sound="1">\relative c' { \override Staff.BarLine #'stencil = ##f { d2 e4 fis4 g4 a2 b4 c4 d2 }}</score>
|-
|Al-Ushshaq (Morocco)
|<score sound="1">\relative c' { \override Staff.BarLine #'stencil = ##f { g'2 a4 b2 c4 d2 e4 f g2 }}</score>
|-
|Al-Isbahán (Morocco)
|<score sound="1">\relative c' { \override Staff.BarLine #'stencil = ##f { d2 e4 f4 g4 a2 b4 c4 d2 }}</score>
|-
|Al-Istihlál (Morocco)
|<score sound="1">\relative c' { \override Staff.BarLine #'stencil = ##f { c2 d4 e f g2 a4 b4 c2 }}</score>
|-
|Gharíbat al-Housayn (Morocco)
|<score sound="1">\relative c' { \override Staff.BarLine #'stencil = ##f { c2 d4 e2 f4 g a b c2 | c b4 a 2g f4 e d c2 }}</score>
|-
|Rasd Al-dayl (Morocco)
|<score vorbis="1">\relative c' { \override Staff.BarLine #'stencil = ##f { c2 d4 e2 f4 g a2 b4 c2 }}</score>
|}

==Tunisia==
In Tunisia, the 13 nubat are traditionally said to have been classified and organized by the 18th-century aristocrat [[Muhammad I ar-Rashid]]. He is also credited with the composition or commissioning of the 27 instrumental pieces ({{Transliteration|ar|bashrafs}}, etc.) that introduce and separate the main vocal pieces in the nuba cycle. In this system, the 13 nubat are treated as a single overarching cycle, given a sequence in which, ideally, they should be performed.{{sfn|Davis|1996|loc=425–26}}

==Morocco==
The nubat of Morocco were collected and classified toward the end of the 18th century by the musician Al Haïk from Tetuan.{{sfn|Eisenberg|1988|loc=184}}

Unlike the nubat from Algeria or Tunisia, Moroccan nubat are long, so it is rare for a Moroccan nuba to be played in its entirety.  {{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}

== Discography ==
{{div col|colwidth=45em}}
*''Anthologie Al-âla: musique andaluci-marocaine''. 12 vols.
**Vol. 1: ''Nûbâ gharîbat al-husayn, version intégrale''. Orchestre al-Brihi de Fès; [[Abdelkrim Rais|Haj Abdelkrim al-Raïs]], dir. 6-CD set. Auvidis W 260010. [Rabat]: Wizarat al-Thaqafah al-Maghribiyah = Royaume du Maroc Ministère de la Culture; Paris: Maison du cultures du monde / INEDIT, 1989.
**Vol. 2: ''Nûbâ al-'ushshâq, version intégrale''. Orchestre Moulay Ahmed Loukili de Rabat; Haj Mohammed Toud, dir. 6-CD set. Auvidis W 260014. [Rabat]: Wizarat al-Thaqafah al-Maghribiyah = Royaume du Maroc Ministère de la Culture; Paris: Maison du cultures du monde / INEDIT, 1990.
**Vol. 3: ''Nûbâ al-isbihân, version intégrale''. Orchestre du Conservatoire se Tétouan; Mohammed Larbi Temsamani, dir. 6-CD set. Auvidis W 260024. [Rabat]: Wizarat al-Thaqafah al-Maghribiyah = Royaume du Maroc Ministère de la Culture; Paris: Maison du cultures du monde / INEDIT, 1993.
**Vol. 4: ''Nûbâ al-rasd, version intégrale''. Orchestre de Tangier; Ahmed Zaytouni Sahraoui, dir. 6-CD set. Auvidis W 260027. [Rabat]: Wizarat al-Thaqafah al-Maghribiyah = Royaume du Maroc Ministère de la Culture; Paris: Maison du cultures du monde / INEDIT, 1995.
**Vol. 5: ''Nûbâ al-îstihlâl, version intégrale / durée 7 h 40''. Orchestre al-Brihi de Fès; [[Abdelkrim Rais|Haj Abdelkrim al-Raïs]], dir. 7-CD set. Auvidis W 260028. [Rabat]: Wizarat al-Thaqafah al-Maghribiyah = Royaume du Maroc Ministère de la Culture; Paris: Maison du cultures du monde / INEDIT, 1994.
**Vol. 6: ''Nûbâ rasd al-dhil, version intégrale / durée 6 h 10''. Orchestre Moulay Ahmed Loukili de Rabat; Haj Mohammed Toud, dir. 6-CD set. Auvidis W 260029. [Rabat]: Wizarat al-Thaqafah al-Maghribiyah = Royaume du Maroc Ministère de la Culture; Paris: Maison du cultures du monde / INEDIT, 1996.
**Vol. 7: ''Nûbâ 'irâq al-'ajam, version intégrale''. Orchestre de Tanger; Ahmed Zaytouni Sahraoui, dir. 7-CD set. Auvidis W 260030. [Rabat]: Wizarat al-Thaqafah al-Maghribiyah = Royaume du Maroc Ministère de la Culture; Paris: Maison du cultures du monde / INEDIT, 1996.
**Vol. 8: ''Nûbâ al-hijâz al-kebîr, version intégrale / durée 7 h 30''. Orchestre al-Brihi de Fès; [[Abdelkrim Rais|Haj Abdelkrim al-Raïs]], dir. 7-CD set. Auvidis W 260031. [Rabat]: Wizarat al-Thaqafah al-Maghribiyah = Royaume du Maroc Ministère de la Culture; Paris: Maison du cultures du monde / INEDIT, 1997.
**Vol. 9: ''Nûbâ ramal al-mâya, version intégrale''. Orchestre du Conservatoire de Tétouan; Mohammed Larbi Temsamani, dir. 8-CD set. Auvidis W 260032. [Rabat]: Wizarat al-Thaqafah al-Maghribiyah = Royaume du Maroc Ministère de la Culture; Paris: Maison du cultures du monde / INEDIT, 1997.
**Vol. 10: ''Nûbâ al-hijâz al-msharqî, version intégrale''. Orchestre al-Brihi de Fès; [[Abdelkrim Rais|Haj Abdelkrim al-Raïs]], dir. 7-CD set. Auvidis W 260033. [Rabat]: Wizarat al-Thaqafah al-Maghribiyah = Royaume du Maroc Ministère de la Culture; Paris: Maison du cultures du monde / INEDIT, 1998.
**Vol. 11: ''Nûbâ al-mâya, version intégrale''. Orchestre de Tanger; Ahmed Zaytouni Sahraoui, dir. 7-CD set. Auvidis W 260034. [Rabat]: Wizarat al-Thaqafah al-Maghribiyah = Royaume du Maroc Ministère de la Culture; Paris: Maison du cultures du monde / INEDIT, 1998.
**Vol. 12: ''Les deux dernièrs quddâm''. Ensemble Al-Âla; Mohammed Briouel, dir. 2-CD set. Auvidis W 260035. [Rabat]: Wizarat al-Thaqafah al-Maghribiyah = Royaume du Maroc Ministère de la Culture; Paris: Maison du cultures du monde / INEDIT, 1999.
*''Maroc: Musique classique Andalou-Maghrébine''. ''Nûba al-Hijâz al-Kabîr''; ''Nûba al-'istihlâl''. Orchestre de Fez; [[Abdelkrim Rais|Haj Abdelkrim al-Raïs]], dir. Collection dirigée par Pierre Toureille. Recorded 29 March 1984 at Studio 105, Radio France, Paris. 1-CD. Ocora C559016. Paris: Radio France; Harmonia Mundi, 1987.
*''Música Andalusi'', Escuela de Rabat, Orquesta de la Radio Televisión de Marruecos, Mûlây Ahmed Lúkílí, Msháliyya l-Kbíra, recorded in 1962, Btáyhi r-Rásd, recorded in 1958. Madrid: Pneuma, 1998.
*''Música Andalusi'', Escuela de Tetuán-Tánger, Orquesta del Conservatorio de Tetúan, Mohammed Ben Arbi Temsamani, Qá'im Wa Nisf Al Istihlál, recorded in 1960. Madrid: Pneuma, 1999.
*''Música Andalusi'', Escuela de Fez, Orquesta Brihi, [[Abdelkrim Rais|Haj Abdelkrim al-Raïs]], Qyddám Al-Máya, Cantor Muhammed Jsásí. Madrid: Pneuma, 2000.
*''Musique arabo-andalouse classique''. ''Nouba Hijaz M'Charqi''; ''Nouba Raml al Mâya''. Mahammed Al Moussadir (melismatic chant); Ahmed Chikhi (voice and oud); Mustapha Amri (oud and alto kamanja); Mohammed Diouri (swissèn); Hadj Mohammed Lahlou (tar); Hadj Ustad Mohammed Masano Tazzi (rebab), dir. Recorded June 1987 at Hay al Amal, Fez, Marocco. 1-CD. Le Chant du Monde CMT 274 1007. [Paris]: Le Cant du Monde, 1995.
*''Nawba hijaz la-msharqi''. Françoise Atlan (soprano), Abdelfettah Bennis (tenor), Noureddine Tahri (tenor); Abdelkrim Raïs Andalusian Orchestra of Fès; Mohammed Briouel, dir. Recorded 18 October 1998, in the Mnehbi Palace, in the Medina at Fès, Morocco. 1-CD. Erato 3984-25499-2.Paris: Erato Disques, S. A., 1999.
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*[[Andalusian classical music]]
*[[Ma'luf]]

==References==
{{reflist|18em}}
'''Sources'''
{{div col|colwidth=45em}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Davis|1996}}|reference=Davis, Ruth (1996). "Arab-Andalusian Music in Tunisia". ''[[Early Music (journal)|Early Music]]'' 24, No. 3, Early Music from Around the World (August 1996): 423–426, 428–431, 433–437.}}
* Davis, Ruth (2004) ''Ma'lūf: Reflections on the Arab-Andalusian Music of Tunisia''. Scarecrow.
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Eisenberg|1988}}|reference=Eisenberg, Daniel (1988). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190305030906/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/DEISENBE/JHPcolumn/MUSIQUEA.htm The Editor's Column: La musique andalouse marocaine]". ''Journal of Hispanic Philology'' 12:181–189 (archive from 5 March 2019, accessed 22 July 2020).}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Menocal, Scheindlin, and Sells|2000}}|reference=Menocal, María Rosa, Raymond P. Scheindlin, and Michael Sells (eds.). 2000. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=u5AVpiscx7YC The Literature of Al-Andalus]''. The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature 5, series edited by Alfred Felix and Landon Beeston. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-47159-6}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Samrakandi|2002}}|reference=Samrakandi, Mohammed Habib (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ogQLKLjgaHEC&pg=PP1&dq=Musiques Musiques d'Algérie: Mémoire de la culture maghrébine algérie: histoire, société, théâtre, arts plastiques]''. Horizons maghrébins: le droit à la mémoire 47. Toulouse: Presses Universitaires du Mirail. {{ISBN|978-2-85816-657-2}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Touma|1996}}|reference=[[Habib Hassan Touma|Touma, Habib Hassan]] (1996). ''The Music of the Arabs'', translated by Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. {{ISBN|0-931340-88-8}}.}}
{{div col end}}

== Further reading ==
{{div col|colwidth=45em}}
*Azzouna, J. ''Evolution de la musique arabe jusqu'au [[Zajal]]'', Ibla. Revue de l'Institut des Belles-Lettres Arabes Tunis, 1977, vol. 40, no. 140, pp.&nbsp;213–241.
*Barrios Manuel, ''Gitanos, Moriscos y Cante Flamenco'', Séville, RC 1994.
*Benabdeljalil Abdelaziz, ''Madjal ilâ târîj al-mûsîqâ al-magribiyya'' (Introduction à la musique marocaine), Casablanca, s. éd., 2000.
* Bois, Pierre, ''L'Anthologie al-Âla du Maroc. Une opération de sauvegarde discographique''., in Internationale de l'imaginaire, vol. 4: "La musique et le monde", Paris, Babel, Maison des cultures du Monde, 1995, pp.&nbsp;75–90.
*[[Jacques Chailley|Chailley, Jacques]], ''Histoire musicale du Moyen-Age'', Paris, PUF, 1950.
*Chottin, Alexis, ''Corpus de musique marocaine, fascicule 1: Nouba de ochchâk (prélude et première phase rythmique: Bsīṭ)'', transcription, translation, and notes. Paris: Heugel Editeur, 1931.
*Cortes, García Manuela, ''Pasado y Presente de la Música Andalusí'', Sevilla, Fundación El Monte, 1996.
*Fernandez Manzano, Reynaldo, ''De las Melodias Nazari de Granada a las Estructuras Musicales Cristianas'', Diputación Provincial de Granada, 1985.
*[[Fethi Zghonda]], ''Tunisie. Anthologie du mâlûf'', vol. 4, éd. Maison des cultures du monde, Paris, 1993
*García Barriuso Patrocinio, ''La Música hispano-musulmana en Marruecos'', Madrid, Publicaciones des Instituto General Franco, 1950.
*Guettat, Mahmoud, ''La Musique classique du Maghreb'', Paris, Sindbad, 1980.
*Guettat, Mahmoud, ''La Música Andaluí En El Maghreb'', Sevilla, Fundación El Monte, 1999.
* Mokhtar Hadj Slimane: ''"{{lang|fr|Recueil d'informations élémentaires sur la musique andalouse à Tlemcen}}"'', publié en avril 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090419063828/http://www.minculture.gov.ma/fr/musique.htm Ministère le culture du Maroc] {{lang|fr|Historique; Personnages ayant marqué de leurs empreintes leurs passages au sein de cette musique(photos et biographies de certains d'entre eux ), Poésies chantées les plus utilisées, Volet technique, conclusion.}}{{Full citation needed|date=June 2013}}<!--place and publisher needed.--> (archive from 19 April 2009).
*Nadir Marouf (dir.), ''[https://www.amazon.fr/dp/2738433251 Le chant arabo-andalou]'', Paris: L'Harmattan, 1995.
*[[Christian Poché|Poché, Christian]], ''La Musique Arabo-Andalouse'', Paris, Cité de la musique / Actes Sud, 1998.
* Scarnecchia, Paolo, ''Encyclopédie de la Méditerranée, Musiques populaire, musique savante'', série Temps Présent, Edisud, 2003
*[http://andaloussiate.over-blog.net/article-16158910.html thèse de doctorat inédite ''{{lang|es|Los moriscos españoles emigrados al norte de Africa, después de la expulsión}}''. Traduction de l’extrait par J. et C. Penella, révision de M. de Epalza et J. Servage.]
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==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071127014103/http://www.andaloussiaband.com/ Andaloussia band] {{in lang|fr}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:18th-century music genres]]
[[Category:Music of Algeria]]
[[Category:Moroccan styles of music]]
[[Category:Music of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Arabic music]]
[[Category:Classical and art music traditions]]
[[Category:Maqam-based music tradition]]
[[Category:Music of al-Andalus]]