View source for Anarchism in Turkey

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{{Use American English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
[[File:Anarchism in Turkey A Short History of Anarchism in Turkey.jpg|thumb|''Anarchism in Turkey A Short History of Anarchism in Turkey'', London, Karambol Publications, 1994.]]
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'''Anarchism in [[Turkey]]''' only began to emerge in 1986 with publication of the magazine ''Kara''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.okuryazar.tv/baris-soydan-turkiyede-anarsizm-yuz-yillik-gecikme/ |title=Barış Soydan: Türkiye'de Anarşizm |language=Turkish |first=Murat |last=Hocaoğlu |date=2013-07-26 |work=Okuryazar.tv |access-date=20 May 2018 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123002740/https://www.okuryazar.tv/baris-soydan-turkiyede-anarsizm-yuz-yillik-gecikme/ |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

== Historical background ==
===Ottoman Period===
The first signs of anarchism in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] period emerged around [[Armenians|Armenian]] intellectuals. ''[[Hamanykh]]'' magazine, published in 1895 by [[Alexander Atabekian|Aleksandr Atabekyan]], one of the pioneers of the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]], has a rich content regarding both anarchist philosophy and the Armenian revolutionary movement. In the same period, [[Turkish Cypriot]] Kıbrıslızade Osman Bey's French work ''Socialisme et Anarchisme'' (1895) became the first anarchist book published in the [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottomans]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://meydan1.org/2014/12/24/osmanlida-anarsizm-sarayin-kapisina-dayanan-anarsistler-italyan-isci-birligi/|title=Osmanlı'da Anarşizm – Sarayın Kapısına Dayanan Anarşistler: İtalyan İşçi Birliği|work=Meydan Gazetesi’nin|issue=23|date=24 December 2014|access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Baha_Tevfik-1.2.jpg|thumb|left|Baha Tevfik, the first Turkish Anarchist and founding member of [[Ottoman Socialist Party]]]]
Baha Tevfik, who is often regarded as the first Turkish anarchist, states in his ''Felsefe-i Ferd'' (1913) that from wage slavery to socialism and from socialism to anarchism, a new age will be achieved.<ref name = "zileli">{{cite book|first1=Emine|last1=Özkaya|first2=Gün|last2=Zileli|chapter=Anarchism in Turkey|title=Modern Türkiye'de Siyasi Düşünce|volume=VIII: Sol|location=[[Istanbul]]|publisher=İletişim|year=2007|pages=1153–1168|isbn=978-975-05-0507-2|oclc=634870795|editor1=Mehmet Ö Alkan|editor2=Murat Belge|editor3=Ahmet İnsel|chapter-url=http://www.gunzileli.com/2007/11/08/turkiyede-anarsizm/|language=tr|access-date=25 March 2021|archive-date=18 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218022230/http://www.gunzileli.com/2007/11/08/turkiyede-anarsizm/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

===Republican Period===
The first written source of Turkish anarchism is Kropotkin's ''Ethics'', translated by [[Ahmet Ağaoğlu]] and published in 1935.<ref name = "zileli" /> There is an ongoing debate on why anarchism has not gained visibility as an alternative leftist policy in the first half of the Republican period.<ref name="soydan">{{cite book|first=Barış|last=Soydan|title=Türkiye'de Anarşizm: Yüzyıllık Gecikme|location=[[Istanbul]]|publisher=İletişim|year=2013|language=tr|isbn=9789750511301|oclc=855212782}}</ref><ref name="zileli" /><ref name="rifat">{{cite web|url=http://meseledergisi.com/2014/01/turkiyede-anarsist-aydin-olmak/|title=Türkiye'de 'anarşist aydın' olmak|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822134457/http://meseledergisi.com/2014/01/turkiyede-anarsist-aydin-olmak/ |archive-date=22 August 2017|first=Rıfat|last=Saltoğlu|work=Mesele|issue=85|year=2014|language=tr}}</ref>

In the 1970s, while Marxist approaches dominated the leftist perspective, interest in anarchism remained pale in left-wing publishing. While articles on anarchism were featured in the ''[[Yeni Ufuklar]]'' magazine published in the 1960s, Proudhon's book ''[[What Is Property?]]'' was translated into Turkish and published.<ref name="zileli" />

After the [[1980 Turkish coup d'état]], anarchism began to take its place in Turkey's political scene. In particular, anarchism gained a lot of traction in the [[Turks in Germany|Turkish diaspora in Germany]], where many people had fled from the coup.<ref name="zileli" />

Launched in 1986, ''[[Kara (magazine)|Kara]]'' magazine was taken as a turning point in terms of the anarchist movement in Turkey. ''Kara'' was published at a time when the mainstream Turkish left could not overcome the shock of the [[1980 Turkish coup d'état|1980 military coup d'état]], defined itself as "libertarian" instead of "anarchist", due to the general perception of ''anarchy'' as chaos.<ref name="zileli" />

In addition to broader social movements, anarchist groups and publications formed in the late 1990s and early 2000s, such as Anarşist Kadınlar, Anarşist Komünist İnisiyatif, and Devrimci Anarşist Federasyon.<ref name="zileli" />
== See also ==

* [[:Category:Turkish anarchists]]
* [[List of anarchist movements by region]]
* [[Anarchism in Armenia]]
* [[Anarchism in Bulgaria]]
* [[Anarchism in Syria]]
* [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Corlu |first1=Axel |editor1-last=Karahasanoğlu |editor1-first=Selim |editor2-last=Demir |editor2-first=Deniz Cenk |chapter=Anarchists and Anarchism in the Ottoman Empire, 1850–1917 |title=History from Below: A Tribute in Memory of Donald Quataert |pages=553–583 |date=2016 |language=en |isbn=978-605-399-449-7 |publisher=Istanbul Bilgi University Press |location=Istanbul |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/28504663 |oclc=961415226}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Evren |first1=Süreyyya |title=Kara bayrağın Türkiye'de yirmi yılı |work=[[BirGün|BirGün Köşeyazıları]] |date=2006-11-19 |url=http://www.birgunarsiv.net/writer_index.php?category_code=1187091385&news_code=1163944965&year=2006&month=11&day=19#.WZL0plFJa00 |access-date=2018-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822135200/http://www.birgunarsiv.net/writer_index.php?category_code=1187091385&news_code=1163944965&year=2006&month=11&day=19#.WZL0plFJa00 |archive-date=22 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Soydan |first1=Barış |title=Türkiye'de anarşizm: yüz yıllık gecikme |trans-title=Anarchism in Turkey: One Hundred Years of Delay |language=tr |date=2013 |isbn=978-975-05-1130-1 |publisher=İletişim |location=Istanbul |series=İletişim yayınları Bugünün kitapları |oclc=855212782}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Gültekingil |editor1-first=Murat |editor2-last=Bora |editor2-first=Tanıl |last1=Zileli |first1=Gün |last2=Özkaya |first2=Emine |chapter=Türkiye'de Anarşizm |trans-chapter=Anarchism in Turkey |language=tr |title=Modern Türkiye'de Siyasi Düşünce |volume=8: Sol |pages=1153–1168 |date=2007 |isbn=978-975-05-0507-2 |publisher=İletişim |location=Istanbul |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520024401/http://www.gunzileli.com/2007/11/08/turkiyede-anarsizm/ |archive-date=20 May 2018 |chapter-url=http://www.gunzileli.com/2007/11/08/turkiyede-anarsizm/}}
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