View source for Amto–Musan languages

{{Short description|Language family of Papua New Guinea}}
{{Infobox language family
  |name=Amto–Musan
  |altname=Samaia River
  |region=[[Samaia River]], [[Sandaun Province]], [[Papua New Guinea]]
  |familycolor=Papuan
  |fam1=[[Arai–Samaia languages|Arai–Samaia]] or independent [[language family]]
  |child1=[[Amto language|Amto]]
  |child2=[[Siawi language|Siawi]]
  |glotto=amto1249
|glottorefname=Amto–Musan
}}

'''Amto–Musan''' is a [[language family]] of two closely related but mutually unintelligible [[Papuan languages]], [[Amto language|Amto]] and [[Siawi language|Siawi]], spoken along the [[Samaia River]] of [[Sandaun Province]] of [[Papua New Guinea]].

==Languages==
[[William A. Foley|Foley]] (2018) and Usher (2020) agree that the family consists of two languages.<ref name="Foley-Sepik">{{cite book |last=Foley |first=William A. |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=197–432 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref><ref>[https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/arai-and-samaia-rivers/samaia-river Samaia River], New Guinea World</ref>

;Amto–Musan / Samaia River family
*[[Amto language|Amto]] (Ki)
*[[Musan language|Musan]] (Musian, Siawi)

==External relationships==
Amto–Musan was left unclassified by Ross (2005) (see [[Papuan languages#Ross (2005)]]) due to lack of data; Wurm (1975) had posited it as an independent family. The family has [[language typology|typological]] similarities with the [[Busa language (Papuan)|Busa]] [[language isolate]], but these do not appear to demonstrate a genetic relationship.

Timothy Usher links the Amto–Musan languages to their neighbors, the [[Arai languages]] and the [[Pyu language (Papua New Guinea)|Pyu language]] in as Arai–Samaia stock.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/arai-and-samaia-rivers |title=NewGuineaWorld, Arai and Samaia Rivers |access-date=2017-12-09 }}</ref>

[[William A. Foley|Foley]] (2018) classifies them separately as an independent language family.<ref name="Foley-Sepik"/> Foley also notes that due to heavy contact and trade with [[Left May languages]], Amto–Musan languages have borrowed much cultural vocabulary from Left May.<ref name="Foley-Sepik"/>

==Cognates==
Amto-Musan family cognates listed by [[William A. Foley|Foley]] (2018):<ref name="Foley-Sepik"/>

:{| {{table}}
|+ Amto-Musan family cognates
! gloss !! [[Amto language|Amto]] !! [[Musan language|Musan]]
|-
| ‘bad’ || supuware || pioware
|-
| ‘bird’ || ai || ʔai
|-
| ‘black’ || towan || tewane
|-
| ‘breast’ || ne || ne
|-
| ‘ear’ || ye || ʔe
|-
| ‘eye’ || mo || mene
|-
| ‘fire’ || mari || mari
|-
| ‘leaf’ || he || sɛʔ
|-
| ‘liver’ || tei || teʔ
|-
| ‘louse’ || nanu || nanu
|-
| ‘man’ || kyu || yɛnokono
|-
| ‘mother’ || ena || inaʔ
|-
| ‘nape’ || tipiyari || tibiare
|-
| ‘older brother’ || apɔ || aboʔ
|-
| ‘road’ || mo || mono
|-
| ‘sago’ || tɔ || tawe
|-
| ‘tongue’ || həne || hanɛ
|-
| ‘tooth’ || i || ʔi
|-
| ‘tree’ || ami || ameʔ
|-
| ‘water’ || wi || wi
|}

Possible cognates between the Amto-Musan and [[Left May languages|Left May]] families:<ref name="Foley-Sepik"/>

:{| {{table}}
|+ Possible Amto-Musan family <br>and Left May family cognates
! gloss !! [[Amto language|Amto]] !! [[Musan language|Musan]] !! [[Ama language (New Guinea)|Ama]] !! [[Nimo language|Nimo]] !! [[Owiniga language|Owiniga]]
|-
| ‘breast’ || ne || ne || nano || nɔ || nano
|-
| ‘arm’ ||  || næ || naino || ina
|-
| ‘louse’ || nani || nanu || ani ||  || eni
|-
| ‘tooth’ || i || ʔi || i || i
|-
| ‘water’ || wi || wi || iwa || wi || bi
|}

Possible loanwords reflecting the close trade relationship between Amto-Musan and Left May speakers:<ref name="Foley-Sepik"/>
*‘arrow’  [[Amto language|Amto]] ''lamu'', [[Musan language|Musan]] ''namu'', [[Ama language (New Guinea)|Ama]] ''lamu''
*‘stone’:  [[Amto language|Amto]] ''tabeki'', [[Musan language|Musan]] ''tipeki'', Bo ''təpəki'', [[Ama language (New Guinea)|Ama]] ''tomoki''

==Vocabulary comparison==
The following basic vocabulary words are from Conrad & Dye (1975),<ref>Conrad, R. and Dye, W. "[http://dx.doi.org/10.15144/PL-A40.1 Some Language Relationships in the Upper Sepik Region of Papua New Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526094134/http://dx.doi.org/10.15144/PL-A40.1 |date=2024-05-26 }}". In Conrad, R., Dye, W., Thomson, N. and Bruce Jr., L. editors, ''Papers in New Guinea Linguistics'' No. 18. A-40:1-36. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. {{doi|10.15144/PL-A40.1}}</ref> as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://transnewguinea.org/family/amtomusan |title=TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea |last=Greenhill |first=Simon |date=2016 |access-date=2020-11-05 |archive-date=2021-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518065919/http://transnewguinea.org/family/amtomusan |url-status=live }}</ref>

The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. ''tipeki'', ''ʌbɛki'' for “stone”) or not (e.g. ''twæ'', ''nani'' for “head”).

:{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! [[ISO 639:amt|Amto]] !! [[ISO 639:mmp|Siawi]]
|-
! head
| twæ || nani
|-
! hair
| (twæ) iwɔ || nanigi
|-
! ear
| ye || eʔ
|-
! eye
| mo || mene
|-
! nose
| ni || Ǐimʌ
|-
! tooth
| i || ʔi
|-
! tongue
| hæne; hʌne || hanɛ
|-
! louse
| nanu || nani
|-
! dog
| hɔ || soː
|-
! pig
| ma || kinʌdiʔ
|-
! bird
| ai || ʔai
|-
! egg
| aiː || iǏɔ
|-
! blood
| nʌkei || hařʔ
|-
! bone
| hae || hařʔ
|-
! skin
| ka || ʔaoko
|-
! breast
| ne || ne
|-
! tree
| amɩ || ameʔ
|-
! man
| kyu || yɛnokono
|-
! woman
| hama || ʔeǏo
|-
! water
| wiː || wi
|-
! fire
| maři || maǏi
|-
! stone
| tipeki || tʌbɛki
|-
! road, path
| mo || mono
|-
! eat
| meːne || pe
|-
! one
| ohu || sʌmo
|-
! two
| kiyaA || himolo
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://transnewguinea.org/family/amtomusan Amto-Musan languages database at TransNewGuinea.org]

{{Papuan languages}}
{{Language families}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amto-Musan languages}}
[[Category:Amto–Musan languages| ]]
[[Category:Arai–Samaia languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Sandaun Province]]