View source for An Image of Africa

{{Short description|1975 essay by Chinua Achebe}}
[[File:Chinua Achebe, 1966.jpg|thumb|[[Chinua Achebe]] in 1966]]

"'''An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's ''Heart of Darkness'''''" is the published and amended version of the second Chancellor's Lecture given by [[Nigerian]] writer and academic [[Chinua Achebe]] at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] in February 1975. The essay was included in his 1988 collection, ''[[Hopes and Impediments]]''. The text is considered to be part of the [[Postcolonialism|postcolonial critical movement]], which advocates to Europeans the consideration of the viewpoints of non-European nations, as well as peoples coping with the effects of [[colonialism]]. In the work, Achebe accuses [[Joseph Conrad]] of being "a thoroughgoing racist" for depicting [[Africa]] as "the other world".

==The essay==
According to Achebe, Conrad refuses to bestow "human expression" on Africans, even depriving them of language. Africa itself is rendered as  "a foil to [[Europe]], as a place of negations at once remote and vaguely familiar, in comparison with which Europe's own state of spiritual grace will be manifest". Conrad, he says, portrays Africa as {{"'}}the other world', the antithesis of Europe and therefore of civilization", which Achebe attributes to Conrad's "residue of antipathy to black people".

Achebe moves beyond the text of Conrad's ''[[Heart of Darkness]]'' in advancing his argument.  Achebe quotes a passage from Conrad, as Conrad recalls his first encounter with an African in his own life:
<blockquote>A certain enormous buck nigger encountered in [[Haiti]] fixed my conception of blind, furious, unreasoning rage, as manifested in the human animal to the end of my days. Of the nigger I used to dream for years afterwards.</blockquote>

Achebe concludes that "Conrad had a problem with niggers. His inordinate love of that word itself should be of interest to psychoanalysts. Sometimes his fixation on blackness is equally interesting ..."

Achebe asserts that while Conrad was not himself responsible for the [[xenophobic]] "image of Africa" that appears in ''Heart of Darkness'', his novel continues to perpetuate the damaging [[stereotype]]s of black peoples by its inclusion in the [[literary canon]] of the modern Western world.  His searing critique is sometimes taught side by side with Conrad's work, and is regularly included in critical editions of the text.

==Counterpoint==
The essay has been criticised for being "a political statement rather than a literary criticism".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110302095028/http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofEnglish/imperial/africa/Conrad-readings.htm "Two Readings of ''Heart of Darkness''" by Conor Wyer]</ref> Conrad has frequently been defended on the basis of the historical context in which he lived, or on the grounds that his writing is nonetheless "beautiful".<ref name=PVP>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070707134706/http://www.upenn.edu/video/pvp/st-Series_Africana.html#3 Penn Video Productions: Africana Studies]</ref>  

The first comprehensive rebuttal of Achebe's critique was published in 1983 by British critic Cedric Watts. His essay "A Bloody Racist: About Achebe's View of Conrad" defends ''Heart of Darkness'' as an anti-imperialist novel, suggesting that "part of its greatness lies in the power of its criticisms of racial prejudice."<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 3508121|title = 'A Bloody Racist': About Achebe's View of Conrad|journal = The Yearbook of English Studies|volume = 13|pages = 196–209|last1 = Watts|first1 = Cedric|year = 1983|doi = 10.2307/3508121}}</ref> Palestinian–American theorist [[Edward Said]] agreed in his book ''[[Culture and Imperialism]]'' that Conrad criticised imperialism, but added: "As a creature of his time, Conrad could not grant the natives their freedom, despite his severe critique of the imperialism that enslaved them".<ref>Quoted in Atkinson, William (1 January 2004), "Bound in Blackwood's: The Imperialism of 'The Heart of Darkness' in Its Immediate Context". ''Twentieth Century Literature'' Vol. 50, No. 4, p. 368.</ref> Building on Watts and Said, Nidesh Lawtoo argued that "underneath the first layer of straightforward opposition [...] we find an underlying mimetic continuity between Conrad's colonial image of Africa [in ''Heart of Darkness''] and Achebe's postcolonial representation" in ''[[Things Fall Apart]]''.{{sfn|Lawtoo|2013|p=27}}

When questioned about his view as to the "artistic merit" of Conrad's work, Achebe responded:

<blockquote>I never said at any point that you should stop attaching artistic merit to ''Heart of Darkness''; if you want to you can.  There are all kinds of sophisticated readings of ''Heart of Darkness'', and there are some people who will not be persuaded there is anything wrong with it.  But all that I'm really demanding, I'm not simply putting it, I'm demanding that my reading stand beside these other readings&nbsp;...  Although he's writing good sentences, he's also writing about a people, and their life.  And he says about these people that they are rudimentary souls&nbsp;...  The Africans are the rudimentaries, and then on top are the good whites.  Now I don't accept that, as a basis for ...  As a basis for anything.<ref name=PVP /> </blockquote>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite journal |last=Lawtoo |first=Nidesh |date=Spring 2013 |title=A Picture of Africa: Frenzy, Counternarrative, Mimesis |journal=[[Modern Fiction Studies]] |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=26–52 |doi=10.1353/mfs.2013.0000 |s2cid=161325915 |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/592584 |url-access=subscription }}

==Further reading==
*''The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism''.  New York: Norton, 2001.  (Includes Achebe's critique and a thorough introduction.)
*''Approaches to Teaching Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" and "The Secret Sharer"''. New York, NY: Modern Language Association of America; 2002.
*''Conrad in Africa: New Essays on Heart of Darkness''. Boulder, CO; Lublin, Poland: Social Science Monograph; Maria Curie-Sklodowska University; 2002. 
*Numerous sources in: ''Conradiana: A Journal of Joseph Conrad Studies''.
*''Readings on Heart of Darkness''. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven; 1999.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20230307140326/https://kirbyk.net/hod/image.of.africa.html]: Achebe, Chinua: "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's ''Heart of Darkness''"

{{Achebe}}
{{Heart of Darkness}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Image of Africa}}
[[Category:1975 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books by Chinua Achebe]]
[[Category:Books about race and ethnicity]]
[[Category:History books about colonialism]]
[[Category:Essays in literary criticism]]
[[Category:Joseph Conrad]]