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{{Short description|Egyptian politician and diplomat (born 1936)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Amr Moussa
| image               = Amr Moussa at the 37th G8 Summit in Deauville 054.jpg
| office              = [[Secretary General of the Arab League|6th Secretary-General of the Arab League]]
| term_start          = 1 June 2001
| term_end            = 1 July 2011
| predecessor         = [[Ahmed Abdel-Meguid]]
| successor           = [[Nabil Elaraby]]
| office1             = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| primeminister1      = [[Atef Sedki]]<br />[[Kamal Ganzouri]]<br />[[Atef Ebeid]]
| term_start1         = 20 May 1991
| term_end1           = 15 May 2001
| predecessor1        = [[Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid]]
| successor1          = [[Ahmad Maher (diplomat)|Ahmed Maher]]
| office2             = [[List of current Permanent Representatives to the United Nations|Egyptian Ambassador to the United Nations]]
| president2          = [[Hosni Mubarak]]
| term_start2         = 1 January 1990
| term_end2           = 20 May 1991
| predecessor2        = [[Ahmed Aboul Gheit]]
| successor2          = [[Nabil Elaraby]]
| birthname           = Amr Mouhammed Moussa Abu-Zeid
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1936|10|3|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Cairo]], [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]]
| party               = [[Conference Party|Congress Party]]<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news|title='Civil' powers unite to form 'Conference Party'|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/civil-powers-unite-form-conference-party|agency=Egypt Independent|date=18 September 2012|access-date=18 September 2012}}</ref>
| spouse              = Leila Moussa
| children            = {{unbulleted list|Hazem Moussa|Hania Moussa}}
| alma_mater          = [[Cairo University]]
| honorific_suffix    = {{small|[[Order of the Nile|ON]]}}<br />{{small|[[Order of the Republic (Egypt)|ORE]]}}
| caption             = Moussa in 2011
| native_name_lang    = ar
| native_name         = {{nobold|عمرو موسى}}
}}
'''Amr Muhammad Moussa''' ({{langx|ar|عمرو محمد موسى}}, {{IPA|arz|ˈʕɑmɾe mæˈħæmmæd ˈmuːsæ|IPA}}; born 3 October 1936) is an Egyptian [[politician]] and [[diplomat]] who was the [[Secretary General of the Arab League|Secretary-General]] of the [[Arab League]], a 22-member forum representing [[Arab World|Arab states]], from 1 June 2001 to 1 July 2011. Previously he served in the government of [[Egypt]] as [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] from 1991 to 2001. On 8 September 2013, he was elected president of the [[committee]] of 50 that will amend the [[Egyptian constitution]].<ref name="ao8sept">{{Cite news |title=Egypt liberals tighten grip on constitution drafting|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/81117.aspx|agency=Ahram Online|date=8 September 2013|access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born on 3 October 1936 in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], the son of former parliamentarian Muhammad Moussa. His father also had a son named Pierre during his studies in France in the 1920s. However, Moussa's half-brother Pierre is a [[French nationality law|French citizen]] and has no ties to Egypt.<ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/amr-moussa-denies-having-jewish-relatives/ Amr Moussa: No, I don’t have an Israeli half-brother], Times of Israel, by Elhanan Miller, dated 6 April 2012.</ref>

Moussa finished his education after earning a degree in [[law]] from [[Cairo University]] in 1957.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

== Diplomatic career ==
Moussa then began his [[Diplomacy|diplomatic career]] between 1958 and 1972 he worked in several missions, including Egypt's Embassy in [[Switzerland]] and the Egyptian mission to the [[United Nations]]. From 1974 to 1977, he was an advisor to the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]. From 1977 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1990, he was the Director of the Department of International Organizations at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1981 to 1983, Moussa was the Deputy Permanent Representative to the [[United Nations]] in New York, then from 1983 to 1986 Ambassador to [[India]].<ref name=lat11>{{cite news|last=Phelps|first=Timothy M.|title=Diplomat seen as a solid leader, but too old to be Egypt's president|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2011-feb-17-la-fg-egypt-moussa-20110217-story.html|access-date=7 December 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=17 February 2011}}</ref> In 1990, he was promoted Permanent Representative of Egypt to the [[United Nations]]. He was named [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] by [[Prime Minister of Egypt|Prime Minister]] [[Atef Sedki]] on 20 May 1991. He was minister until 15 May 2001 when he was elected as Secretary-General of the [[Arab League]].

Moussa has been heavily involved with [[Foreign relations of Egypt|Egypt's foreign policy]] since 1958. He was Egypt's ambassador to the United Nations, India, and Switzerland for a total of 21 years. Moussa was one of the Arab and international diplomats who tried to resolve the [[Lebanese Civil War]] (1975–1990). After serving as Egypt's Foreign Minister from 1991 to 2001, he served as the Secretary General of the Arab League.<ref>{{cite news|last=United|first=Nations|title=Biography of Amre Mahmoud Moussa|url=https://www.un.org/News/dh/hlpanel/amre-moussa-bio.pdf|newspaper=United Nations|date=4 March 2011}}</ref> Moussa has been an extremely popular political figure in Egypt due to his criticism of Israeli policies towards Gaza and the West Bank.<ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Amre Moussa|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1766776.stm|newspaper=BBC|date=23 January 2002}}</ref> In August 1994, Moussa made his first official visit to Israel—a visit marked by tension and controversy. Moussa drew criticism from Israeli commentators for declining to visit the [[Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial]], a customary stop for visiting dignitaries, and for focusing his agenda entirely on pressing Israel to join the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NPT). At a joint press conference with Israeli Foreign Minister [[Shimon Peres]], Moussa argued that [[Nuclear weapons and Israel|Israel’s nuclear capability]] posed a threat to Egypt, while Peres responded by emphasizing Israel’s peaceful intentions and comparing the situation to the United States’ possession of nuclear weapons.<ref>{{cite web | title=Middle East peace and the NPT extension decision| url=https://www.nonproliferation.org/wp-content/uploads/npr/steinb41.pdf | access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref>
 
At the Forum for [[new diplomacy]] in February 2010, Moussa gave a speech in which he criticized the U.S. government's double standard supporting Israel's nuclear weapons policy but not allowing Iran to pursue nuclear energy. He also criticized Western countries, including the U.S., for not recognizing the results of the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election|2006 Palestinian election]] that brought [[Hamas]] into power.<ref name="Seale">{{cite news|last=Seale|first=Patrick|title=An Arab Voice|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/06/opinion/06iht-edseale.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&ref=amrmoussa|newspaper=The New York Times|date=5 February 2010}}</ref> Like [[Mohamed El-Baradei]] and the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], he supports opening the [[Gaza Strip]]/Egypt border.<ref name="Seale" /> His criticisms have made Moussa extremely popular.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

==Secretary-General of the Arab League==

On 15 May 2001, Moussa was selected as Secretary-General of the [[League of Arab States]] and took office on 1 June 2001. Critics of former-[[President of Egypt|President]] [[Hosni Mubarak]] allege that Moussa's appointment to the office of Secretary-General of the Arab League was motivated by Mubarak's desire to remove him from the public spotlight, and so he would not compete as a candidate in the [[2005 Egyptian presidential election|2005 presidential elections]].{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

[[File:Napolitano Moussa.jpg|thumb|Amr Moussa with [[Giorgio Napolitano]], [[President of Italy]] (Cairo, 27 October 2008).]]
On 2003, he became a member of the United Nations High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change for International Peace and Security.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

On 2009, he signed a memorandum of understanding with the [[Holy See]] and met with [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in order to strengthen joint projects and to promote peace and dialogue on a cultural and political level.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0901836.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427140433/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0901836.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 April 2009|title=Vatican, Arab League sign new agreement to promote peace, dialogue|publisher=Catholic News|date=23 April 2009|first=Cindy|last=Wooden|access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref>

On 13 June 2010, Moussa visited [[Gaza City|Gaza]] in a move to pressure Israel to lift its [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|economic blockade]] over Hamas-ruled Gaza.<ref>{{cite news|author=Tim Franks|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10303301 |title=Arab League chief Amr Moussa in first visit to Gaza|publisher=BBC|date=13 June 2010|access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref> The visit by Moussa was the first by an official of the Arab League since the election of Hamas in 2007. Immediately after the [[2010 Gaza flotilla raid]], Moussa said the Arab League would go to the [[UN Security Council]] to demand the blockade be lifted. On 15 May 2011, [[Nabil Elaraby]] was elected as Secretary-General of the Arab League and succeeded Moussa on 1 July 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15747941|title=Arab League, BBC|publisher=BBC|date=5 November 2013|access-date=3 May 2014}}</</ref>

== Possible presidential candidacies ==

[[File:Vladimir Putin in Egypt 26-27 April 2005-9.jpg|thumb|Amr Moussa with [[Vladimir Putin]] (Cairo, 27 April 2005).]]

=== 2005 presidential election ===
{{Main|2005 Egyptian presidential election}}

In 2004, an online community gathered tens of thousands of signatures petitioning for Moussa to run in the 2005 elections, but there was no response. In a ''Doha Debate'' Forum televised by the BBC in 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedohadebates.com/output/page13.asp |title=What the media say about the Doha debates |access-date=2006-11-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516043543/http://www.thedohadebates.com/output/page13.asp |archive-date=16 May 2008}}</ref> Moussa was asked about his presidential hopes. Moussa merely replied that he hoped to continue the recent run of successes that have occurred under his leadership at the Arab League until the end of his term.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

=== 2012 presidential election ===
{{Main|2012 Egyptian presidential election}}
[[File:Secretary General League of Arab States (4638833809).jpg|thumb|Amr Moussa with [[William Hague]] (London, 25 May 2010).]]
When asked in October 2009 about rumours that he might run for the presidency in 2012, Moussa did not deny his intention to run for office or rule it out, leaving the door open to speculations. He argued that "It's the right of every citizen that has the capacity and efficiency to aspire to any political office that would allow him to contribute to the service of his nation".<ref name="Amr Moussa opened the way for speculation about his candidacy for the presidency of Egypt">{{cite web|url=http://arabic.cnn.com/2009/middle_east/10/20/Amro.Mousa/ |title=Amr Moussa opened the way for speculation about his candidacy for the presidency of Egypt|publisher=CNN|date=20 October 2009 |access-date=2 February 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110307154216/http://arabic.cnn.com/2009/middle_east/10/20/Amro.Mousa/|archive-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> He further stated to the press that the qualities required to be the President of Egypt also apply to [[Gamal Mubarak]], son of Hosni Mubarak.<ref name="Amr Moussa did not rule out running for the presidency of Egypt">{{cite web|url=http://ara.reuters.com/article/topNews/idARACAE59I1E020091020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021092352/http://ara.reuters.com/article/topNews/idARACAE59I1E020091020|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2009|title=Amr Moussa did not rule out running for the presidency of Egypt|work=Reuters Arabia|date=20 October 2009|access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref> He also expressed appreciation "for the confidence expressed by many people when they talk about his candidacy for the presidency and that the message reached him".<ref name="Amr Mousa to (Al-Shorouk): Every qualified citizen has the right to aspire to serve the country and become the president">[http://www.shorouknews.com/ContentData.aspx?id=143426 Amr Mousa to (Al-Shorouk): Every qualified citizen has the right to aspire to serve the country and become the president].</ref>
[[File:Amr Moussa World Economic Forum 2013.jpg|thumb|175px|Moussa during the [[World Economic Forum]] (Davos, 2013)]]

Moussa held talks with Mohamed El-Baradei after his return to Egypt. Many{{who|date=January 2011}} speculate that this meeting was held to discuss Constitutional reforms that will allow transparency in the election process as well as lifting restrictions on independent candidates. On 26 January 2011, at the Annual Horasis meeting in [[Zürich]], Moussa shared strong views on the need for economic and political reforms in Egypt, and made it clear that he was considering a run.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.horasis.org/Horasis%20Annual%20Meeting%202011%20-%20Report%20.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306201623/http://www.horasis.org/Horasis%20Annual%20Meeting%202011%20-%20Report%20.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2012|title=Horasis Annual Meeting|access-date=30 November 2011|author=Frank-Jurgen Richter}}</ref>

On 1 February 2011, following the announcement by President Hosni Mubarak that he would not stand in the upcoming presidential elections, Moussa told CNN that he would seriously think about standing himself as a candidate in the next few weeks.<ref>{{cite web|last=Weaver|first=Matthew|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/blog/2011/feb/01/egypt-protests-live-updates|title=Egypt protests |newspaper=The Guardian|date=1 February 2011|access-date=2 February 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110201234717/http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/blog/2011/feb/01/egypt-protests-live-updates| archive-date=1 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> On the 8 February broadcast of ''[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]'' English's Empire, well-connected American journalist [[Seymour Hersh]] stated that Moussa was considered the U.S.'s favored "Plan B" should Mubarak resign, "whether he knows it or not."<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/gDp8TnY3IsA Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20110603151212/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDp8TnY3IsA Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|last=Hersh|first=Seymour|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDp8TnY3IsA |title=Empire |work=Al Jazeera|date=8 February 2011|access-date=8 February 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 11 February 2011, Al Jazeera English Online read from a Reuters report that stated Moussa was resigning from his position with the Arab League; on the day that President Mubarak resigned the presidency this furthered rumours he might make a strong bid for president when elections are announced in Egypt.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} On 12 February 2011, the Egyptian daily newspaper ''Alwafd'' reported that a group of Egyptian youth met with Moussa to discuss a possible nomination for the presidential election. Moussa reportedly agreed to the nomination, but stated that he would await the currently proposed constitutional reforms.<ref>[http://www.alwafd.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15975:ثوار-يلتقون-موسى-وزويل-لبحث-مرشح-الرئاسة&catid=98:محلية&Itemid=92 ثوار يلتقون موسى وزويل لبحث"الرئاسة"]. Alwafd</ref>

Amr Moussa announced that he would be running as a presidential candidate on 1 March 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Badawi|first=Rania|title=Moussa To Run For President, Will Announce Election Platform Soon|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/335453|newspaper=Al-Masry Al-Youm|date=1 March 2011}}</ref>

A poll conducted during the 2011 protests asking "who do you think should be the next President of Egypt?" showed Moussa in the lead, with 26% of respondents naming him.<ref>[https://www.scribd.com/Egypt-Poll/d/48662607 "Phone Survey of Cairo and Alexandria", Scribd Middle East Polls] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313164501/http://www.scribd.com/Egypt-Poll/d/48662607 |date=13 March 2011 }}. Scribd, Retrieved 25 May 2012.</ref>

Moussa placed fifth in the election with 11.13% of the first round vote. After the election, he formed the [[Conference Party]] with which a number of smaller opposition parties aligned.

== Criticisms ==
Although credited with shaking up the Arab League's bureaucracy,<ref>{{cite web|first=Michael|last=Moran|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9061/arab_league_and_iraq.html|title=The Arab League and Iraq|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|date=20 October 2005|access-date=2 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402104412/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9061/arab_league_and_iraq.html|archive-date=2 April 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Moussa has been criticized by former and current staff members of the Arab League for his management of the organization. In his book, ''The League of the Arab States: what’s left of it'', former Arab League and Syrian diplomat Kawkab Najib El Rayess accused Moussa of favoritism and promoting his loyalists into the high ranks of the Arab League at the expense of the more-qualified diplomats.<ref name=nasrawi>{{cite news|last=Nasrawi|first=Saif|title=Egypt's opposition divided over counter-attack strategy|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/egypt’s-opposition-divided-over-counter-attack-strategy|access-date=15 July 2013|newspaper=Egypt Independent|date=15 July 2013}}</ref>

== Honours ==
=== Egyptian national honours ===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:80px;"| Ribbon bar !!  Honour 
|-
| [[File:EGY Order of the Nile - Grand Cordon BAR.png|70px]]
| Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Nile]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://manshurat.org/node/37696 |title=منح وشاح النيل إلى السيد / عمرو موسى |date=25 November 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:EGY Order of the Republic - Grand Cordon BAR.png|70px]]
| Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Republic (Egypt)|Order of the Arab Republic of Egypt]]
|}

===Foreign honors===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:80px;"| Ribbon bar !! Country !! Honour
|-
| [[File:ARG Order of the Liberator San Martin - Grand Cross BAR.png|70px]] || {{Flag|Argentina}} || Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Liberator General San Martín]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/afet_04112008_cvmoussa/afet_04112008_cvmoussaEN.pdf}}</ref> 
|-
| [[File:BRA - Order of the Southern Cross - Grand Cross BAR.svg|70px]] || {{Flag|Brazil}} || Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Southern Cross]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/afet_04112008_cvmoussa/afet_04112008_cvmoussaEN.pdf}}</ref> 
|-
| [[File:National Order of Merit-Grand Cross (Ecuador) - ribbon bar.gif|70px]] || {{Flag|Ecuador}} || Grand Cross of [[National Order of Merit (Ecuador)|National Order of Merit]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/afet_04112008_cvmoussa/afet_04112008_cvmoussaEN.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|70px]] || {{Flag|France}} || Commander of the [[Legion of Honour]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4&article=38703&issueno=8207 https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2011/05/30/177944.html}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 6 GrVK Stern Band.svg|70px]] || {{Flag|Germany}} || Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/afet_04112008_cvmoussa/afet_04112008_cvmoussaEN.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg|70px|ribbon bar]] || {{Flag|Japan}} || Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/100497655.pdf|title= 令和5年春の外国人叙勲 受章者名簿|access-date= April 29, 2023|work= Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:JOR Order of the Renaissance GC.SVG|70px]] || {{Flag|Jordan}} || Grand Cordon of the [[Supreme Order of the Renaissance]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.khaberni.com/news/56625|title= الملك يقلد عمرو موسى وسام النهضة}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:The Star of Palestine (Palestine) Ribbon.svg|The Star of Palestine (Palestine) Ribbon|70px]] || {{Flag|Palestine}} || Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Star of Palestine]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2011/05/30/177944.html|title= الرئيس عباس يقلد عمرو موسى وسام نجمة فلسطين|date= 30 May 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Orden of Friendship.png|Orden of Friendship|70px]] || {{Flag|Russia}} || Medal of the [[Order of Friendship]]
|-
| [[File:SWE Order of the Polar Star (after 1975) - Commander 1st Class BAR.png|SWE Order of the Polar Star (after 1975) - Commander 1st Class BAR|70px]] || {{Flag|Sweden}} || Commander 1st Class of the [[Order of the Polar Star]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=09102019&id=7d411827-dbe5-46de-b5b4-8836b7b7babf | title=عمرو موسى بعد تقليده وسام النجم القطبي: السويد قصة طويلة من الأداء المحترم على الساحة الدولية - بوابة الشروق }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Order of the Two Niles (Sudan) - ribbon bar.gif|Order of the Two Niles (Sudan) - ribbon bar|70px]] || {{Flag|Sudan}} || First Class of the [[National Order of El-Nilein]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cfaair.com/media/uploads/files/cv/Amro_Moussa_biography_arabic_1.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Order of the Republic (Tunisia) - ribbon bar.gif|70px]] || {{Flag|Tunisia}} || Grand Officer of the [[Order of the Republic (Tunisia)|Order of the Republic]] 
|}
===Honorary degrees===
* [[ADA University]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ada.edu.az/en/news/36-ambassador-amr-moussa-receives-honorary-doctorate-from-ada-university|title=Ambassador Amr Moussa receives honorary doctorate from ADA University}}</ref>
* [[American University of Beirut]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.assafir.com/ssr/10193992.html|title=«اللبنانية الأميركية»: دكتوراه فخرية لموسى وسالم والسماك وجرجور}}</ref>

== Publications==
*{{in lang|ar}} ''Memoirs. 1: The Formation and the years of Diplomacy'' ({{lang|ar|كتابية : النشأة و سنوات الدبلوماسية}}), ed. Dar al-Chorouq, Cairo, 2017<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/18/62/277204/Books/Review/A-diplomat-remembers-The-memoirs-of-Amr-Moussa.aspx|title=A diplomat remembers: The memoirs of Amr Moussa|date=2017-09-16}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|33em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Amr Moussa}}
* [http://www.amremoussaforegypt.com Amre Moussa Presidential Campaign Website] (Arabic)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110316141424/http://www.arableagueonline.org/las/arabic/categoryList.jsp?level_id=941 Secretary-General] at [[League of Arab States]] (Arabic)
* {{C-SPAN|20843}}
* {{Charlie Rose view|845}}
* {{IMDb name|1969640}}
* {{Aljazeeratopic|person/amr-moussa}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/m/amr_moussa}}
;Articles
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/14/AR2011021406948.html Arab League leader says nations shouldn't fear revolts], Leila Fadel, ''The Washington Post'', 15 February 2011
* [http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/7332/Egypt/Politics-/Amr-Moussa-launches-presidential-campaign.aspx Amr Moussa launches presidential campaign], Dina Ezzat, ''Ahram Online'', 9 March 2011
* [http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/346447 Moussa sharply criticized during first campaign trail speech], staff, ''Al-Masry Al-Youm'', 9 March 2011
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/21/amr-moussa-secretary-general-arab-league?intcmp=239 Amr Moussa, secretary general of the Arab League], Jason Burke, ''The Guardian'', 21 March 2011, profile

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ahmed Aboul Gheit]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of current Permanent Representatives to the United Nations|Egyptian Ambassador to the United Nations]]|years=1990–1991}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Nabil Elaraby]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary General of the Arab League|Secretary-General of the Arab League]]|years=2001–2011}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=1991–2001}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ahmad Maher (diplomat)|Ahmed Maher]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Secretaries-General of the Arab League}}
{{Egyptian presidential elections 2012|state=autocollapse}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moussa, Amr}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Cairo University alumni]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Egypt to India]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of Egypt to the United Nations]]
[[Category:Secretaries general of the Arab League]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Egypt to Switzerland]]
[[Category:Ministers of foreign affairs of Egypt]]
[[Category:Members of the Egyptian Constituent Assembly of 2012]]
[[Category:People of the Egyptian revolution of 2011]]
[[Category:Politicians from Cairo]]
[[Category:Egyptian political party founders]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Nile]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Republic (Egypt)]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun]]
[[Category:Recipients of Grand Collar of Palestine]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Republic (Tunisia)]]
[[Category:21st-century Egyptian diplomats]]
[[Category:20th-century Egyptian diplomats]]
[[Category:20th-century Egyptian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Egyptian politicians]]
[[Category:Diplomats from Cairo]]